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This timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, from the Grand Duchy of Moscow up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:
* indigenous inventions, like airliners, AC transformers, radio receivers, television, artificial satellites, ICBMs
* uniquely Russian products, objects and events, like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Matryoshka dolls, Russian vodka
* products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the Tsar Bomba, the AK-47, and the Typhoon-class submarine
* scientific and medical discoveries, like the periodic law, vitamins and stem cells
This timeline includes scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved internationally may also appear in this timeline in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.
;Kokoshnik
: The kokoshnik is a traditional Russian head-dress for women. It is patterned to match the style of the sarafan and can be pointed or round. It is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The forehead is sometimes decorated with pearls or other jewelry. The word ''kokoshnik'' appeared in the 16th century, however the earliest head-dress pieces of a similar type were found in the 10th to 12th century burials in Veliky Novgorod. It was worn by girls and women on special occasions until the Russian Revolution (1917), Russian Revolution, and was subsequently introduced into Western fashion by Russian émigrés.
;Kvass / Okroshka
: ''Kvass'' or ''kvas'', sometimes called in English a "bread drink", is a fermentation (food), fermented beverage made from black rye or rye bread, which contributes to its light or dark colour. By the content of ethanol, alcohol resulted from fermentation, it is classified as non-alcoholic: up to 1.2% of alcohol, which is so low that it is considered acceptable for consumption by children. While the early low-alcoholic prototypes of kvass were known in some ancient civilizations, its modern, almost non-alcoholic form originated in Eastern Europe. Kvass was first mentioned in the Russian Primary Chronicle, which tells how Prince Vladimir the Great gave kvass among other beverages to the people, while celebrating the Christianization of Kievan Rus'. Kvass is also known as a main ingredient in okroshka, a Russian cold soup.
;Dome#Russian domes, Multidomed church
: The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Eastern Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches built just after the Christianization of Kievan Rus', were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (989) and 25-domed stone Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev (989–996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in Russian architecture, for example 13 domes symbolize Christ with 12 Apostles, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the Old Testament. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the Byzantine domes.
;Kissel
: ''Kissel'' or ''kisel'' is a dessert that consists of sweetened juice, typically that of berries, thickened with oats, cornstarch or potato starch, with red wine or dried fruits added sometimes. The dessert can be served either hot or cold, and if made using less thickening starch it can be consumed as a beverage, which is common in Russia. Kissel was mentioned for the first time in the Primary Chronicle, where it forms part of the story of how a besieged Russian city was saved from nomadic Pechenegs.
;Birch bark document
: A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of birch bark. This form of writing material was developed independently by several ancient cultures. In Rus' the usage of the specially prepared birch bark as a cheap replacement for Parchment, pergament or paper became widespread soon after the Christianization of Rus', Christianization of the country. The earliest Russian birch bark documents (likely written in the first quarter of the 11th century) have been found in Veliky Novgorod. In total, more than 1000 such documents have been discovered, most of them in Novgorod and the rest in other ancient cities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Many birch bark documents were written by common people rather than by clergy or nobility. This fact led some historians to suggest that before the Mongol invasion of Rus' the level of literacy in the country might have been considerably higher than in contemporary Western Europe.
;Koch (boat), Koch / Icebreaker
: The ''koch'' was an ancient form of icebreaker, being a special type of one or two small wooden sailing ships with a mast, used for voyages in the icy conditions of the Arctic seas and Siberian rivers. The koch was developed by the Russian Pomors in the 11th century, when they started settling on the White Sea shores. The koch's hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking (made of oak or larch) along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice portage. If a koch was in danger of being trapped in the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the surface would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage. In the 19th century similar protective features were adopted to modern icebreakers.
;Gudok
: The gudok is an ancient East Slavs, East Slavic string instruments, string musical instrument, played with a bow (music), bow. It usually had three strings, two of them tuned in unison and played as a drone, the third tuned a perfect fifth, fifth higher. All three strings were in the same plane at the bridge, so that a bow could make them all sound at the same time. Sometimes the gudok also had several sympathetic strings (up to eight) under the sounding board. These made the gudok's sound warm and rich. It was also possible to play while standing or dancing, which made it popular among skomorokhs. The name ''gudok'' comes from the 17th century, however the same type of instrument existed from 11th to 16th century, but was called ''smyk''.
;Medovukha
: ''Medovukha'' is an old Slavic honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead, but much cheaper and faster to make. Since the old times the Slavs exported the fermentation (food), fermented mead as a luxury product to Europe in huge quantities. Fermentation occurs naturally over 15 to 50 years, originally rendering the product very expensive and only accessible to the nobility. However, in the 11th century East Slavs found that fermentation occurred much faster when the honey mixture was heated, enabling medovukha to become a commonly available drink in the territory of Kievan Rus', Rus'. In the 14th century, the invention of distillation made it possible to create a prototype of the modern medovukha, however vodka was invented at the same time and gradually surpassed medovukha in popularity.
;1048 Russian fist fighting
: Russian fist fighting is an ancient Russians, Russian combat sport, similar to modern boxing. However, it features some indigenous techniques and often fought in collective events called ''Stenka na Stenku'' ("Wall against Wall"). It has existed since the times of Kievan Rus', first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in the year 1048. The government and the Russian Orthodox Church often tried to prohibit the fights; however, fist fighting remained popular until the 19th century, while in the 20th century some of the old techniques were adopted for the modern Russian martial arts.
;Pernach
: The ''pernach'' is a type of mace (bludgeon), flanged mace developed since the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus' and later widely used throughout Europe. The name comes from the Russian word ''перо'' (''pero'') meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled an arrow with fletching. The most popular variety of pernach had six flanges and was called ''shestopyor'' (from Russian ''shest'' and ''pero'', that is ''six-feathered''). Pernach was the first form of the flanged mace to find wide usage. It was perfectly suited to defeat plate armour and plate mail. In later times it was often used as a symbol of power by military leaders in Eastern Europe.
;Shashka
: The shashka is a special kind of sabre, a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and Hilt, guardless sword. In appearance, the shashka is midway between a full sabre and a straight sword. It has a slightly curved blade, and could be effective for both slashing and thrusting. Originally the shashka was developed in the 12th century by Circassians in the Northern Caucasus. These lands were integrated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century. By that time shashka was adopted as their main cold weapon by Russian Cossacks.
;Treshchotka
: The ''treshchotka'', sometimes referred in plural as ''treshchotki'', is a Ethnic Russian music, Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping. Basically it is a set of small boards on a string that get clapped together as a group. There are no known documents confirming the usage of the treshchotka in ancient Russia, however, the remnants of what might have been the earliest 12th-century treshchotka were recently found in Novgorod.
;1149 bear spear
: The bear spear or ''rogatina'' was a medieval type of spear used in bear hunting and also to hunt other large animals, like wisents and war horses. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had the form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped to fix the spear in the body of an animal. Often it was placed against the ground on its rear point, which made it easier to absorb the impact of the attacking beast. The Russian chronicles first mention rogatina as a military weapon in the year 1149, and as a hunting weapon in the year 1255.
;Pelmeni
: ''Pelmeni'' is a dish originating from Siberia, now considered part of Russian national cuisine. It is a type of dumpling consisting of a filling that is wrapped in thin unleavened dough. The word ''pelmeni'' comes from the Finno-Ugric Komi language, Komi, Udmurt language, Udmurt, and Mansi language, Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of Indigenous peoples of Siberia, indigenous Siberian people and when it first appeared in Russian cuisine, but most likely it was during the Mongol conquests and Mongol invasion of Rus', Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' in the 13th century, when Mongol-Tatars took the basic idea from the China, Chinese dumplings and brought it to Siberia and Eastern Europe.
;Onion dome
: The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum (architecture), drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of the type date from the 16th century, illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.
Bardiche
* The bardiche was a long poleaxe, that is a type of weapon combining the features of an axe and a polearm, known primarily in Eastern Europe where it was used instead of halberds. Occasionally such weapons were made in Ancient history, Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, but the regular and widespread usage of bardiches started in early-15th-century Russia. It was probably developed from the Scandinavian broad axe, but in Scandinavia it appeared only in the late 15th century. In the 16th century the bardiche became a weapon associated with the streltsy, Russian guardsmen armed with firearms, who used bardiches to rest handguns upon when firing.
Boyar hat
* The boyar hat, also known as gorlatnaya hat, was a fur hat worn by Russian nobility between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably by boyars, for whom it was a sign of their social status. The higher hat indicated higher status. In average, it was one ell in height, having the form of a Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with more broad upper part, velvet or brocade on top and a main body made of fox, marten or sable fur. Today the hat is sometimes used in the Russian fashion.
Gulyay-gorod
* The gulyay-gorod (literally "wandering town") was a mobile fortification made from large wall-sized prefabricated shields set on wagons or sleds, a development of the wagon fort concept. The usage of installable shields instead of permanently armoured wagons was cheaper and allowed more possible configurations to be assembled. Such mobile structures were used mostly in the open steppe, where few natural shelters could be found. The wide-scale usage of gulyay-gorod started during the Russo-Kazan Wars, and later it was often used by the Ukrainian Cossacks.
Ukha
* Ukha is a Russian soup, made with broth and fish like salmon or cod, root vegetables, parsley root, leek, potato, bay leaf, Lime (fruit), lime, dill, green parsley and spiced with black pepper, cinnamon and cloves. Fish like perch, tenches, Silurus glanis, sheatfish and burbot were used to add flavour to the soup. ''Ukha'' as a name in the Russian cuisine for fish broth was established only in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. In earlier times this name was first given to thick meat broths, and then later chicken. Beginning from the 15th century, fish was used more and more often to prepare ukha, thus creating a dish that had a distinctive taste among soups.
Russian oven
* The Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of oven/Furnace (house heating), furnace that first appeared in the early 15th century. The Russian oven is usually placed in the centre of the izba, a traditional Russian dwelling, and plays an immense role in the traditional Russian culture and way of life. It is used both for cooking and domestic heating and is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the oven is constructed. In winter people may sleep on top of the oven to keep warm. As well as warming and cooking, the Russian oven can be used for washing. A grown man can easily fit inside, and during the Great Patriotic War some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in ovens. Porridge or pancakes prepared in such an oven may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in a traditional Russian oven can be called "languor" - holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian oven include baked milk, pearl barley, mushrooms cooked in Smetana (dairy product), sour cream, or even a simple potato.
Rassolnik
* Rassolnik is a Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley and pork or beef kidneys, though a vegetarian version also exists. The dish is known from the 15th century, when it was initially called ''kalya''. The key part of rassolnik is ''rassol'', a liquid based on the juice of pickled cucumbers with some additions, famous for its usage in hangover treatment.
c. 1430 Vodka#Russia, Russian vodka
* Russian vodka is perhaps the world's most famous national brand of vodka, that is a distillation, distilled liquor, composed solely of water and ethanol with possible traces of impurities and flavorings. Vodka is one of the world's most popular liquors. It is made by Fermentation (food), fermentation of rye, wheat, potatoes, grapes, or sugar beet molasses. Alcoholic content usually ranges between 35 and 50 percent by volume. The standard Russian vodka is 40 percent alcohol by volume (80 Ethanol, alcoholic proof). The exact origins of vodka cannot be traced definitively, but almost certainly vodka as a beverage comes from 14th–15th-century Eastern Europe. Russia is often named the birthplace of vodka. The distillation apparatus was known in Moscow from the late 14th century and was used to produce Distilled beverage, spirit, the precursor of vodka. According to Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin, the first original recipe of Russian vodka was produced around 1430 by a monk called Isidore (inventor), Isidore from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin.
Kokoshnik (architecture)
* The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the Kokoshnik, traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vault (architecture), vaults.
1510s Tented roof, Tented roof masonry
* The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the Russian architecture in the 16th and 17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (cone (geometry), conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in Western Europe, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic architecture, Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Alexandrov (town), Alexandrov, built in the 1510s.
1530 Russian architecture#Middle Muscovite period .281530.E2.80.931630.29, Middle Muscovite
Abacus#Russia, Russian abacus
* The Russian abacus or schoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia from the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century, though it remains in quite common use today.
1550 Streltsy
* First known standard military uniform worn by Russian regular army, elite armed forces known as Streltsy.
1552 Battery-tower
* The battery-tower is a late type of siege tower, carrying artillery inside it, a development of the gulyay-gorod concept. The first such tower was built by the Russian military engineer Ivan Vyrodkov during the siege of Kazan in 1552 (a part of the Russo-Kazan Wars), and could hold ten large-calibre cannons and 50 lighter cannons. Later battery-towers were often used by the Ukrainians, Ukrainian Cossacks.
1561 ''Saint Basil's Cathedral''
* Saint Basil's Cathedral is perhaps the most famous Russian Orthodox cathedral, a symbol of Moscow and Russia. It was designed by Postnik Yakovlev on the order of Ivan IV of Russia and built on the Moscow's Red Square in 1555–1561, to commemorate the Siege of Kazan (1552), capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. The unique feature of the Saint Basil's Cathedral is the fact that it is a complex of multiple temples put together. The original building, known as "Trinity Cathedral", contained eight side churches covered with onion domes and arranged around the ninth, central tented roof church of Intercession of saints, Intercession; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local Foolishness for Christ, Fool Basil Fool for Christ, Vasily (Basil). In the 16th and the 17th centuries the cathedral, perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heaven#In Orthodox Christianity, Heavenly City, was popularly known as "Jerusalem in Christianity, Jerusalem" and served as an allegory of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the Tsar. Its striking design, shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky, has no analogues elsewhere in the world, and it was seldom reproduced in Russian architecture, most notably in the St. Peter's and Paul Cathedral in Petergof and in the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg.
1566 ''Great Abatis Line''
* The Great Abatis Line, or Bolshaya Zasechnaya Cherta in Russian, was the largest fortification line of the abatis type, built by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Tsardom of Russia. Its purpose was to protect Russia from the raids of nomads of the Eastern European steppes, such as the Crimean Tatars. As a fortification construction stretching for hundreds kilometers, the Great Abatis Line is analogous to the Great Wall of China and the Roman Limes (Roman Empire), limes. Most of its length consisted of abatis, which is a barrier built from felled trees arranged as a barricade. It was also fortified by ditches and earth mounds, palisades, watch towers and natural features like lakes and swamps. Stone and wooden kremlins of the towns were also included in the Great Abatis Line, as well as the smaller forts called ostrog (fortress), ostrogs. The Great Abatis Line was built south of Moscow between the Bryansk woods and Meschera swamps starting from the 12th century, and was officially completed in 1566, exceeding 1000 km in length.
1586 ''Tsar Cannon''
* The Tsar Cannon is an enormous cannon, Contract, commissioned in 1586 by Russian Feodor I of Russia, Tsar Feodor and cast by Andrey Chokhov. It is the List of the largest cannon by caliber, largest bombard by caliber. The cannon weighs 39.312 metric tonnes and has a length of . Its bronze-cast barrel has a calibre of , and an external diameter of . Along with a new carriage, the 2 ton cannonballs surrounding the cannon were added in 1835 and are larger than the diameter of its barrel; in fact, it was originally designed to fire 800 kg stone grapeshot. The cannon is decorated with reliefs, including one depicting Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Feodor on a horse, hence the name of the cannon, though now the word ''Tsar'' is associated more with the supreme size of the weapon. Several copies of the cannon were made in the 21st century and installed in Donetsk and several Russian cities, while the original Tsar Cannon is in the Moscow Kremlin.М.Е. Портнов. Царь-Пушка и Царь-Колокол. Московский Рабочий, Москва, 1990 / M.E.Portnov. ''Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell'', Moskovsky Rabochiy, Moscow 1990,
Bochka roof
* The bochka roof or simply bochka (russian: бочка, barrel) is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with an elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik (architecture), kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, the bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in Russian Revival style buildings.
Gorodki
* Gorodki or ''townlets'' is an old Russian folk culture, folk sport whose popularity has spread also to Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Similar to bowling, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles (sport), skittles arranged in some pattern by throwing a bat at them. The skittles, or pins, are called ''gorodki'' (literally ''little cities'' or ''townlets''), and the square zone in which they are arranged is called the ''gorod'' (''city''). The game is mentioned in the old Russian chronicles and was known in the form close to the modern one at least from the 17th century, since one of the famous players in gorodki was the young Peter I of Russia.
Roller coaster
* Russian Mountains were winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall, being the first type of roller coaster. Known from the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 70 and 80 feet, consisted of a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. In the 18th century they were especially popular in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas, from where by the late 18th century their usage and popularity spread to Europe. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of tracks, like in the ''Katalnaya Gorka'' built in Catherine the Great, Catherine II's residence in Oranienbaum, Russia, Oranienbaum. The first such wheeled ride was brought to Paris in 1804 under the name ''Les Montagnes Russes'' (French for "Russian Mountains"), and the term ''Russian Mountains'' continues to be a synonym for ''roller coaster'' in many countries today.
Bird of Happiness (toy), Bird of Happiness
* The Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by Pomors, the inhabitants of the White Sea, White and Barents Sea coastline. The Bird of Happiness is made without glue or other fasteners, by elaborate carving of thin petals for the bird's wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them. Similar methods are also used in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or Siberian cedar. It is suspended inside a house, guarding the family hearth and well-being.
Dymkovo toy
* Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a Tin whistle, pennywhistle). It is an old Russian folk handicraft which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called ''свистунья'' (svistunya), or whistler. The first recorded mention of this event took place in 1811, however it is believed to have existed for some 400 years, thus dating the history of Dymkovo toy at least from the 17th century.
Troika (driving), Troika
* The troika (тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian horse driving, harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. In addition to that, the troika is the world's only multiple harness with different horse gaits – the middle horse trot (horse gait), trots and the side horses canter. At full speed a troika could reach , which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th-19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride. The troika was developed from the late 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail, and having become common by the late 18th century. It was often used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads and people over long distances.
1630 Russian architecture#Late Muscovite period .281630.E2.80.931712.29, Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles.
1659 Khokhloma
* Khokhloma is the name of a Russian wood painting handicraft, known for its vivid flower patterns, red and gold (color), gold colors over the black background, and the distinctive effect on the cheap and light wooden tableware or furniture, making it look heavier, metal-like and glamorous. It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century, at least from 1659, in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and was named after the large trade settlement Khokhloma. The handicraft owes its origin to the Old Believers, who, fleeing from persecutions of officials, took refuge in local woods and taught some of the icon painting techniques to the local craftsmen, such as the usage of a goldish color without applying real gold. Nowadays khokhloma is one of the symbols of Russia, and apart from its usage in making tableware, furniture and souvenirs, it can be found in the wider context, for example in paintings on Russian airliners.
1679 Circle of fifths
*In the late 1670s a treatise called ''Grammatika'' was written by the composer and theorist Nikolai Diletskii. Diletskii's ''Grammatika'' is a treatise on composition, the first of its kind, which targeted Western-style polyphonic compositions. It taught how to write kontserty, polyphonic a cappella, which were normally based on liturgical texts and were created by putting together musical sections that have contrasting rhythm, meters, melodic material and vocal groupings. Diletskii intended his treatise to be a guide to composition but pertaining to the rules of music theory. Within the Grammatika treatise is where the first circle of fifths appeared and was used for students as a composer's tool.
1685 Tula pryanik
* The Tula pryanik is a type of printed gingerbread from the city of Tula, Russia, Tula, the most known kind of Russian gingerbreads. Usually the Tula pryanik looks like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Modern Tula pryanik usually contain jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made with honey. The first mention of the Tula pryanik is in Tula census book of 1685.
1688 Balalaika
* The balalaika is a stringed instrument with a characteristic triangle, triangular body and 3 strings (or sometimes 6, in 3 courses), perhaps the best-known national Russian musical instrument. The balalaika family of instruments includes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest, the prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. The earliest mention of balalaika is found in a 1688 document, and initially it was an instrument of skomorokhs (sort of Russian free-lance musical jesters). In the 1880s the modern standard balalaika was developed by Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev, Vasily Andreev, who also started a tradition of balalaika orchestras, which finally led to the popularity of the instrument in many countries outside Russia.
Glass-holder
*The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal, that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (pl.) is to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states.
1693
*Naryshkin Baroque. Also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.
Table-glass
* The table-glass or granyonyi stakan (literally ''faceted glass'') is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass, having a faceted form. Granyonyi stakan has certain advantages over the other drinkware, since due to its form and hardness it is more difficult to break. It is arguably handier in usage on moving trains or rolling ships, where it is less prone to tip and fall, or slip from hands, and less likely to break upon hitting the floor. A legend says that the first known Russian faceted glass was given as a present to Tsar Peter the Great from a glass-maker called Yefim Smolin, living in Vladimir Oblast. He boasted to Tsar that his glass couldn't be broken. Tsar Peter liked the present, however, after drinking some alcoholic beverage from it, he threw the glass on the ground and managed to break it. Still Peter didn't punish the glass-maker, and the production of such glasses continued, while the Russian tradition of breaking drinkware on certain occasions originated from that episode.
1704 Decimal currency
* The decimal currency is a type of currency that is based on one basic unit and a sub-unit which is a power of 10 (number), 10, typically 100. Most modern currencies adhere to this pattern. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after decimalisation of its financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter the Great, when Russian ruble was made equal to 100 Ruble, kopecks.
1717 Lathe (metal)#Compound rest, Metal lathe compound slide
* by Andrey Nartov. A compound slide on a metal lathe adds the ability to turn tapers more easily, and may be used to turn more precise diameters. They are a standard feature of modern manually operated lathes.
1718 Yacht club
* The yacht club is a sports Club (organization), club specifically related to sailing and yachting. The oldest yacht club in the world, by date of establishment, is the Neva Yacht Club, founded by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great in 1718 in St. Petersburg (likely, the idea had been devised as early as 1716, when the First Neva Shipyard started building civilian vessels). Though, since it was not a purely voluntary association of members, but an organisation founded by Tsar's decree, the Neva Yacht Club's being the world's oldest is challenged by the Royal Cork Yacht Club in Ireland, founded in 1720. Both clubs have gone through periods of dormancy and undergone various name changes.
1725 Rebar
* Rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebar was known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebar were used in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov between 1725 and 1732. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.
1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod
* The cast iron cupola was a type of cupola made of cast iron rather than made from stone or brick as it was in ancient or medieval domes. The first application of this technology is found in the mysterious Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, completed in 1732. The tower's tented roof had a cast iron carcass and outer shell. The second time, this technique was applied only some 100 years later, during the reconstruction of the Mainz Cathedral in Germany in 1826, while the third time it was used in the dome of Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, built in the 1840s. The very top of the tower was crowned with a gilding, gilded metallic sphere with spikes. Since it was Ground (electricity), grounded through the rebar of the tower carcass, it acted like a lightning rod. Thus, the Russian builders de facto created the first lightning rod in the Western world some 25 years before Benjamin Franklin, however it is not known whether that was intentional.
1733 ''Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Peter and Paul Cathedral''
* The Peter and Paul Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located in Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia. It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg, built between 1712 and 1733 inside the Peter and Paul Fortress. Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral is the burial place of all Russian Emperors from Peter I of Russia, Peter I to Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II, with the exception of Peter II of Russia, Peter II. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world.
1735 ''Tsar Bell''
* The Tsar Bell, also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol or Royal Bell, is a huge bell (instrument), bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna, niece of Peter the Great. Currently it is the List of heaviest bells, largest and heaviest bell in the world, weighing 216 tons, with a height of 6.14 metre, m (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 m (21.6 ft). It was foundry, founded from bronze by masters Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733–1735. The bell, however, was never rung because of a fire in 1737, when a huge slab (11.5 tons) cracked off while it was still in the casting pit. In 1836, the bell was placed on a stone pedestal next to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door. According to the legend, on Last Judgment, Judgement Day the Tsar Bell will be miraculously repaired and lifted up to heaven, where it will ring the blagovest (call to prayer).
1739 Ice palace
File:Thunder Stone.jpg, ''The Transportation of the Bronze Horseman#Thunder Stone, Thunder-stone in the Presence of Catherine the Great, Catherine II''. Engraving by I.F.Schley of the drawing by Yury Felten. 1770.
File:Samovar.silver.jpg, A typical samovar
File:Орловский рысак.jpg, Orlov Trotter, considered the fastest for most of the 19th century.
File:Seven-string-guitar.jpg, A seven-string Russian guitar
File:315 Changes in uniforms and armament of troops of the Russian Imperial army.jpg, Russian soldiers wearing in peaked caps.
File:Lichtbogen 3000 Volt.jpg, Electric arc.
File:Dorozka_Aleksander_Orłowski_1.png, Early 19th century depiction by Aleksander Orłowski
File:Russian sailor cap.jpg, Russian Navy's sailor cap.
File:Voll Honig.JPG, Frame (beehive), Beehive frame filled with honey.
File:Homeoscope03.gif, The search of data on Semen Korsakov's punched card, a part of the machine called ''linear homeoscope''.
File:CentrifugalFan.png, Components of a centrifugal fan.
File:102 329 nobel oilwells.jpg, 19th-century oil wells near Baku.
File:Household radiator.jpg, An old-style Radiator (heating), household radiator.
File:Saint Isaac's Cathedral.jpg, Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
File:Russian Olivier salad.jpg, Russian salad.
File:Beef Stroganoff-01.jpg, Beef Stroganoff.
File:Гимнастёрка и карабин.jpg, Gymnasterka of sergeant of Red Army (1935)
File:Odner-arithmometer.jpg, W. T. Odhner's arithmometer
File:Yablochkov candles illuminating Music hall on la Place du Chateau d'eau ca 1880.jpg, Yablochkov candles illuminating a music hall in Paris.
File:Steel Oil depot by Vladimir Shukhov.jpg, An old Oil depot, cylindrical oil storage tank.
File:Tramway-LVS-2005.JPG, Electric tram in Saint Petersburg.
File:Wrau-cathedral-of-christ-the-savior.jpg, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow), Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, the world's tallest Eastern Orthodox church (building), Eastern Orthodox church.
File:SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg, Shielded metal arc welding.
File:First matryoshka museum doll open.jpg, The original matryoshka carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and painted by Sergey Malyutin.
File:Tensile Steel Lattice Shell of Oval Pavilion by Vladimir Shukhov 1895.jpg, The world's first tensile steel Thin-shell structure, Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895.
File:First Shukhov Tower Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg, The world's first hyperboloid lattice 37-meter water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russia exhibition 1896, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896
at p-lab.org 1903 Spaceflight, Theoretical foundations of spaceflight * By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1903 Cytoskeleton 1903 Motor ship * The Russian tanker ''Vandal (tanker), Vandal'' was the world's first diesel-powered ship. 1904 Radio jamming 1904 Fire extinguisher#Foams, Foam extinguisher * The first such extinguisher was produced in 1904 by Aleksandr Loran, who invented fire fighting foam two years before. 1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement * By Nikolai Korotkov 1905 Korotkoff sounds, Korotkov sounds 1905 Insubmersibility * By Alexey Krylov and Stepan Makarov 1906 Seismometer, Electric seismometer * By Boris Borisovich Galitzine 1907 Aerosani / Snowmobile 1907 Pulsejet 1907 Bayan (accordion), Bayan 1907 ''Church of the Savior on Blood'' * The church contains over 7500 square metres of mosaics — according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world.
File:USCG AFFF.JPG, A modern Fire extinguisher#Foams, foam fire extinguisher.
File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg, Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope, used for auscultatory blood pressure measurement.
File:Jupiter bayan accordion.JPG, Bayan (accordion), Bayan accordion.
File:Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg, Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention, the knapsack parachute.
File:The Russian two-wheel car in London. 1914.jpg, Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, presented in London.
File:Russian gas mask ПМК-2.jpg, A modern Russian gas mask.
File:Tsar tank.jpg, The Tsar Tank.
File:Ushanka of Soldier of Soviet Army-6.jpg, The later version of the Soviet Army ushanka.
File:Lydia kavina.jpg, Lydia Kavina playing theremin.
File:PalekhTroikaWolves.jpg, Troika (driving), Troika with wolves, an example of Palekh miniature.
File:Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden 49.jpg, Polikarpov Po-2 ''Polikarpov Po-2, Kukuruznik''.
File:tt-26.jpg, Soviet TT-26 teletank, the first military robot.
File:Camalot number 6.JPG, Spring-loaded camming device in a parallel crack.
File:MC-3 pressure suit front.JPG, Pressure suit.
File:Underwater welding.jpg, A modern underwater welding.
File:ANT-20.jpg, ''Tupolev ANT-20'' propaganda aircraft.
File:Кирзовые_сапоги_российского_солдата.jpg, Kirza boots.
File:Kirl66 g.png, Kirlian photography, Kirlian photo of two coins.
File:Char T-34.jpg, T-34, the most successful tank design of World War II.
File:Maksutov 150mm.jpg, A 150mm aperture Maksutov telescope, Maksutov-Cassegrain reflector, Cassegrain telescope.
File:AntonovA40.jpg, Antonov A-40 winged tank.
File:MiG-15 RB2.jpg, Front view of a MiG-15.
File:AK-47 type II noBG.png, A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation
File:Berkovich.jpg, A Berkovich tip.
File:FlyingThroughNanotube.png, Inside a carbon nanotube.
File:Ilizarov2.jpg, An Ilizarov apparatus treating a fractured tibia and fibula.
File:Shevchenko BN350.gif, BN350 nuclear fast reactor.
File:Tokamak fields lg.png, Tokamak magnetic field and plasma (physics), plasma current.
File:Baikonur Cosmodrome Soyuz launch pad.jpg, Baikonur Cosmodrome's "Gagarin's Start" Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz launch pad prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13, October 10, 2008.
File:Semyorka Rocket R7 by Sergei Korolyov in VDNH Ostankino RAF0540.jpg, The large-size model of R-7 Semyorka, the first ICBM and the first Orbital spaceflight, orbital rocket.
File:Sputnik asm.jpg, Sputnik 1 replica.
File:Raketa 234.jpg, ''Raketa (hydrofoil), Raketa-234'' on the Volga River.
File:183R.JPG, A Komar-class missile boat launching a missile.
File:Lenin icebreaker.JPG, ''Lenin (1957 icebreaker), Lenin'', the first nuclear icebreaker
File:Staged combustion rocket cycle.png, Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion rocket cycle.
File:RPG-7 detached.jpg, tAn RPG-7 with warhead, world's most used anti-tank weapon.
File:Vostok spacecraft.jpg, The model of Vostok program, Vostok spacecraft, the first human spaceflight module.
File:Russian space food.jpg, Russian space food.
File:Tsar Bomba Revised.jpg, A Tsar Bomba-type casing on display at Sarov.
File:Mi-8 Hip Roving Sands 99.jpg, Mil Mi-8, the world's most produced helicopter.
File:Molniya-1 satellite.jpg, Molniya (satellite), Molniya 1 satellite.
File:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg, Launch of a Proton (rocket), Proton rocket.
File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg, Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version).
File:MI-12.JPG, Mil V-12, the world's largest helicopter.
File:RK2.png, Schematic diagram of the radial keratotomy with incisions shown.
File:Russian stationary plasma thrusters.jpg, Hall effect thrusters.
File:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg, BN-350 reactor, BN350 desalination unit, the first nuclear-heated desalination unit in the world.
File:APS underwater rifle REMOV.jpg, APS underwater assault rifle.
File:Russian Nuclear Icebreaker Arktika.jpg, Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker), NS ''Arktika'', the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.
File:Moscow Parad 2008 Ballist.jpg, RT-2PM Topol, the first reliable mobile ICBM.
File:Kirov-class battlecruiser.jpg, .
File:Typhoon iced.jpg, Typhoon-class submarine, covered with ice.
File:Tetrominoes IJLO STZ Worlds.svg, Tetris figures.
File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg, Mir space station.
File:Su-27 Cobra 2b.png, A Su-27 performing the Cobra maneuver.
File:Beriew Be-200 at MAKS-2009.jpg, Beriev Be-200 dropping the water painted into the colors of the flag of Russia.
File:Sea Launch 01.jpg, A launch of Zenit 3SL rocket from the Sea Launch platform ''Ocean Odyssey'', originally built in Japan as oil platform, and then modified by Norway and Russia for space launches.
File:50 Let Pobedy.jpg, NS 50 Let Pobedy, the world's largest icebreaker.
File:Orbitrappe.png, Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer.
This timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, from the Grand Duchy of Moscow up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:
* indigenous inventions, like airliners, AC transformers, radio receivers, television, artificial satellites, ICBMs
* uniquely Russian products, objects and events, like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Matryoshka dolls, Russian vodka
* products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the Tsar Bomba, the AK-47, and the Typhoon-class submarine
* scientific and medical discoveries, like the periodic law, vitamins and stem cells
This timeline includes scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved internationally may also appear in this timeline in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.
Kievan Rus'
10th century
;Architecture :The earliest Kievan churches were built and decorated with frescoes and mosaics by Byzantine masters. The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood, while major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes. The 10th-century Church of the Tithes in Kiev was the first to be made of stone.
;Kokoshnik
: The kokoshnik is a traditional Russian head-dress for women. It is patterned to match the style of the sarafan and can be pointed or round. It is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The forehead is sometimes decorated with pearls or other jewelry. The word ''kokoshnik'' appeared in the 16th century, however the earliest head-dress pieces of a similar type were found in the 10th to 12th century burials in Veliky Novgorod. It was worn by girls and women on special occasions until the Russian Revolution (1917), Russian Revolution, and was subsequently introduced into Western fashion by Russian émigrés.
;Kvass / Okroshka
: ''Kvass'' or ''kvas'', sometimes called in English a "bread drink", is a fermentation (food), fermented beverage made from black rye or rye bread, which contributes to its light or dark colour. By the content of ethanol, alcohol resulted from fermentation, it is classified as non-alcoholic: up to 1.2% of alcohol, which is so low that it is considered acceptable for consumption by children. While the early low-alcoholic prototypes of kvass were known in some ancient civilizations, its modern, almost non-alcoholic form originated in Eastern Europe. Kvass was first mentioned in the Russian Primary Chronicle, which tells how Prince Vladimir the Great gave kvass among other beverages to the people, while celebrating the Christianization of Kievan Rus'. Kvass is also known as a main ingredient in okroshka, a Russian cold soup.
;Dome#Russian domes, Multidomed church
: The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Eastern Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches built just after the Christianization of Kievan Rus', were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (989) and 25-domed stone Desyatinnaya Church in Kiev (989–996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in Russian architecture, for example 13 domes symbolize Christ with 12 Apostles, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the Old Testament. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the Byzantine domes.
;Kissel
: ''Kissel'' or ''kisel'' is a dessert that consists of sweetened juice, typically that of berries, thickened with oats, cornstarch or potato starch, with red wine or dried fruits added sometimes. The dessert can be served either hot or cold, and if made using less thickening starch it can be consumed as a beverage, which is common in Russia. Kissel was mentioned for the first time in the Primary Chronicle, where it forms part of the story of how a besieged Russian city was saved from nomadic Pechenegs.
11th century
;Birch bark document
: A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of birch bark. This form of writing material was developed independently by several ancient cultures. In Rus' the usage of the specially prepared birch bark as a cheap replacement for Parchment, pergament or paper became widespread soon after the Christianization of Rus', Christianization of the country. The earliest Russian birch bark documents (likely written in the first quarter of the 11th century) have been found in Veliky Novgorod. In total, more than 1000 such documents have been discovered, most of them in Novgorod and the rest in other ancient cities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Many birch bark documents were written by common people rather than by clergy or nobility. This fact led some historians to suggest that before the Mongol invasion of Rus' the level of literacy in the country might have been considerably higher than in contemporary Western Europe.
;Koch (boat), Koch / Icebreaker
: The ''koch'' was an ancient form of icebreaker, being a special type of one or two small wooden sailing ships with a mast, used for voyages in the icy conditions of the Arctic seas and Siberian rivers. The koch was developed by the Russian Pomors in the 11th century, when they started settling on the White Sea shores. The koch's hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking (made of oak or larch) along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice portage. If a koch was in danger of being trapped in the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the surface would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage. In the 19th century similar protective features were adopted to modern icebreakers.
;Gudok
: The gudok is an ancient East Slavs, East Slavic string instruments, string musical instrument, played with a bow (music), bow. It usually had three strings, two of them tuned in unison and played as a drone, the third tuned a perfect fifth, fifth higher. All three strings were in the same plane at the bridge, so that a bow could make them all sound at the same time. Sometimes the gudok also had several sympathetic strings (up to eight) under the sounding board. These made the gudok's sound warm and rich. It was also possible to play while standing or dancing, which made it popular among skomorokhs. The name ''gudok'' comes from the 17th century, however the same type of instrument existed from 11th to 16th century, but was called ''smyk''.
;Medovukha
: ''Medovukha'' is an old Slavic honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead, but much cheaper and faster to make. Since the old times the Slavs exported the fermentation (food), fermented mead as a luxury product to Europe in huge quantities. Fermentation occurs naturally over 15 to 50 years, originally rendering the product very expensive and only accessible to the nobility. However, in the 11th century East Slavs found that fermentation occurred much faster when the honey mixture was heated, enabling medovukha to become a commonly available drink in the territory of Kievan Rus', Rus'. In the 14th century, the invention of distillation made it possible to create a prototype of the modern medovukha, however vodka was invented at the same time and gradually surpassed medovukha in popularity.
;1048 Russian fist fighting
: Russian fist fighting is an ancient Russians, Russian combat sport, similar to modern boxing. However, it features some indigenous techniques and often fought in collective events called ''Stenka na Stenku'' ("Wall against Wall"). It has existed since the times of Kievan Rus', first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in the year 1048. The government and the Russian Orthodox Church often tried to prohibit the fights; however, fist fighting remained popular until the 19th century, while in the 20th century some of the old techniques were adopted for the modern Russian martial arts.
12th century
;Pernach
: The ''pernach'' is a type of mace (bludgeon), flanged mace developed since the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus' and later widely used throughout Europe. The name comes from the Russian word ''перо'' (''pero'') meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled an arrow with fletching. The most popular variety of pernach had six flanges and was called ''shestopyor'' (from Russian ''shest'' and ''pero'', that is ''six-feathered''). Pernach was the first form of the flanged mace to find wide usage. It was perfectly suited to defeat plate armour and plate mail. In later times it was often used as a symbol of power by military leaders in Eastern Europe.
;Shashka
: The shashka is a special kind of sabre, a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and Hilt, guardless sword. In appearance, the shashka is midway between a full sabre and a straight sword. It has a slightly curved blade, and could be effective for both slashing and thrusting. Originally the shashka was developed in the 12th century by Circassians in the Northern Caucasus. These lands were integrated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century. By that time shashka was adopted as their main cold weapon by Russian Cossacks.
;Treshchotka
: The ''treshchotka'', sometimes referred in plural as ''treshchotki'', is a Ethnic Russian music, Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping. Basically it is a set of small boards on a string that get clapped together as a group. There are no known documents confirming the usage of the treshchotka in ancient Russia, however, the remnants of what might have been the earliest 12th-century treshchotka were recently found in Novgorod.
;1149 bear spear
: The bear spear or ''rogatina'' was a medieval type of spear used in bear hunting and also to hunt other large animals, like wisents and war horses. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had the form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped to fix the spear in the body of an animal. Often it was placed against the ground on its rear point, which made it easier to absorb the impact of the attacking beast. The Russian chronicles first mention rogatina as a military weapon in the year 1149, and as a hunting weapon in the year 1255.
13th century
;Sokha : The sokha is a light wooden plough which could be pulled by one horse. Its origin was in northern Russia, most likely in the Novgorod Republic, where it was used as early as in the 13th century. A characteristic feature of sokha construction is the bifurcated plowing tip (рассоха), so that a sokha has two plowshares, later made of metal, which cut the soil. The sokha is an evolution of a scratch-plough by an addition of a spade-like detail which turns the cut soil over (in regular ploughs the curved mouldboard both cuts and turns the soil).
;Pelmeni
: ''Pelmeni'' is a dish originating from Siberia, now considered part of Russian national cuisine. It is a type of dumpling consisting of a filling that is wrapped in thin unleavened dough. The word ''pelmeni'' comes from the Finno-Ugric Komi language, Komi, Udmurt language, Udmurt, and Mansi language, Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of Indigenous peoples of Siberia, indigenous Siberian people and when it first appeared in Russian cuisine, but most likely it was during the Mongol conquests and Mongol invasion of Rus', Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' in the 13th century, when Mongol-Tatars took the basic idea from the China, Chinese dumplings and brought it to Siberia and Eastern Europe.
;Onion dome
: The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum (architecture), drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in Russia, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of the type date from the 16th century, illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
14th century
Lapta (game), Lapta * Lapta is a Russian ball game played with a Baseball bat, bat, similar to modern baseball. The game is played outside on a field the size of 20 x 25 sazhens (about 140 x 175 feet). Points are earned by hitting the ball, served by a player of the opposite team, and sending it as far as possible, then running across the field to the ''kon'' line, and if possible running back to the ''gorod'' line. The running player should try to avoid being hit with the ball, which is thrown by opposing team members. The most ancient balls and bats for lapta were found in 14th-century layers during excavations in Novgorod. Zvonnitsa * A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple arches or beam (structure), beams that carry bell (instrument), bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant musical instrument. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of Russia and some Eastern European countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church (building), church building, resulting in the special type of church called ''pod zvonom'' ("under ringing") or ''izhe pod kolokoly'' ("under bells"). The most famous example of this type of a church is the Church of John Climacus, St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin. Old Permic script, Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language. 1376 Sarafan * The sarafan is a long, shapeless pinafore-type jumper dress, a part of the traditional Russian folk costume worn by women and girls. Sarafans could be of single piece construction with thin shoulder straps over which a corset is sometimes worn, giving the shape of the body of a smaller triangle over a larger one. It comes in different styles such as the simpler black, flower- or check-patterned versions formerly used for everyday wear, or elaborate brocade versions formerly reserved for special occasions. Chronicles first mention it in the year 1376, and since that time it was worn well until the 20th century. It is now worn as a folk culture, folk costume for performing Russian folk songs and folk dancing. Plain sarafans are still designed and worn today as a summer-time light dress.15th century
*Kholuy miniature, Kholui miniature
Bardiche
* The bardiche was a long poleaxe, that is a type of weapon combining the features of an axe and a polearm, known primarily in Eastern Europe where it was used instead of halberds. Occasionally such weapons were made in Ancient history, Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, but the regular and widespread usage of bardiches started in early-15th-century Russia. It was probably developed from the Scandinavian broad axe, but in Scandinavia it appeared only in the late 15th century. In the 16th century the bardiche became a weapon associated with the streltsy, Russian guardsmen armed with firearms, who used bardiches to rest handguns upon when firing.
Boyar hat
* The boyar hat, also known as gorlatnaya hat, was a fur hat worn by Russian nobility between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably by boyars, for whom it was a sign of their social status. The higher hat indicated higher status. In average, it was one ell in height, having the form of a Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with more broad upper part, velvet or brocade on top and a main body made of fox, marten or sable fur. Today the hat is sometimes used in the Russian fashion.
Gulyay-gorod
* The gulyay-gorod (literally "wandering town") was a mobile fortification made from large wall-sized prefabricated shields set on wagons or sleds, a development of the wagon fort concept. The usage of installable shields instead of permanently armoured wagons was cheaper and allowed more possible configurations to be assembled. Such mobile structures were used mostly in the open steppe, where few natural shelters could be found. The wide-scale usage of gulyay-gorod started during the Russo-Kazan Wars, and later it was often used by the Ukrainian Cossacks.
Ukha
* Ukha is a Russian soup, made with broth and fish like salmon or cod, root vegetables, parsley root, leek, potato, bay leaf, Lime (fruit), lime, dill, green parsley and spiced with black pepper, cinnamon and cloves. Fish like perch, tenches, Silurus glanis, sheatfish and burbot were used to add flavour to the soup. ''Ukha'' as a name in the Russian cuisine for fish broth was established only in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. In earlier times this name was first given to thick meat broths, and then later chicken. Beginning from the 15th century, fish was used more and more often to prepare ukha, thus creating a dish that had a distinctive taste among soups.
Russian oven
* The Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of oven/Furnace (house heating), furnace that first appeared in the early 15th century. The Russian oven is usually placed in the centre of the izba, a traditional Russian dwelling, and plays an immense role in the traditional Russian culture and way of life. It is used both for cooking and domestic heating and is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the oven is constructed. In winter people may sleep on top of the oven to keep warm. As well as warming and cooking, the Russian oven can be used for washing. A grown man can easily fit inside, and during the Great Patriotic War some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in ovens. Porridge or pancakes prepared in such an oven may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in a traditional Russian oven can be called "languor" - holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian oven include baked milk, pearl barley, mushrooms cooked in Smetana (dairy product), sour cream, or even a simple potato.
Rassolnik
* Rassolnik is a Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley and pork or beef kidneys, though a vegetarian version also exists. The dish is known from the 15th century, when it was initially called ''kalya''. The key part of rassolnik is ''rassol'', a liquid based on the juice of pickled cucumbers with some additions, famous for its usage in hangover treatment.
c. 1430 Vodka#Russia, Russian vodka
* Russian vodka is perhaps the world's most famous national brand of vodka, that is a distillation, distilled liquor, composed solely of water and ethanol with possible traces of impurities and flavorings. Vodka is one of the world's most popular liquors. It is made by Fermentation (food), fermentation of rye, wheat, potatoes, grapes, or sugar beet molasses. Alcoholic content usually ranges between 35 and 50 percent by volume. The standard Russian vodka is 40 percent alcohol by volume (80 Ethanol, alcoholic proof). The exact origins of vodka cannot be traced definitively, but almost certainly vodka as a beverage comes from 14th–15th-century Eastern Europe. Russia is often named the birthplace of vodka. The distillation apparatus was known in Moscow from the late 14th century and was used to produce Distilled beverage, spirit, the precursor of vodka. According to Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin, the first original recipe of Russian vodka was produced around 1430 by a monk called Isidore (inventor), Isidore from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin.
Early 16th century
Kokoshnik (architecture)
* The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the Kokoshnik, traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vault (architecture), vaults.
1510s Tented roof, Tented roof masonry
* The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the Russian architecture in the 16th and 17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (cone (geometry), conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in Western Europe, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic architecture, Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Alexandrov (town), Alexandrov, built in the 1510s.
1530 Russian architecture#Middle Muscovite period .281530.E2.80.931630.29, Middle Muscovite
Tsardom of Russia
Late 16th century
Abacus#Russia, Russian abacus
* The Russian abacus or schoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia from the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the Western Europe. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century, though it remains in quite common use today.
1550 Streltsy
* First known standard military uniform worn by Russian regular army, elite armed forces known as Streltsy.
1552 Battery-tower
* The battery-tower is a late type of siege tower, carrying artillery inside it, a development of the gulyay-gorod concept. The first such tower was built by the Russian military engineer Ivan Vyrodkov during the siege of Kazan in 1552 (a part of the Russo-Kazan Wars), and could hold ten large-calibre cannons and 50 lighter cannons. Later battery-towers were often used by the Ukrainians, Ukrainian Cossacks.
1561 ''Saint Basil's Cathedral''
* Saint Basil's Cathedral is perhaps the most famous Russian Orthodox cathedral, a symbol of Moscow and Russia. It was designed by Postnik Yakovlev on the order of Ivan IV of Russia and built on the Moscow's Red Square in 1555–1561, to commemorate the Siege of Kazan (1552), capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. The unique feature of the Saint Basil's Cathedral is the fact that it is a complex of multiple temples put together. The original building, known as "Trinity Cathedral", contained eight side churches covered with onion domes and arranged around the ninth, central tented roof church of Intercession of saints, Intercession; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local Foolishness for Christ, Fool Basil Fool for Christ, Vasily (Basil). In the 16th and the 17th centuries the cathedral, perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heaven#In Orthodox Christianity, Heavenly City, was popularly known as "Jerusalem in Christianity, Jerusalem" and served as an allegory of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the Tsar. Its striking design, shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky, has no analogues elsewhere in the world, and it was seldom reproduced in Russian architecture, most notably in the St. Peter's and Paul Cathedral in Petergof and in the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg.
1566 ''Great Abatis Line''
* The Great Abatis Line, or Bolshaya Zasechnaya Cherta in Russian, was the largest fortification line of the abatis type, built by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Tsardom of Russia. Its purpose was to protect Russia from the raids of nomads of the Eastern European steppes, such as the Crimean Tatars. As a fortification construction stretching for hundreds kilometers, the Great Abatis Line is analogous to the Great Wall of China and the Roman Limes (Roman Empire), limes. Most of its length consisted of abatis, which is a barrier built from felled trees arranged as a barricade. It was also fortified by ditches and earth mounds, palisades, watch towers and natural features like lakes and swamps. Stone and wooden kremlins of the towns were also included in the Great Abatis Line, as well as the smaller forts called ostrog (fortress), ostrogs. The Great Abatis Line was built south of Moscow between the Bryansk woods and Meschera swamps starting from the 12th century, and was officially completed in 1566, exceeding 1000 km in length.
1586 ''Tsar Cannon''
* The Tsar Cannon is an enormous cannon, Contract, commissioned in 1586 by Russian Feodor I of Russia, Tsar Feodor and cast by Andrey Chokhov. It is the List of the largest cannon by caliber, largest bombard by caliber. The cannon weighs 39.312 metric tonnes and has a length of . Its bronze-cast barrel has a calibre of , and an external diameter of . Along with a new carriage, the 2 ton cannonballs surrounding the cannon were added in 1835 and are larger than the diameter of its barrel; in fact, it was originally designed to fire 800 kg stone grapeshot. The cannon is decorated with reliefs, including one depicting Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Feodor on a horse, hence the name of the cannon, though now the word ''Tsar'' is associated more with the supreme size of the weapon. Several copies of the cannon were made in the 21st century and installed in Donetsk and several Russian cities, while the original Tsar Cannon is in the Moscow Kremlin.М.Е. Портнов. Царь-Пушка и Царь-Колокол. Московский Рабочий, Москва, 1990 / M.E.Portnov. ''Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell'', Moskovsky Rabochiy, Moscow 1990,
17th century
Bochka roof
* The bochka roof or simply bochka (russian: бочка, barrel) is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with an elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik (architecture), kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, the bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in Russian Revival style buildings.
Gorodki
* Gorodki or ''townlets'' is an old Russian folk culture, folk sport whose popularity has spread also to Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Similar to bowling, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles (sport), skittles arranged in some pattern by throwing a bat at them. The skittles, or pins, are called ''gorodki'' (literally ''little cities'' or ''townlets''), and the square zone in which they are arranged is called the ''gorod'' (''city''). The game is mentioned in the old Russian chronicles and was known in the form close to the modern one at least from the 17th century, since one of the famous players in gorodki was the young Peter I of Russia.
Roller coaster
* Russian Mountains were winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall, being the first type of roller coaster. Known from the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 70 and 80 feet, consisted of a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. In the 18th century they were especially popular in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas, from where by the late 18th century their usage and popularity spread to Europe. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of tracks, like in the ''Katalnaya Gorka'' built in Catherine the Great, Catherine II's residence in Oranienbaum, Russia, Oranienbaum. The first such wheeled ride was brought to Paris in 1804 under the name ''Les Montagnes Russes'' (French for "Russian Mountains"), and the term ''Russian Mountains'' continues to be a synonym for ''roller coaster'' in many countries today.
Bird of Happiness (toy), Bird of Happiness
* The Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by Pomors, the inhabitants of the White Sea, White and Barents Sea coastline. The Bird of Happiness is made without glue or other fasteners, by elaborate carving of thin petals for the bird's wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them. Similar methods are also used in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or Siberian cedar. It is suspended inside a house, guarding the family hearth and well-being.
Dymkovo toy
* Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a Tin whistle, pennywhistle). It is an old Russian folk handicraft which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called ''свистунья'' (svistunya), or whistler. The first recorded mention of this event took place in 1811, however it is believed to have existed for some 400 years, thus dating the history of Dymkovo toy at least from the 17th century.
Troika (driving), Troika
* The troika (тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian horse driving, harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. In addition to that, the troika is the world's only multiple harness with different horse gaits – the middle horse trot (horse gait), trots and the side horses canter. At full speed a troika could reach , which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th-19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride. The troika was developed from the late 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail, and having become common by the late 18th century. It was often used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads and people over long distances.
1630 Russian architecture#Late Muscovite period .281630.E2.80.931712.29, Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles.
1659 Khokhloma
* Khokhloma is the name of a Russian wood painting handicraft, known for its vivid flower patterns, red and gold (color), gold colors over the black background, and the distinctive effect on the cheap and light wooden tableware or furniture, making it look heavier, metal-like and glamorous. It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century, at least from 1659, in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and was named after the large trade settlement Khokhloma. The handicraft owes its origin to the Old Believers, who, fleeing from persecutions of officials, took refuge in local woods and taught some of the icon painting techniques to the local craftsmen, such as the usage of a goldish color without applying real gold. Nowadays khokhloma is one of the symbols of Russia, and apart from its usage in making tableware, furniture and souvenirs, it can be found in the wider context, for example in paintings on Russian airliners.
1679 Circle of fifths
*In the late 1670s a treatise called ''Grammatika'' was written by the composer and theorist Nikolai Diletskii. Diletskii's ''Grammatika'' is a treatise on composition, the first of its kind, which targeted Western-style polyphonic compositions. It taught how to write kontserty, polyphonic a cappella, which were normally based on liturgical texts and were created by putting together musical sections that have contrasting rhythm, meters, melodic material and vocal groupings. Diletskii intended his treatise to be a guide to composition but pertaining to the rules of music theory. Within the Grammatika treatise is where the first circle of fifths appeared and was used for students as a composer's tool.
1685 Tula pryanik
* The Tula pryanik is a type of printed gingerbread from the city of Tula, Russia, Tula, the most known kind of Russian gingerbreads. Usually the Tula pryanik looks like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Modern Tula pryanik usually contain jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made with honey. The first mention of the Tula pryanik is in Tula census book of 1685.
1688 Balalaika
* The balalaika is a stringed instrument with a characteristic triangle, triangular body and 3 strings (or sometimes 6, in 3 courses), perhaps the best-known national Russian musical instrument. The balalaika family of instruments includes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest, the prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. The earliest mention of balalaika is found in a 1688 document, and initially it was an instrument of skomorokhs (sort of Russian free-lance musical jesters). In the 1880s the modern standard balalaika was developed by Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev, Vasily Andreev, who also started a tradition of balalaika orchestras, which finally led to the popularity of the instrument in many countries outside Russia.
Glass-holder
*The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal, that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (pl.) is to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states.
1693
*Naryshkin Baroque. Also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.
Early 18th century
Table-glass
* The table-glass or granyonyi stakan (literally ''faceted glass'') is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass, having a faceted form. Granyonyi stakan has certain advantages over the other drinkware, since due to its form and hardness it is more difficult to break. It is arguably handier in usage on moving trains or rolling ships, where it is less prone to tip and fall, or slip from hands, and less likely to break upon hitting the floor. A legend says that the first known Russian faceted glass was given as a present to Tsar Peter the Great from a glass-maker called Yefim Smolin, living in Vladimir Oblast. He boasted to Tsar that his glass couldn't be broken. Tsar Peter liked the present, however, after drinking some alcoholic beverage from it, he threw the glass on the ground and managed to break it. Still Peter didn't punish the glass-maker, and the production of such glasses continued, while the Russian tradition of breaking drinkware on certain occasions originated from that episode.
1704 Decimal currency
* The decimal currency is a type of currency that is based on one basic unit and a sub-unit which is a power of 10 (number), 10, typically 100. Most modern currencies adhere to this pattern. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after decimalisation of its financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter the Great, when Russian ruble was made equal to 100 Ruble, kopecks.
1717 Lathe (metal)#Compound rest, Metal lathe compound slide
* by Andrey Nartov. A compound slide on a metal lathe adds the ability to turn tapers more easily, and may be used to turn more precise diameters. They are a standard feature of modern manually operated lathes.
1718 Yacht club
* The yacht club is a sports Club (organization), club specifically related to sailing and yachting. The oldest yacht club in the world, by date of establishment, is the Neva Yacht Club, founded by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great in 1718 in St. Petersburg (likely, the idea had been devised as early as 1716, when the First Neva Shipyard started building civilian vessels). Though, since it was not a purely voluntary association of members, but an organisation founded by Tsar's decree, the Neva Yacht Club's being the world's oldest is challenged by the Royal Cork Yacht Club in Ireland, founded in 1720. Both clubs have gone through periods of dormancy and undergone various name changes.
Russian Empire
1720s
1725 Rebar
* Rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebar was known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebar were used in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov between 1725 and 1732. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.
1730s
1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod
* The cast iron cupola was a type of cupola made of cast iron rather than made from stone or brick as it was in ancient or medieval domes. The first application of this technology is found in the mysterious Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, completed in 1732. The tower's tented roof had a cast iron carcass and outer shell. The second time, this technique was applied only some 100 years later, during the reconstruction of the Mainz Cathedral in Germany in 1826, while the third time it was used in the dome of Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, built in the 1840s. The very top of the tower was crowned with a gilding, gilded metallic sphere with spikes. Since it was Ground (electricity), grounded through the rebar of the tower carcass, it acted like a lightning rod. Thus, the Russian builders de facto created the first lightning rod in the Western world some 25 years before Benjamin Franklin, however it is not known whether that was intentional.
1733 ''Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Peter and Paul Cathedral''
* The Peter and Paul Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located in Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia. It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg, built between 1712 and 1733 inside the Peter and Paul Fortress. Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral is the burial place of all Russian Emperors from Peter I of Russia, Peter I to Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II, with the exception of Peter II of Russia, Peter II. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world.
1735 ''Tsar Bell''
* The Tsar Bell, also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol or Royal Bell, is a huge bell (instrument), bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna, niece of Peter the Great. Currently it is the List of heaviest bells, largest and heaviest bell in the world, weighing 216 tons, with a height of 6.14 metre, m (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 m (21.6 ft). It was foundry, founded from bronze by masters Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733–1735. The bell, however, was never rung because of a fire in 1737, when a huge slab (11.5 tons) cracked off while it was still in the casting pit. In 1836, the bell was placed on a stone pedestal next to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door. According to the legend, on Last Judgment, Judgement Day the Tsar Bell will be miraculously repaired and lifted up to heaven, where it will ring the blagovest (call to prayer).
1739 Ice palace
1740s
1741 Quick-firing gun * by Andrey Nartov1750s
1754 Coaxial rotor / Model helicopter * by Mikhail Lomonosov 1756 Conservation of mass, Law of Mass Conservation * by Mikhail Lomonosov 1757 Licorne (Russian field gun) * by M.W. Danilov and S.A. Martynov1760s
1761 Atmosphere of Venus * Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg. 1762 Reflecting telescope#Off-axis designs, Off-axis reflecting telescope * by Mikhail Lomonosov1770s
1770 ''Amber Room'' * The Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg is a complete chamber decoration of amber (color), amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. It was dubbed the ''Eighth Wonder of the World'' due to its singular beauty and the large quantity of a rare material (amber is rather hard to carve). Due to its unique history it was also called the ''World's Greatest Lost Treasure''. Several generations of German and Russian craftsmen worked on this masterpiece, prompted by several generations of monarchs. Construction began in 1701 to 1709 in Prussia. In 1716 the ''Amber Cabinet'' was given by Prussian king Frederick William I of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm I to his then ally, Tsar Peter I of Russia. Then it was expanded by Russian craftsmen, and by 1770, when the work was finished, the Room covered more than 55 square meters and contained over six tons of amber. It was looted art, looted during World War II by Nazi Germany, brought to Königsberg and lost in the chaos at the end of the war. In 1979-2003 Russian craftsmen again reconstructed the Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, while the location of the original one is still a mystery. 1770 ''Bronze Horseman#Thunder Stone, Thunder Stone'' * The largest stone ever moved by man, used a base for a statue. 1776 Orenburg shawl 1778 Samovar, Russian samovar * In 1778 the Lisitsyns, Lisitsyn brothers introduced their first samovar design, and the same year they registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia.1780s
1784 Orlov Trotter * by Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov1790s
Russian guitar * by Andrei Sychra Valenki 1793 Elevator#History, Screw drive elevator * The screw drive elevator is an elevator that uses a screw drive system instead of a hoist, like it was in the earlier elevators. The invention of the screw drive was the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, which finally led to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first such elevator was invented by Ivan Kulibin and installed in the Winter Palace in 1793, while several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye Palace, Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. In 1823, an "ascending room" made its debut in London. 1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art 1796 Peaked cap * The peaked cap has been worn by Russian Army officers as a type of forage cap since 1796 by some regiments, and from 1811 by the most of the army.19th century
*Kargopol toys *Filimonovo toys *Gorodets painting *Rushnik is a ritual cloth embroidered with symbols and cryptograms of the ancient world. 1802 Powdered milk, Modern powdered milk 1802 Electric arc, Continuous electric arc * by Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov 1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs).1810s
1811 Sailor cap 1812 Electric telegraph * by Pavel Schilling 1812 Naval mine * by Pavel Schilling 1814 Frame (beehive), Beehive frame * by Petro Prokopovych1820s
1820 Antarctica * By Mikhail Lazarev & Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture. 1820 Monorail * The so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages, built by Ivan Elmanov. 1825 Zhostovo painting 1828 Electromagnetic telegraph * by Pavel Schilling 1829 Sunflower oil, Industrial production process of sunflower oil 1829 Three bolt equipment, Three bolt diving equipment * by E. K. Gauzen1830s
1832 Unit record equipment, Data recording equipment * Semen Korsakov was reputedly the first to use the punched cards in informatics for information storage and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use. 1833 Lenz's law * by Heinrich Lenz 1835 Centrifugal fan * by Alexander Sablukov 1838 Electrotyping * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi 1839 Electric boat * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi 1839 Galvanoplastic, Galvanoplastic sculpture * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi and Heinrich Lenz1840s
1847 Anesthesia, Field anesthesia * by Nikolay Pirogov 1848 Oil well, Modern oil well * by Vasily Semyonov1850s
1850s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon. 1851 ''Struve Geodetic Arc'' * by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve 1851 Russian Railway Troops 1854 Field surgery, Modern field surgery * By Nikolay Pirogov 1854 Stereo camera 1857-1861 Chemical structure, Theory of chemical structure * By Alexander Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas, the discoverer of Hexamine and the discoverer of the Formose reaction. 1857 Radiator * A radiator is a heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating. The first historical application of radiator was in central heating systems. The Radiator (heating), heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli, a Polish-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, between 1855 and 1857. 1858 ''Saint Isaac's Cathedral'' * Saint Isaac's Cathedral is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral in St. Petersburg. It was the List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox church upon its completion (subsequently surpassed only by the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour). It is dedicated to Saint Isaac of Dalmatia, a patron saint of Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great who had been born on the feast day of that saint. Designed by Auguste de Montferrand, the cathedral is a masterpiece of the late classicism, built between 1818 and 1858. Multiple innovations were used during construction, such as the giant cast iron dome, special frameworks to erect columns, and the first usage of galvanoplastic, galvanoplastic sculpture in architecture. 1859 Aluminothermy * By Nikolay Beketov1860s
1860s Russian salad * by Lucien Olivier 1861 Beef Stroganoff 1864 Icebreaker, Modern icebreaker * An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters. The first steam-powered metal-hull (ship), hulled icebreaker of the modern type was the Russian ''Pilot (icebreaker), Pilot'', built in 1864 on orders of the merchant and shipbuilder Mikhail Britnev. It had the bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). This allowed the ''Pilot'' to push itself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of the old wooden Pomor koch (boat), kochs, which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and Barents Sea for centuries. 1868 Grow light * Andrei Famintsyn was the first to use artificial light for plant growing and research. 1869 Hectograph 1869 Periodic table, Periodic table of the elements * by Dmitri Mendeleev1870s
Gymnasterka * The gymnasterka was originally introduced into the Imperial Russian Army, Tsarist army about 1870 for wear by regiments stationed in Turkestan during the hot summers. It took the form of a loose fitting white linen "shirt-tunic" and included the coloured shoulder-boards of the green tunic worn during the remainder of the year. The gymnasterka was taken into use by all branches of the Imperial Army at the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. Originally intended for working dress during peace-time and patterned on the traditional Russian peasant smock, the gymnasterka was subsequently adopted for ordinary duties and active service wear. It was worn as such by non-commissioned ranks in summer during the 1890s and early 1900s. The officers' equivalent was a white double breasted tunic or ''kitel''. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, the white gymnasterka with its red or blue shoulder-boards proved too conspicuous against modern weaponry and the garments were often dyed various shades of khaki. The smartness and comfort of the white gymnasterka enabled it to survive for a few more years of peacetime wear until a light khaki version was adopted in 1907-09 and worn during World War I. 1872 Lamp (electrical component), Electric lamp * By Alexander Lodygin. In 1872, he applied for a Russian patent for his filament lamp. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France, and Belgium. For a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod, placed under a bell-glass. 1872 Aldol reaction * by Alexander Borodin, independently from Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 1873 Odhner Arithmometer * by Willgodt Theophil Odhner 1873 Armored cruiser * ''Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873), General-Admiral'' by Andrei Alexandrovich Popov 1874 Headlamp * by Pavel Yablochkov 1875 Railway electrification system * by Fyodor Pirotsky 1876 AC transformer * by Pavel Yablochkov 1876 Yablochkov candle * Invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov, the Yablochkov candle was the first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp and was used for the world's first electric street lightning at the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris. 1877 Torpedo boat tender * by Stepan Makarov 1877 Tracked vehicle, Tracked wagon * by Fyodor Blinov 1878 Oil depot, Cylindrical oil tank * by Vladimir Shukhov 1879 Oil tanker, Modern oil tanker * by Ludvig Nobel1880s
1880s Winogradsky column * The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. 1888s Three-phase electric power * The three-phase system was developed independently from others by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. 1880 Vitamins * By Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin (:ru:Лунин, Николай Иванович, Russian Wikipedia article) 1880 Electric tram * by Fyodor Pirotsky 1881 Carbon arc welding * The first arc welding method was introduced by Nikolay Benardos and later patented in 1887. 1883 ''Cathedral of Christ the Saviour'' * The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the main and largest cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, located in Moscow on the bank of the Moskva River. It is the List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox church in the world. Designed by Konstantin Thon, it is an outstanding example of the Byzantine Revival architecture. The domes of the cathedral for the first time in history were gilded using the technique of gold electroplating. The original building was demolished during the Soviet era, but was rebuilt in 1995–2000, having become a symbol of Russia's religious renaissance. 1884 ''Mozhaysky's airplane'' * By Alexander Mozhaysky. Known as one of the earliest heavier-than-air machines to leave the ground under its own power, however still underpowered for a sustained controlled flight. 1884 ''History of submarines, Electric submarine'' * By Stefan Drzewiecki 1888 Caterpillar tractor, Caterpillar farm tractor * The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks was completed by Fyodor Blinov 1888 Shielded metal arc welding * By Nikolay Slavyanov 1888 Solar cell (based on the outer photoelectric effect) * By Aleksandr Stoletov 1889 Induction motor, Three-phase induction motor * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1889 Transformer, Three-phase transformer * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1889 ''Mosin–Nagant, Mosin–Nagant rifle'' * By Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, the most produced rifle of the era1890s
1890 Matryoshka doll * By Sergey Malyutin and Vasily Zvyozdochkin 1890 Powered exoskeleton 1890 Chemosynthesis * By Sergei Winogradsky 1891 Cracking (chemistry)#Thermal cracking, Thermal chemical cracking * Shukhov cracking process by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov, the first Cracking (chemistry), cracking method 1891 Electric power transmission, Long-distance transmission of three-phase electric power * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main. This demonstration initiated the today's power grids. 1891 Hydroelectricity, Three-phase hydroelectric power plant * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1892 Viruses * By Dmitri Ivanovsky 1894 Nephoscope * By Mikhail Pomortsev 1895 Lightning detector / Radio receiver * By Alexander Stepanovich Popov 1896 Thin-shell structure * By Vladimir Shukhov 1896 Tensile structure * By Vladimir Shukhov 1896 Hyperboloid structure * By Vladimir Shukhov, see also Shukhov Tower 1897 Gridshell * By Vladimir Shukhov 1898 Polar icebreaker * A polar icebreaker is an icebreaker capable of operating in the polar waters with their vast and thick multi-year sea ice. The Russian icebreaker ''Icebreaker Yermak, Yermak'' (named after Yermak the Russian conquest of Siberia, conqueror of Siberia) was the first icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice. It was built in England between 1897 and 1898 after Admiral Stepan Makarov's design and under his supervision. Between 1899 and 1911 ''Yermak'' sailed in heavy ice conditions for more than 1000 days. Starting from this vessel, Russia created the largest fleet of oceangoing icebreakers in the 20th and 21st centuries. 1899 Radiation pressure * By Pyotr Lebedev20th century
Mstyora miniature 1901 Classical conditioning * by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in 1904. (Also referred to as "Pavlov's dog") 1901 Chromatography * by Mikhail Tsvet 1902 Fire fighting foam * Fire fighting foam is foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam.Loran and the fire extinguisherat p-lab.org 1903 Spaceflight, Theoretical foundations of spaceflight * By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1903 Cytoskeleton 1903 Motor ship * The Russian tanker ''Vandal (tanker), Vandal'' was the world's first diesel-powered ship. 1904 Radio jamming 1904 Fire extinguisher#Foams, Foam extinguisher * The first such extinguisher was produced in 1904 by Aleksandr Loran, who invented fire fighting foam two years before. 1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement * By Nikolai Korotkov 1905 Korotkoff sounds, Korotkov sounds 1905 Insubmersibility * By Alexey Krylov and Stepan Makarov 1906 Seismometer, Electric seismometer * By Boris Borisovich Galitzine 1907 Aerosani / Snowmobile 1907 Pulsejet 1907 Bayan (accordion), Bayan 1907 ''Church of the Savior on Blood'' * The church contains over 7500 square metres of mosaics — according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world.
1910s
1910 Polybutadiene * The first commercially viable synthetic rubber by Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev, Sergei Lebedev. 1910 Montage (filmmaking) or Kuleshov Effect (by Lev Kuleshov) 1910 Non-Aristotelian logic By Nicolai A. Vasiliev, Nikolai Vasilyev 1911 Knapsack parachute * By Gleb Kotelnikov 1911 Television * By Boris Rosing and Vladimir Zworykin 1911 Stanislavski's system * A progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage. 1913 Zaum * Zaum (Russian: зáумь) is a word used to describe the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh. 1913 Airliner * Russky Vityaz by Igor Sikorsky 1913 Half-track * Also known as Kégresse track, invented by Adolphe Kégresse. 1914 Aerobatics * By Pyotr Nesterov, independently from Adolphe Pégoud 1914 Gyrocar * By Pyotr Shilovsky 1914 Tachanka * By Nestor Makhno (according to some sources) 1914 Strategic bomber * Sikorsky Ilya Muromets by Igor Sikorsky 1914 Aerial ramming * By Pyotr Nesterov 1915 Gas mask, Activated charcoal gas mask * By Nikolay Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner 1915 Vezdekhod * Vezdekhod was the first prototype caterpillar tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV. It was invented by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov in 1915. The word Vezdekhod means "He who goes anywhere" or "all-terrain vehicle". 1915 ''Tsar Tank'' * This eccentric design differed from modern tanks in that it did not use caterpillar tracks, rather it used a wheeled tricycle design. The two front spoked wheels were nearly 9 metres (27 feet) in diameter; the back wheel was smaller, only 1.5 metres (5 feet) high. 1916 ''Trans-Siberian Railway'' * The longest railway in the world. 1916 Optophonic pianoSoviet Russia and Soviet Union
Late 1910s
1917 Socialist realism * A style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. 1918 Air ioniser * By Alexander Chizhevsky 1918 Budenovka * By Viktor Vasnetsov 1918 Ushanka 1918 Jet pack (not built) 1919 Film school 1919 Theremin * By Léon Theremin 1919 Constructivism (art) * An artistic and architectural philosophy which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.1920s
1920s Constructivist architecture * A form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. 1921 Aerial refueling * By Alexander P. de Seversky 1923 Iconoscope * By Vladimir Zworykin 1923 Palekh miniature * Also Russian lacquer art, Kholuy miniature, Mstyora miniature 1924 Flying wing * By Boris Cheranovsky 1924 Optophonic Piano * By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine 1924 Stem cells * By Alexander Maximow 1924 Abiogenesis#Oparin: Primordial soup hypothesis, Primordial soup hypothesis * By Aleksandr Oparin 1924 Diesel electric locomotive * Russian locomotive class E el-2 1925 Interlaced video * Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. It was first demonstrated by Léon Theremin in 1925. 1926 Graphical sound * By Pavel Tager and Aleksandr Shorin 1927 Light-emitting diode * by Oleg Losev 1927 ''Po-2, Polikarpov Po-2 biplane'' * The List of most produced aircraft, most produced biplane in the world. 1928 Gene pool * by Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky, Alexander Serebrovsky 1928 Rabbage * Rabbage or Raphanobrassica, was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. It was produced by Georgii Karpechenko in 1928. 1929 Cadaveric blood, Cadaveric blood transfusion * by Sergei Yudin (surgeon), Sergei Yudin 1929 Kinescope * By Vladimir Zworykin 1929 Pobedit * Pobedit is a specialized alloy that is close in hardness to diamond (85-90 on the Rockwell scale). It was created in the USSR in 1929 and was used in mining, metal-cutting and as a material for special mechanical parts. Later a number of similar alloys have been developed. 1929 Teletank / Military robot1930s
Spring-loaded camming device * by Vitaly Abalakov Abalakov thread, Abalakov thread climbing device * by Vitaly Abalakov Electric propulsion, Electric rocket motor * by Valentin Glushko 1930s Hull (watercraft), Modern ship hull design * Vladimir Yourkevitch invented the modern ship hull design when he designed the SS Normandie. 1930 Blood bank 1930 Single lift-rotor Helicopter#Early development, helicopter * Designed by Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin of TsAGI, the TsAGI 1-EA was flown by Cheremukhin to an unofficial altitude record of 605 meters (1,985 ft) in August 1932. 1930 Paratrooping * Russian Airborne Troops - the first and largest in the world 1931 Pressure suit * by Yevgeny Chertovsky 1931 Hypergolic propellant, Hypergolic rocket propellants * by Valentyn Glushko 1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine * by Léon Theremin, the first drum machine 1931 Flame tank * T-26 variants, KhT-26 1932 Postconstructivism * A transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II. 1932 Postal code 1932 Children's railway 1932 Terpsitone * by Léon Theremin 1932 Underwater welding * by Konstantin Khrenov 1933 Kidney transplant, Human kidney transplant 1933 Sampling theorem * By Vladimir Kotelnikov 1933 Tandem rotors, Tandem rotor helicopter * By Nicolas Florine, Nikolay Florin 1933 Stalinist architecture * Also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. 1934 ''Tupolev ANT-20'' * Purpose-designed propaganda aircraft, the largest aircraft in 1930s 1934 Cherenkov detector * Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Pavel Cherenkov 1935 Kirza * Kirza is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrane-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and Russia as a cheap and effective replacement for natural leather. The surface of kirza imitates pig leather. The material is mainly used in production of military boots and belts for machinery and automobiles. The name ''kirza'' is an acronym from ''Kirovskiy Zavod'' (''Kirov plant'') located in the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov, which was the first place of the mass production of kirza. The technology was invented in 1935 by Ivan Plotnikov and improved in 1941. Since that time kirza boots became a typical element of the uniform in the Soviet Army, Soviet and Russian Ground Forces, Russian Army. 1935 ''Moscow Metro'' * The Moscow Metro, which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is Europe's List of metro systems#List, busiest rapid-transit, metro system. Opened in 1935, it is well known for the ornate design of many of its metro station, stations, which contain numerous examples of socialist realism, socialist realist art. 1935 Kremlin stars 1936 Acoustic microscopy 1936 Smokejumping, Airborne firefighting 1937 Artificial heart * By Vladimir Demikhov. It was transplanted to a dog. 1937 Modern synthesis (20th century), Modern evolutionary synthesis * By Theodosius Dobzhansky 1937 Superfluidity * By Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen (physicist), John F. Allen and Don Misener 1937 Drag chute * The drag chute or braking parachute is an application of the drogue parachute for decreasing the landing distance of an aircraft below that available solely from the aircraft's brakes. For the first time drag chutes were used in 1937 by the Soviet airplanes in the Arctic that provided support for the famous polar expeditions of the era. The drag chute allowed safe landings on small drift ice, ice-floes. 1937 Drifting ice station * Soviet and Russian drifting ice stations are important contributors to Arctic exploration, exploration of the Arctic. An idea to use the drift ice for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean belongs to Fridtjof Nansen, who fulfilled it on ''Fram (ship), Fram'' between 1893 and 1896. However, the first stations to be placed right upon the drifting ice originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operating. More drifting ice stations were organised after World War II, and many special equipment was developed for them, such as the elevated tents to be placed on the melting ice and indicators monitoring the ice cracks. 1937 Welded sculpture * Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous ''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman'' by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937), 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies. 1937 Fire-fighting sport * Fire-fighting sport is a sport discipline that includes a competition between various fire fighting teams in fire fighting-related exercises, such as climbing special stairs in a mock-up house, unfolding a water hose, and extinguishing a fire using hoses or extinguishers. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1937, while international competitions have taken place since 1968. 1937-1957 ANS synthesizer 1938 Deep column station * The deep column station is a type of Subway (rail), subway station, consisting of a central hall with two side halls, connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns. Depending on the type of station, the rings transmit load to the columns either by "wedged arches" or through purlins, forming a "column-purlin complex." The fundamental advantage of the column station is the significantly greater connection between the halls, compared with a pylon station. The first deep column station in the world is Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro), Mayakovskaya, designed by Alexey Dushkin and opened in 1938 in Moscow Metro. 1938 Sambo (martial art), Sambo * Sambo (an acronym, Самбо stands for САМооборона-Без-Оружия, meaning "self-defence without weapons") is modern martial art, combat sport and self-defense system developed in the Soviet Union and recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee in 1938, presented by Anatoly Kharlampiev. 1939 Kirlian photography * By Semyon Kirlian 1939 Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 * The world's first tail rotor helicopter and first amphibious helicopter by Igor Sikorsky. 1939 ''Ilyushin Il-2'' * The world's List of most produced aircraft, most produced combat aircraft. 1939 Multiple rocket launcher, Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher * ''Katyusha rocket launcher''1940s
1940s Ballast cleaner 1940s TRIZ 1940s Sikorsky R-4 * The R-4 was the world's first mass-produced helicopter and the first helicopter used by the United States Army Air Forces, Navy, Coast Guard, and the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. 1940 ''T-34, T-34 tank'' * by Mikhail Koshkin, the most produced tank of World War II 1941 Rhythmic gymnastics, Competitive rhythmic gymnastics 1941 Maksutov telescope * by Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov 1941 Degaussing * by Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve 1942 Winged tank * Antonov A-40 by Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer), Oleg Antonov 1942 Gramicidin S * by Georgy Gause 1944 Microtron 1944 EPR spectroscopy * by Yevgeny Zavoisky 1945 ''T-54/55 tank'' * World's most produced tank. 1945 Passive resonant cavity bug * by Léon Theremin 1946 Heart-lung transplant * by Vladimir Demikhov 1947 Multistage rocket, Modern multistage rocket * by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky 1947 ''MiG-15'' * World's List of most produced aircraft, most produced jet aircraft. 1947 ''AK-47'' * The AK-47 (other names include Avtomat Kalashnikova, Kalashnikov, or AK) is a selective fire, gas operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The AK-47 was one of the first true assault rifles. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with regular armed forces as well as irregular, revolutionary and terrorist organizations worldwide. Even after six decades, due to its durability, low production cost and ease of use, the original AK-47 and its numerous variants are the most widely used and popular assault rifles in the world; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.Poyer, Joe. ''The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations''. North Cape Publications. 2004. 1947 Lung transplant * by Vladimir Demikhov 1947 Laser microphone, Light beam microphone * The technique of using a light beam to remotely record sound probably originated with Léon Theremin in the Soviet Union at or before 1947, when he developed and used the Buran eavesdropping system. This worked by using a low power infrared beam (not a laser) from a distance to detect the sound vibrations in the glass windows. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB, used this Buran device to spy on the U.S., British, and French embassies in Moscow 1949 ''Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle'' * Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev, Aleksei Isaev proposed the staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle widely used in rocket engines. 1949 ''Reactive armour''1950s
1950s Head transplant * The first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov) 1950s Magnetotellurics * by Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov 1950 MESM * The first universally programmable electronic computer in continental Europe, developed by Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev, Sergey Lebedev. 1950 Berkovich tip 1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction 1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator 1952 Masers * Invention of the first masers by Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov who later shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for invention and development of laser technologies with Charles Townes. 1952 Seven Sisters (Moscow) 1952 Carbon nanotubes * A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal ''Carbon'' described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991. In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet ''Journal of Physical Chemistry''. This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures. 1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus * by Gavril Ilizarov 1954 Nuclear power plant * Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant by Igor Kurchatov 1955 ''MiG-21'' * World's List of most produced aircraft, most produced supersonic aircraft. 1955 Ballistic missile submarine * R-11 Zemlya submarine-launched ballistic missile by Victor Makeev, Project 611 ballistic missile submarine 1955 Fast-neutron reactor * BN350 nuclear fast reactor. 1955 ''Leningrad Metro'' 1955 Tokamak * The Tokamak T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction. The first actual experimental tokamak was built in 1955. The Tokamak design plays the basic role in modern projects for power generation based on thermonuclear fusion like ITER. 1957 ANS synthesizer 1957 Synchrophasotron 1957 Spaceport * Baikonur Cosmodrome launch complex by Vladimir Barmin 1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile * The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, ''R-7 Semyorka'', was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Orbital spaceflight, Orbital space rocket * The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as a first space rocket and expendable launch system, ''R-7 Semyorka'', was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Satellite, Artificial satellite * Sputnik 1, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. 1957 Space capsule * Sputnik 2 1957 ''Raketa (hydrofoil), Raketa hydrofoil'' * by Rostislav Alexeyev 1958 Ternary computer, Modern ternary computer * Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov 1959 Nuclear icebreaker * A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a purpose-built ship with nuclear marine propulsion, nuclear propulsion for use in waters continuously covered with ice. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are far more powerful than their Diesel engine, diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arctic waterways in the north of Siberia, along the Northern Sea Route. NS ''Lenin (nuclear icebreaker), Lenin'' was the world's first nuclear icebreaker, launched in 1957 at the Admiralty Shipyard and completed in 1959. 1959 Space probe * Luna 1, also the first Escape velocity, escape velocity spacecraft and the first Sun satellite. 1959 Missile boat * Komar-class missile boat 1959 Kleemenko cycle 1959 Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle1960s
1960s Rocket boots 1960 Reentry capsule * Sputnik 5 1961 Human spaceflight * Vostok 1 (russian: Восток-1, ''Orient 1'' or ''East 1'') was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on 12 April 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin, a astronaut, cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had journeyed into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into Orbit (celestial mechanics), orbit. The Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program and supervised by the Soviet rocket scientist Sergey Korolyov. 1961 ''RPG-7'' 1961 Lawrencium * Co-discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1961 Anti-ballistic missile * by Pyotr Grushin 1961 Space food 1961 Space suit 1961 ''Tsar Bomb'' * The most powerful weapon ever tested. The Tsar Bomba was a three-stage Teller–Ulam design hydrogen bomb with a yield of 50 to 58 megatons of TNT (210 to 240 PJ). This is equivalent to about 1,350–1,570 times the combined power of the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 10 times the combined power of all the conventional explosives used in World War II, or one quarter of the estimated yield of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and 10% of the combined yield of all nuclear tests to date. 1961 Platform screen doors * Park Pobedy (Saint Petersburg Metro) 1961 Ekranoplan * by Rostislav Alexeyev 1961 ''Mil Mi-8'' * The world's List of most produced aircraft, most-produced helicopter 1962 Detonation nanodiamond 1962 AVL tree, AVL tree datastructure 1962 Holography, 3D holography * by Yuri Denisyuk 1962 Stealth technology, Modern stealth technology * by Petr Ufimtsev 1963 KTM-5 *The most produced tram in the world. 1963 Oxygen cocktail 1964 Rutherfordium 1964 ''Druzhba pipeline'' * The longest oil pipeline system in the world. 1964 Plasma propulsion engine * Pulsed plasma thruster 1964 Kardashev scale, Kardashyov scale 1965 Extra-vehicular activity 1965 Molniya orbit, Molniya orbit satellite 1965 Voitenko compressor 1965 ''Proton (rocket), Proton rocket'' * Comparison of heavy lift launch systems, The most used Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, heavy lift launch system 1965 Air-augmented rocket * by Boris Shavyrin 1966 Nobelium 1966 Lander (spacecraft), Lander spacecraft * Luna 9 by Georgy Babakin 1966 Orbiter * Luna 10 1966 Regional jet * The Yakovlev Yak-40 was the world's first regional jet. 1966 Caspian Sea Monster * The largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft by Rostislav Alexeyev 1966 ''Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz rocket'' * According to the European Space Agency, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world. 1966 Orbital module * Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft 1967 Space toilet * Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft 1967 ''Ostankino Tower'' 1967 ''The Motherland Calls'' 1967 Computer for operations with functions 1967 Space docking, Automated space docking * Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188 1967 Venera, Venus lander * ''Venera 4'' 1968 Dubnium 1968 ''Mil V-12'' * The largest helicopter ever built. 1968 Supersonic transport * Tupolev Tu-144 1969 Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko * By Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko 1969 Intercontinental Submarine-launched ballistic missile * R-29 Vysota1970s
1970s Heterojunction, Semiconductor Heterostructures * Creation by Zhores Alferov of Heterojunction, Semiconductor Heterostructures which play important role in modern electronics (Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000). 1970s Radial keratotomy * by Svyatoslav Fyodorov 1970 Excimer laser 1970 Sample return mission, Robotic sample return * Luna 16 1970 Rover (space exploration), Space rover * Lunokhod 1, the first space exploration rover, reached the Moon surface on 17 November 1970. 1971 Space station * Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (russian: Салют-1; en, Salute 1) was launched 19 April 1971. It was the first space station to orbit Earth. Developed under supervision of Vladimir Chelomey. 1971 Kaissa (chess program) * Kaissa became the first World Computer Chess Championship, computer chess world champion in 1974. 1972 Hall effect thruster 1972 Mil Mi-24 1972 Desalination, Nuclear desalination * BN-350 reactor 1973 Reflectron * By Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin 1973 Skull crucible * The first commercially viable process to manufacture cubic zirconia. 1974 Electron cooling * Electron cooling was invented by Gersh Budker (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, INP, Novosibirsk) in 1966 as a way to increase luminosity of hadron colliders. It was first tested in 1974 with 68 MeV protons at NAP-M storage ring at INP. 1975 Underwater assault rifle * APS underwater assault rifle by Vladimir Simonov (engineer), Vladimir Simonov 1975 ''Arktika-class icebreaker'' * The ''Arktika'' class is a Russian and former Soviet Union, Soviet class of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreakers. Its pilot ship, NS ''Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker), Arktika'', was the second Soviet nuclear icebreaker, completed in 1975. She became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole, on 17 August 1977. 1975 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System * by Vladimir Syromyatnikov 1976 Close-in weapon system * AK-630 1976 Intercontinental ballistic missile#Modern ICBMs, Mobile ICBM * RT-21 Temp 2S by Alexander Nadiradze 1977 Vertical launching system * First installed on ''Russian cruiser Azov, Azov'', a Kara-class cruiser 1977 ''Kirov-class battlecruiser'' * The ''Kirov''-class battlecruisers of the Russian Navy are the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships (''i.e.'', not an aircraft carrier, assault ship or submarine) currently in active operation in the world. 1978 Cargo spacecraft 1978 Active protection system * Drozd system 1979 Radio telescope, Space-based radio telescope * the KRT-10 radio observatory (:ru:КРТ-10)1980s
Kalina cycle * Invented and patented in the 1980s by Russian engineer Alexander Kalina. His invention included the first time development of a contiguous set of ammonia-water mixture thermodynamic properties, which provide the basis for unique power plant designs for different forms of power generation from different heat sources. 1980s EHF therapy * by Nikolay Devyatkov and Mikhail Golant 1980 ''Typhoon-class submarine'' * The largest submarine ever built. 1981 ''Quantum dot'' * by Alexey Ekimov and Alexander Efros 1981 ''Tupolev Tu-160'' * The Tupolev Tu-160 is a supersonic, swing-wing, variable-geometry heavy bomber designed by the Soviet Union. Although several civil and military transport aircraft are bigger, the Tu-160 has the greatest total thrust, and the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft, and the highest top speed as well as one of the largest payloads of any current heavy bomber. Pilots of the Tu-160 call it the “White Swan”, due to its maneuverability and anti-flash white finish. 1982 Ejection seat, Helicopter ejection seat * Kamov Ka-50 1984 Tetris * by Alexey Pazhitnov 1986 Space station#Modular, Modular space station * ''Mir space station'' 1987 ''MIR (submersible), MIR submersible'' * The first to reach the seabed under the North Pole. Developed in cooperation with Finland. 1987 ''RD-170 (rocket engine), RD-170 rocket engine'' * The world's most powerful Liquid-fuel rocket, liquid-fuel rocket engine. 1988 ''Buran (spacecraft), Buran'' 1989 ''Kola Superdeep Borehole'' * The deepest borehole in the world. 1989 Supermaneuverability * Sukhoi Su-27, Pugachev's Cobra maneuver. 1989 ''Tupolev Tu-155'' * The world's first aircraft to use liquid hydrogen as fuel.Early 1990s
1989-1991 BARS apparatus 1991 Thermoplan * The thermoplan is a Disk (mathematics), disc-shaped airship of Hybrid airship, hybrid type, currently under development in Russia. The key feature of thermoplan is its two section structure. The main section of the airship is filled with helium, while the other section is filled with air that can be heated or cooled by the engines. This design greatly improves the maneuverability, alongside the Disk (mathematics), disc shape which helps resist the powerful winds up to 20 metre per second. The projet was started in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, with the first working prototype tested in 1991. That was rather small airship, and the giant thermoplan wasn't built at that time due to the problems caused by the economy crisis of the 1990s. In the late 2000s (decade), the project was revived under the name ''Locomoskyner'' by the Russian company ''Locomosky'' in Ulyanovsk. 1991 Scramjet * The Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) KHOLOD Hypersonic Flying Laboratory. First successful supersonic combustion ramjet flight demonstration.Russian Federation
1990s
RD-180 Engine * Dual-combustion chamber, dual-nozzle rocket engine, derived from the RD-170 (rocket engine), RD-170 used in Soviet Union, Soviet Zenit rockets, and currently provides first-stage power for the United States, American Atlas V, Atlas V launch vehicle. 1992 Znamya (space mirror) 1992 Nuclotron * Nuclotron is the world's first superconductive synchrotron, exploited by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow Oblast. This particle accelerator is based on a miniature iron-shaped field superconductive magnets, and has a particle energy up to 7 GeV. It was built in 1987-1992 as a part of Dubna synchrophasotron modernisation program (the Nuclotron ring follows the outer perimeter of the synchrophasotron ring). 5 runs of about 1400 hours total duration have been provided by the present time. The most important experiments tested the cryomagnetic system of a novel type, and obtained data on nuclear collisions using internal target. 1993 Novichok agent, "Novichok" * "Novichok" is a series of chemical weapons developed between 1971 (USSR) and 1993 (Russia), significantly more potent than VX (nerve agent), VX and Soman. 1993 RAR (file format), RAR * by Eugene Roshal 1997 Two-level single-vault transfer station * Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro) 1998 ''Beriev Be-200'' * Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step can be used to scoop a total of 12 tonnes of water in 14 seconds. 1998 Submarine-launched spacecraft * Russian submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk, Shtil' 1999 7z * By Igor Pavlov (programmer), Igor Pavlov 1999 Sea Launch * by Igor Spassky, multinational cooperation 1999 Flerovium2000s
2000s Heterotransistor * By Zhores Alfyorov with Herbert Kroemer 2000 Livermorium 2000 Abstract state machine 2001 Space tourism 2001 ''Mirny Mine'' * The largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation. 2001 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector 2003 ''Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro), Park Pobedy metro escalators'' * Longest metro escalators 2003 Nihonium 2003 Moscovium 2004 Nginx * One of the most widely used web server in the world, created by Igor Sysoev. 2004 Graphene * Creation of Graphene by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim. They were awarded with Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 2010. 2005 Elbrus 2000 2005 Orbitrap * by Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov, Aleksandr Makarov 2006 Oganesson 2007 ''NS 50 Let Pobedy'' * NS 50 Let Pobedy is the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad (now St Petersburg), and the ship was launched in 1993 as the NS ''Ural'', while completed in 2007 under a new name. This icebreaker is the sixth and last of the Arktika class icebreaker, Arktika class. The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. 2007 ''Father of all bombs'' * Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power, nicknamed "Father of All Bombs", is a Russian-made bomber, air-delivered/land activated thermobaric weapon, the most powerful Conventional weapon, conventional (non-Nuclear weapon, nuclear) weapon in the world. The bomb was successfully Live fire exercise, field-tested in the late evening of 11 September 2007. According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal. 2008 Denisovans * The third discovered kind of human.2010s
2010 ''Chatroulette'' * The first randomized webcam chatroom 2010 ''Tennessine'' 2011 ''w:ru:71-409'' * The first Russian produced low-floor tram 2011 ''Nuclear power station barge'' * The first mass-produced portable nuclear power station 2011 ''Nord Stream 1'' * The longest offshore pipeline transport, pipeline 2011 ''Spektr-R'' * Space based radiotelescope with the highest angular resolution (RadioAstron project). 2012 ''Russky Island Bridge'' * The longest cable-stayed bridge 2015 ''OCSiAl Graphetron'' * industrial-scale production of carbon nanotubes 2016 ''T-14 Armata''2020s
2020 ''COVID-19 vaccine'' * First vaccine of its kind (Gam-COVID-Vac) approved by governmental authorities.See also
* List of Russian inventors * :Russian inventions * List of Russian scientists * List of Soviet calculators * Russian cultureReferences
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Russian Inventions And Technology Records Russian history timelines, Inventions Russian inventions, * Science and technology in Russia History of science and technology in Russia Lists of inventions or discoveries, Russia Technology timelines Technology-related lists, Russian inventions