Túath

''Túath'' (plural ''túatha'') is the Old Irish term for the basic political and jurisdictional unit of Gaelic Ireland. ''Túath'' can refer to both a geographical territory as well the people who lived in that territory.

Social structure

In ancient Irish terms, a household was reckoned at about 30 people per dwelling. A '' trícha cét'' ("thirty hundreds"), was an area comprising 100 dwellings or, roughly, 3,000 people. A ''túath'' consisted of a number of allied ''trícha céta'', and therefore referred to no fewer than 6,000 people. Probably a more accurate number for a ''túath'' would be no fewer than 9,000 people.

Each ''túath'' was a self-contained unit, with its own executive, assembly, courts system and defence force. ''Túatha'' were grouped together into confederations for mutual defence. There was a hierarchy of ''túatha'' statuses, depending on geographical position and connection to the ruling dynasties of the region. The organisation of ''túatha'' is covered to a great extent within the Brehon laws, Irish laws written down in the 7th century, also known as the ''Fénechas''.

The old Irish political system was altered during and after the Elizabethan conquest, being gradually replaced by a system of baronies and counties under the new colonial system. Due to a loss of knowledge, there has been some confusion regarding old territorial units in Ireland, mainly between ''trícha céta'' and ''túatha'', which in some cases seem to be overlapping units, and in others, different measurements altogether. The ''trícha céta'' were primarily for reckoning military units; specifically, the number of fighting forces a particular population could rally. Some scholars equate the ''túath'' with the modern parish, whereas others equate it with the barony. This partly depends on how the territory was first incorporated into the county system. In cases where surrender and regrant was the method, the match between the old ''túath'' and the modern barony is reasonably equivalent. Whereas in cases like Ulster, which involved large scale colonisation and confiscation of land, the shape of the original divisions is not always clear or recoverable.

It has been suggested that the baronies are, for the most part, divided along the boundaries of the ancient ''túatha'', as many bog bodies and offerings, such as bog butter, are primarily found along present-day baronial boundaries. This implies that the territorial divisions of the petty kingdoms of Ireland have been more or less the same since at least the Iron Age.

Etymology

''Túath'' in Old Irish means both "the people", "country, territory", and "territory, petty kingdom, the political and jurisdictional unit of ancient Ireland". The word possibly derives from Proto-Celtic *''toutā'' ("tribe, tribal homeland"; cognate roots may be found in the Gaulish god name Toutatis), which is perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *''tewtéh₂'' ("tribesman, tribal citizen"). In Modern Irish it is spelled ''tuath'', without the fada accent, and is usually used to refer to "rural districts" or "the country" (as in "the countryside", in deference to "the city"); however the historical meaning is still understood and employed, as well.

Historical examples

* Cairbre Drom Cliabh
* Tir Fhiacrach Muaidhe
* Tir Olliol
*Corann
* Dartraighe
* Osraige - túath that later became the kingdom of the same name in the Christian era
*Dál Riata - the túath that became a confederation of túatha and eventually settled in Alba, creating the modern nation of Scotland
* Clandonnell, Glenconkeyne, Killetra, Melanagh, Tarraghter, and Tomlagh, which all once formed the ancient territory of Loughinsholin

See also

* Trícha cét
* List of Irish kingdoms
* Gaelic Ireland
* Tuatha Dé Danann
* History of Ireland

References

Further reading

* ''Colonisation under early kings of Tara'', Eoin Mac Neill, ''Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, volume 16, pp. 101–124, 1935
* ''Corpus genealogiarum Hibernia'', i, M.A. O'Brien, Dublin, 1962
* ''Early Irish Society'' Francis John Byrne, in ''The Course of Irish History'', ed. T.W. Moody and F.X. Martin, pp. 43–60, Cork, 1967
* ''Hui Failgi relations with the Ui Neill in the century after the loss of the plain of Mide'', A. Smyth, ''Etudes Celtic'' 14:2, pp. 502–23
* ''Tribes and Tribalism in early Ireland'', Francis John Byrne, ''Eiru'' 22, 1971, pp. 128–166.
* ''Origins of the Eóganachta'', David Sproule, ''Eiru'' 35, pp. 31–37, 1974
* ''Some Early Connacht Population-Groups'', Nollaig O Muraile, in ''Seanchas:Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne, pp. 161–177, ed. Alfred P. Smyth, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000
* ''The Airgialla Charter Poem:The Political Context'', Edel Bhreathnach, in ''The Kingship and Landscape of Tara'', ed. Edel Bhreathnach, pp. 95–100, 2005

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuath
Cultural anthropology
Irish words and phrases
Former subdivisions of Ireland
Medieval Ireland
Gaelic nobility of Ireland
Historic Gaelic Territories