Contents
1 Origin 2 Date 3 Game history
3.1 1960s: Early history 3.2 1970s: Dominant franchises 3.3 1980s and 1990s: The NFC's winning streak 3.4 1997–2009: AFC resurgence 3.5 2010–present
4 Television coverage and ratings
4.1
Super Bowl
Super Bowl on TV
4.2 Lead-out programming
5 Entertainment 6 Venue
6.1 Selection process 6.2 Home team designation 6.3 Host cities/regions 6.4 Host stadiums
7
Super Bowl
Super Bowl trademark
8 Use of the phrase "world champions"
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Origin[edit]
For four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended
off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most
serious competitor when the
American Football League
American Football League (AFL) was formed.
The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by
the middle of the decade, the strain of competition led to serious
merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the
NFL and AFL reached a merger agreement that was to take effect for the
1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two leagues
agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American
football until the merger was effected.
A bowl game is a post-season college football game. The original "bowl
game" was the
Rose Bowl Game
Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, California, which was first
played in 1902 as the "Tournament East-West football game" as part of
the
Pasadena Tournament of Roses
Pasadena Tournament of Roses and moved to the new Rose Bowl
Stadium in 1923. The stadium got its name from the fact that the game
played there was part of the Tournament of Roses and that it was
shaped like a bowl, much like the
Yale Bowl
Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut;
the Tournament of Roses football game itself eventually came to be
known as the Rose Bowl Game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Game's
popularity, post-season college football contests were created for
Miami
Miami (the Orange Bowl),
New Orleans
New Orleans (the Sugar Bowl), and El Paso,
Texas
Texas (the Sun Bowl) in 1935, and for
Dallas
Dallas (the Cotton Bowl) in
1937. By the time the first
Super Bowl
Super Bowl was played, the term "bowl" for
any major
American football
American football game was well established.
The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL–NFL Championship
Game (
Super Bowl
Super Bowl I).
Lamar Hunt, owner of the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs, first used the term
"Super Bowl"[10] to refer to the NFL-AFL championship game in the
merger meetings. Hunt later said the name was likely in his head
because his children had been playing with a
Super Ball
Super Ball toy;[11] a
vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro Football Hall of
Fame in Canton, Ohio. In a July 25, 1966, letter to NFL commissioner
Pete Rozelle, Hunt wrote, "I have kiddingly called it the 'Super
Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon."
The leagues' owners chose the name "AFL–NFL Championship Game",[12]
but in July 1966 the Kansas City Star quoted Hunt in discussing "the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl — that's my term for the championship game between the
two leagues",[13] and the media immediately began using the term.[14]
Although the league stated in 1967 that "not many people like it",
asking for suggestions and considering alternatives such as "Merger
Bowl" and "The Game", the
Associated Press
Associated Press reported that "Super Bowl"
"grew and grew and grew-until it reached the point that there was
Super Week, Super Sunday, Super Teams, Super Players, ad
infinitum".[12] "Super Bowl" became official beginning with the third
annual game.[15]
Roman numerals
Roman numerals were first affixed for the fifth
edition, in January 1971.[16]
The Jets were the first AFL team to win a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl (
Super Bowl
Super Bowl III),
defeating the Colts.
After the NFL's
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, some
team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many
doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL
counterparts, though that perception changed when the AFL's New York
Jets defeated the NFL's
Baltimore Colts
Baltimore Colts in
Super Bowl III
Super Bowl III in Miami.
One year later, the AFL's
Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's
Minnesota Vikings
Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in
Super Bowl IV
Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was
the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger.
Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two
conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Colts,
Pittsburgh Steelers, and Cleveland Browns) would constitute the
American Football Conference
American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs
would form the
National Football Conference
National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of
the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl.
The winning team receives the
Vince Lombardi
Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the
coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two
Super Bowl
Super Bowl games
and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and
1965. Following Lombardi's death in September 1970, the trophy was
named the
Vince Lombardi
Vince Lombardi Trophy. The first trophy awarded under the
new name was presented to the
Baltimore Colts
Baltimore Colts following their win in
Super Bowl V
Super Bowl V in Miami.
Date[edit]
The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February.
This is due to the current NFL schedule which consists of the opening
weekend of the season being held immediately after
Labor Day
Labor Day (the
first Monday in September), the 17-week regular season (where teams
each play 16 games and have one bye), the first three rounds of the
playoffs, and the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl two weeks after the two Conference
Championship Games. This schedule has been in effect since Super Bowl
XXXVIII in February 2004. The date of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl can thus be
determined from the date of the preceding Labor Day. For example,
Labor Day
Labor Day in 2015 occurred on September 7; therefore the next Super
Bowl was scheduled exactly five months later on February 7, 2016.
Originally, the game took place in early to mid-January. For Super
Bowl I there was only one round of playoffs: the pre-merger NFL and
AFL Championship Games. The addition of two playoff rounds (first in
1967 and then in 1978), an increase in regular season games from 14 to
16 (1978), and the establishment of one bye-week per team (1990) have
caused the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl to be played later. Partially offsetting these
season-lengthening effects, simultaneous with the addition of two
regular season games in 1978, the season was started earlier. Prior to
1978, the season started as late as September 21. Now, since Labor Day
is always the first Monday of September, September 13 is the latest
possible date for the first full Sunday set of games (Since 2002, the
regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday
after Labor Day). The earliest possible season start date is September
7.
Game history[edit]
For a full list of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl games and champions, see List of Super
Bowl champions.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl appearances and records
Team Appearances Wins Losses Winning %
Pittsburgh Steelers 8 6 2 .750
New England Patriots 10 5 5 .500
Dallas
Dallas Cowboys
8
5
3
.625
San Francisco 49ers 6 5 1 .833
Green Bay Packers 5 4 1 .800
New York Giants 5 4 1 .800
Denver Broncos 8 3 5 .375
Los Angeles
Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders
5
3
2
.600
Washington Redskins 5 3 2 .600
Miami
Miami Dolphins
5
2
3
.400
Baltimore /
Indianapolis
Indianapolis Colts
4
2
2
.500
Baltimore Ravens 2 2 0 1.000
St. Louis /
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Rams
3
1
2
.333
Seattle Seahawks 3 1 2 .333
Philadelphia Eagles 3 1 2 .333
Kansas City Chiefs 2 1 1 .500
Chicago Bears 2 1 1 .500
New York Jets 1 1 0 1.000
Tampa
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
1
0
1.000
New Orleans
New Orleans Saints
1
1
0
1.000
Minnesota
Minnesota Vikings
4
0
4
.000
Buffalo Bills 4 0 4 .000
Cincinnati Bengals 2 0 2 .000
Carolina Panthers 2 0 2 .000
Atlanta
Atlanta Falcons
2
0
2
.000
San Diego
San Diego /
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Chargers
1
0
1
.000
Houston
Houston /
Tennessee Oilers
Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans
1
0
1
.000
St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 1 0 1 .000
Cleveland Browns 0 0 0 –
Detroit
Detroit Lions
0
0
0
–
Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 0 –
Houston
Houston Texans
0
0
0
–
The
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any
team; the
Dallas
Dallas Cowboys,
New England Patriots
New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers
have five victories each, while the
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers and New York
Giants have four
Super Bowl
Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL
franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared
in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl games without a win. The
Minnesota Vikings
Minnesota Vikings were the
first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost
every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns,
Detroit
Detroit Lions,
Jacksonville Jaguars, and
Houston
Houston Texans) have never appeared in a
Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to
the creation of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans
(2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and
Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns
the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has
hosted the game.) The
Minnesota Vikings
Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship
before the merger but lost to the AFL champion
Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl IV.
1960s: Early history[edit]
The
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls (Known as the
AFL-NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests),
defeating the
Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs and
Oakland Raiders
Oakland Raiders following the
1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by
quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP)
for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL
championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965, amount to the most successful
stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the
only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967).
In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl III, the AFL's
New York Jets
New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point
favorite
Baltimore Colts
Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by
quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior
to the game, and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their
victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was
reinforced the following year when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs
defeated the NFL's
Minnesota Vikings
Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl IV.
1970s: Dominant franchises[edit]
After the
AFL–NFL merger
AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three
franchises – the
Dallas
Dallas Cowboys,
Miami
Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh
Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a
combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.
The Baltimore Colts, now a member of the AFC, would start the decade
by defeating the Cowboys in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl V, a game which is notable as
being the only
Super Bowl
Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing
team won the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl MVP (Cowboys' linebacker Chuck Howley).
Beginning with this Super Bowl, all Super Bowls have served as the
NFL's league championship game.
The Steelers defeated the Rams in
Super Bowl XIV
Super Bowl XIV to win an
unprecedented four championships in six years.
The Cowboys, coming back from a loss the previous season, won Super
Bowl VI over the Dolphins. However, this would be the Dolphins' final
loss in over a year, as the next year, the Dolphins would go 14–0 in
the regular season and eventually win all of their playoff games,
capped off with a 14–7 victory in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl VII, becoming the first
and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The
Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning
Super Bowl VIII
Super Bowl VIII a
year later.
In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the
post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in
six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of
offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John
Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant "Steel Curtain"
defense, led by "Mean" Joe Greene, L. C. Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel
Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators
also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's
"final pieces" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in
that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as
Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team
in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to
win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC
Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight
straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on
the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls
twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period.
The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders'
Super Bowl XI
Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second
Super Bowl
Super Bowl of
the decade.
1980s and 1990s: The NFC's winning streak[edit]
In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC
dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the
1990s. The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades,
including 13 straight from
Super Bowl XIX
Super Bowl XIX to
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXI.
The 49ers playing against the Dolphins in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XIX.
The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers,
which featured the
West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill
Walsh. This offense was led by three-time
Super Bowl
Super Bowl MVP and Hall of
Fame quarterback Joe Montana,
Super Bowl
Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide
receiver Jerry Rice, running back Roger Craig, and defensive
safety/cornerback Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won
four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made
nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight
division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger
NFL.
The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1
record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall
of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won
Super Bowl XX
Super Bowl XX in
dominant fashion. The
Washington Redskins
Washington Redskins and
New York Giants
New York Giants were
also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII,
XXII, and XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the
1970s, the
Oakland Raiders
Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super
Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the
latter as the
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Raiders).
Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas
Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the
Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons
of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division
championship each year. In this same period, the
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bills had
made their mark reaching the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl for a record four consecutive
years, only to lose all four. After
Super Bowl
Super Bowl championships by
division rivals New York (1990) and Washington (1991), the Cowboys won
three of the next four Super Bowls (XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX) led by
quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Emmitt Smith, and wide receiver
Michael Irvin. All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame.
The Cowboys' streak was interrupted by the 49ers, who won their
league-leading fifth title overall with
Super Bowl XXIX
Super Bowl XXIX in dominating
fashion under
Super Bowl
Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young,
Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback
Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys' victory in
Super Bowl XXX
Super Bowl XXX the
next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with
Sanders after he won the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers.
The NFC's winning streak was continued by the
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers who,
under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, won
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXI, their
first championship since
Super Bowl II
Super Bowl II in the late 1960s.
1997–2009: AFC resurgence[edit]
Super Bowl XXXII
Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback
John Elway
John Elway and running back Terrell
Davis lead the
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending
champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-year winning streak. The
following year, the Broncos defeated the
Atlanta Falcons
Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl
XXXIII, Elway's fifth
Super Bowl
Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL
championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories
heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of
12 Super Bowls. In the years between 1995 and 2016, five
teams – the Steelers, New England Patriots, Broncos, Baltimore
Ravens, and
Indianapolis Colts
Indianapolis Colts – accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC
Super Bowl
Super Bowl appearances (including the last 14), with those same teams
often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC
saw a different representative in the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl every season from
2001 through 2010.
The year following the Broncos' second victory, however, a surprising
St. Louis Rams
St. Louis Rams team led by the undrafted quarterback, Kurt Warner, who
would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee
Titans in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXIV. The tense game came down to the final play
in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to
overtime. The Titans nearly pulled it off, but the tackle of receiver
Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone
by a matter of inches. In 2007,
ESPN
ESPN would rank "The Tackle" as the
2nd greatest moment in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl history.[17]
Super Bowl XXXV
Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC's
Baltimore Ravens
Baltimore Ravens and the NFC's
New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of
34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James
Stadium in Tampa, Florida.
The
New England Patriots
New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early
2000s, winning the championship three out of four years early in the
decade. They would become only the second team in the history of the
NFL to do so (after the 1990s
Dallas
Dallas Cowboys). In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXVI,
first-year starting quarterback
Tom Brady
Tom Brady led his team to a 20–17
upset victory over the St. Louis Rams. Brady would go on to win the
MVP award for this game. The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII[18]
and XXXIX defeating the
Carolina Panthers
Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles
respectively. This four-year stretch of Patriot dominance was
interrupted by the
Tampa
Tampa Bay Buccaneers' 48–21
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXVII
victory over the Oakland Raiders.
The
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers and
Indianapolis Colts
Indianapolis Colts continued the era of
AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005–06 and
2006–07, respectively defeating the
Seattle Seahawks
Seattle Seahawks and Chicago
Bears.
In the 2007 season, the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history
to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record, the
second in the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl era after the 1972
Miami
Miami Dolphins, and the
first to finish 16–0. They easily marched through the AFC playoffs
and were heavy favorites in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLII. However, they lost that
game to
Eli Manning
Eli Manning and the
New York Giants
New York Giants 17–14, leaving the
Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1.
The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super
Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the
Arizona Cardinals.
The 2009 season saw the
New Orleans Saints
New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis
Colts in
Super Bowl XLIV
Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their
first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the
Tampa
Tampa Bay
Buccaneers and
New York Jets
New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their
sole
Super Bowl
Super Bowl appearance.
2010–present[edit]
The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within
them. Since the start of 2010, five of the nine
Super Bowl
Super Bowl winners
hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC.
Following up the Saints' win in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season
brought the
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers their fourth
Super Bowl
Super Bowl (XLV) victory
and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. The Giants won another title
after the 2011 season, again defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl
XLVI.
The
Baltimore Ravens
Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak by
winning
Super Bowl XLVII
Super Bowl XLVII in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco
49ers.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New Jersey's
MetLife Stadium
MetLife Stadium in
February 2014, was the first
Super Bowl
Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold
weather environment. The
Seattle Seahawks
Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title
with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup
that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led
Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.
In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl
champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as
Malcolm Butler
Malcolm Butler intercepted a
Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the
lead. In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by the league's top-ranked
defense, defeated the Carolina Panthers, who had the league's
top-ranked offense, in what became the final game of quarterback
Peyton Manning's career.
In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LI, the
Atlanta Falcons
Atlanta Falcons had a 28–3 lead late in the
third quarter, but lost to the Patriots, 34–28, in the first Super
Bowl to ever end in overtime.
In
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII, the
Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England
Patriots, 41–33. It was the Eagles' third
Super Bowl
Super Bowl appearance, and
their first win in franchise history. It was the Patriots' tenth Super
Bowl appearance, and their fourth appearance in ten years; had the
Patriots won, they would have tied the
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers with the
most
Super Bowl
Super Bowl wins (six).
The Super Bowls of the late 2000s and 2010s are notable for the
performances (and the pedigrees) of several of the participating
quarterbacks, and stagnation (especially on the AFC side) in repeated
appearances by the same teams and players. In particular, Tom Brady,
Ben Roethlisberger, or
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning appeared as the AFC team's
quarterback in all but two of the Super Bowls between 2001 and 2018.
Television coverage and ratings[edit]
Main article:
Super Bowl
Super Bowl television ratings
See also: List of most watched television broadcasts in the United
States
The
Super Bowl XXXV
Super Bowl XXXV broadcasting compound, full of satellite trucks.
The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is one of the most watched annual sporting events in
the world, with viewership overwhelmingly domestic.[19] The only other
annual event that gathers more viewers is the UEFA Champions League
final.[19] For many years, the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl has possessed a large US and
global television viewership, and it is often the most watched United
States originating television program of the year.[20] The game tends
to have high Nielsen television ratings, which is usually around a 40
rating and 60 shares. This means that on average, more than 100
million people from the United States alone are tuned into the Super
Bowl at any given moment.
In press releases preceding each year's event, the NFL typically
claims that that year's
Super Bowl
Super Bowl will have a potential worldwide
audience of around one billion people in over 200 countries.[21] This
figure refers to the number of people able to watch the game, not the
number of people actually watching. However, the statements have been
frequently misinterpreted in various media as referring to the latter
figure, leading to a common misperception about the game's actual
global audience.[22][23] The New York-based media research firm
Initiative measured the global audience for the 2005
Super Bowl
Super Bowl at 93
million people, with 98 percent of that figure being viewers in North
America, which meant roughly 2 million people outside North America
watched the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl that year.[22]
The 2015
Super Bowl XLIX
Super Bowl XLIX holds the record for average number of U.S.
viewers, with a final number of 114.4 million,[24] making the game the
most-viewed television broadcast of any kind in American history. The
halftime show was the most watched ever with 118.5 million viewers
tuning in, and an all-time high of 168 million viewers in the United
States had watched several portions of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl 2015
broadcast.[25] The game set a record for total viewers for the fifth
time in six years.[6]
The highest-rated game according to Nielsen was
Super Bowl XVI
Super Bowl XVI in
1982, which was watched in 49.1 percent of households (73 shares), or
40,020,000 households at the time. Ratings for that game, a San
Francisco victory over Cincinnati, may have been aided by a large
blizzard that had affected much of the northeastern United States on
game day, leaving residents to stay at home more than usual. Super
Bowl XVI still ranks fourth on Nielsen's list of top-rated programs of
all time, and three other Super Bowls, XII, XVII, and XX, made the top
ten.[26]
Famous commercial campaigns include the
Budweiser
Budweiser "Bud Bowl" campaign,
the 1984 introduction of Apple's Macintosh computer, and the 1999 and
2000 dot-com ads. As the television ratings of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl have
steadily increased over the years, prices have also increased every
year, with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a
thirty-second spot during
Super Bowl XLVI
Super Bowl XLVI in 2012.[27] A segment of
the audience tunes into the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl solely to view commercials.[9]
In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51 percent of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl viewers tune
in for the commercials.[28] The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl halftime show has spawned
another set of alternative entertainment such as the Lingerie Bowl,
the Beer Bottle Bowl, and others.
Since 1991, the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl has begun between 6:19 and 6:40 PM EST so
that most of the game is played during the primetime hours on the East
Coast.[29]
Super Bowl
Super Bowl on TV[edit]
See also:
National Football League
National Football League on television
Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts*[›]
ABC**[›] 7 1985, 1988, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2006 **[›]
Fox 8 (10ˇ[›]) 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 2020ˇ[›], 2023ˇ[›]
NBC 19 (20ˇ[›]) 1967***[›], 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018 2021ˇ[›]
CBS 19 (21ˇ[›]) 1967***[›], 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 2019ˇ[›], 2022ˇ[›]
Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (will be
playedˇ[›]) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have
been.
^ *: The extended current TV contracts with the networks
expire after the 2022 season (or
Super Bowl LVII
Super Bowl LVII in early 2023) and
the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is currently rotated annually between CBS, Fox, and NBC
in that order.
^ **: ABC is not currently in the rotation for Super Bowl
broadcasts.
^ ***: The first
Super Bowl
Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by
CBS
CBS and NBC, with each network using the same video feed, but
providing its own commentary.
Super Bowls I–VI were blacked out in the television markets of the
host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.[30]
Game analyst
John Madden
John Madden is the only person to broadcast a Super Bowl
for each of the four networks that have televised the game (5 with
CBS, 3 with Fox, 2 with ABC, and 1 with NBC).
Lead-out programming[edit]
See also: List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl lead-out programs
The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl provides an extremely strong lead-in to programming
following it on the same channel, the effects of which can last for
several hours. For instance, in discussing the ratings of a local TV
station, Buffalo television critic Alan Pergament noted on the
coattails from
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLVII, which aired on CBS: "A paid program
that ran on Channel 4 (WIVB-TV) at 2:30 in the morning had a 1.3
rating. That's higher than some CW prime time shows get on WNLO-TV,
Channel 4's sister station."[31]
Because of this strong coattail effect, the network that airs the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an
episode of a hit series, or to premiere the pilot of a promising new
one in the lead-out slot, which immediately follows the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl and
post-game coverage.
Entertainment[edit]
See also:
List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl and
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl halftime shows
Initially, it was sort of a novelty and so it didn't quite feel right.
But it was just like, this is the year. ... Bands of our generation,
you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or, like, not seen.
There's not a lot of middle places. It is a tremendous venue.
—
Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen on why he turned down several invitations to
perform at the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl before finally agreeing to appear in
Super Bowl XLIII.[32]
Jennifer Hudson
Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLIII.
Madonna performing with
LMFAO
LMFAO during the
Super Bowl XLVI
Super Bowl XLVI halftime
show.
Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching
bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of
the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians
performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or
simply sang the national anthem of the United States, emerged.[33]
Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated
for the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox
sketch comedy series
In Living Color
In Living Color caused a drop in viewership for
the
Super Bowl XXVI
Super Bowl XXVI halftime show, the NFL sought to increase the
Super Bowl's audience by hiring A-list talent to perform. They
approached Michael Jackson, whose performance the following year drew
higher figures than the game itself.[34][35] Another notable
performance came during
Super Bowl XXXVI
Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, when U2 performed;
during their third song, "Where the Streets Have No Name", the band
played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of
the victims of the September 11 attacks.
For many years, Whitney Houston's performance of the national anthem
at
Super Bowl XXV
Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded
as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history.[36][37][38]
Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior
to
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano
Renee Fleming
Renee Fleming became the first opera
singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of
any program in its history, and remains so today.
The halftime show of
Super Bowl XXXVIII
Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy,
following an incident in which
Justin Timberlake
Justin Timberlake removed a piece of
Janet Jackson's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the
broadcast quickly cut away from the shot. The incident led to fines
being issued by the FCC (and a larger crackdown over "indecent"
content broadcast on television), and
MTV
MTV (then a sister to the game's
broadcaster that year, CBS, under Viacom) being banned by the NFL from
producing the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl halftime show in the future. In an effort to
prevent a repeat of the incident, the NFL held a moratorium on Super
Bowl halftime shows featuring pop performers, and instead invited a
single, headlining veteran act, such as Paul McCartney, The Who,
Prince, and Bruce Springsteen. This practice ended at
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLV,
which returned to using current pop acts such as The Black Eyed Peas
and Katy Perry.[39][40]
Excluding
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXIX, the famous "I'm going to Disney World!"
advertising campaign took place in every
Super Bowl
Super Bowl since Super Bowl
XXI when quarterback Phil Simms from the
New York Giants
New York Giants became the
first player to say the tagline.
Venue[edit]
For a full list of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl games and venues, see List of Super Bowl
champions.
A view from the south end zone during
Super Bowl XLVII
Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans,
the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl.
A view of
Super Bowl XLV
Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas.
The field of
Super Bowl XXXIX
Super Bowl XXXIX in
Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida before kickoff.
As of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII, 27 of 52 Super Bowls have been played in three
cities:
New Orleans
New Orleans (ten times), the Greater
Miami
Miami area (ten times),
and the
Greater Los Angeles area
Greater Los Angeles area (seven times). No market or region
without an active NFL franchise has ever hosted a Super Bowl, and the
presence of an NFL team in a market or region is now a de jure
requirement for bidding on the game.[41][42] The winning market is
not, however, required to host the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in the same stadium that
its NFL team uses, and nine Super Bowls have been held in a stadium
other than the one the NFL team in that city was using at the time.
For example, Los Angeles's last five Super Bowls were all played at
the Rose Bowl, which has never been used by any NFL franchise outside
of the Super Bowl.[citation needed]
No team has ever played the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in its home stadium. The
closest any team has come was the 2017
Minnesota
Minnesota Vikings, who were
within one win of playing
Super Bowl LII
Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium, but
lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles. Two teams
have played the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in their home market: the San Francisco
49ers, who played
Super Bowl XIX
Super Bowl XIX in
Stanford Stadium
Stanford Stadium instead of
Candlestick Park; and the
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Rams, who played
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XIV
in the Rose Bowl instead of the
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. In both
cases, the stadium in which the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl was held was perceived to
be a better stadium for a large, high-profile event than the stadiums
the Rams and 49ers were playing in at the time; this situation has not
arisen since 1993, in part because the league has traditionally
awarded the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in modern times to the newest stadiums. Besides
those two, the only other
Super Bowl
Super Bowl venue that was not the home
stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the
Houston Oilers
Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome
several years prior to
Super Bowl
Super Bowl VIII. The
Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl was the only
AFL stadium to host a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl and the only stadium to host
consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowls II and III.
Traditionally, the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are
located in climates with an expected average daily temperature less
than 50 °F (10 °C) on game day unless the field can be
completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof.[43] Six Super Bowls
have been played in northern cities: two in the
Detroit
Detroit area—Super
Bowl XVI at
Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac Silverdome in
Pontiac, Michigan
Pontiac, Michigan and
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XL
at
Ford Field
Ford Field in Detroit, two in Minneapolis—
Super Bowl XXVI
Super Bowl XXVI at the
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and
Super Bowl LII
Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank
Stadium, one in
Indianapolis
Indianapolis at
Lucas Oil Stadium
Lucas Oil Stadium for
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLVI,
and one in the New York area—
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium.
Only
MetLife Stadium
MetLife Stadium did not have a roof (be it fixed or retractable)
but it was still picked as the host stadium for
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XLVIII in
an apparent waiver of the warm-climate rule.
There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl from cities.
Super Bowl XXVII
Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally
awarded to
Sun Devil Stadium
Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, but after Arizona
voters elected not to recognize
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a paid
state-employee's holiday in 1990, the NFL moved the game to the Rose
Bowl in Pasadena, California.[44] When voters in Arizona opted to
create such a legal holiday in 1992,
Super Bowl XXX
Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was
awarded to Tempe.
Super Bowl XXXIII
Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick
Park in San Francisco, but when plans to renovate the stadium fell
through, the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami.
Super Bowl XXXVII
Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San
Francisco, when that stadium failed to be built, the game was moved to
San Diego.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XLIV, slated for February 7, 2010, was withdrawn
from New York City's proposed West Side Stadium, because the city,
state, and proposed tenants
New York Jets
New York Jets could not agree on funding.
Super Bowl XLIV
Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in
Miami
Miami Gardens, Florida.
Super Bowl XLIX
Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given
to
Arrowhead Stadium
Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, but after two sales
taxes failed to pass at the ballot box, and opposition by local
business leaders and politicians increased, Kansas City eventually
withdrew its request to host the game.[45]
Super Bowl XLIX
Super Bowl XLIX was then
eventually awarded to
University
University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale,
Arizona.
In 2011,
Texas
Texas
Attorney General
Greg Abbott
Greg Abbott said, "[The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is]
commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the
United States." According to Forbes, 10,000 prostitutes were brought
to
Miami
Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl.[46]
Snopes
Snopes research in 2015
determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical
Super Bowl
Super Bowl weekend is less than 100, not statistically higher than any
other time of the year, and that the notion of mass increases in human
trafficking around the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl was a politician's myth.[47]
Selection process[edit]
The location of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance,
usually three to five years before the game. Cities place bids to host
a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and
their ability to host.[43][48] In 2014, a document listing the
specific requirements of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl hosts was leaked, giving a clear
list of what was required for a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl host.[49] Much of the cost
of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community, although
some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the
NFL. Some of the host requirements include:
The host stadium must be in a market that hosts an NFL team and must
have a minimum of 70,000 seats, with the media and electrical
amenities necessary to produce the Super Bowl. Stadiums may include
temporary seating for Super Bowls, but seating must be approved by the
league. Stadiums where the average game day temperature is below 50°
Fahrenheit must either have a roof or a waiver given by the league.
There must be a minimum of 35,000 parking spaces within one mile of
the stadium.
The host stadium must have space for the Gameday Experience, a large
pregame entertainment area, within walking distance of the stadium.
The host city must have space for the NFL Experience, the interactive
football theme park which is operated the week prior to the Super
Bowl. An indoor venue for the event must have a minimum of 850,000
square feet, and an outdoor venue must have a minimum of 1,000,000
square feet. Additionally, there must be space nearby for the Media
Center, and space for all other events involved in the Super Bowl
week, including golf courses and bowling alleys.
The necessary infrastructure must be in place around the stadium and
other
Super Bowl
Super Bowl facilities, including parking, security, electrical
needs, media needs, communication needs, and transportation needs.
There must be a minimum number of hotel spaces within one hour's drive
of the stadium equaling 35% of the stadium's capacity, along with
hotels for the teams, officials, media, and other dignitaries. (For
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXXIX, the city of Jacksonville docked several luxury
cruise liners at their port to act as temporary hotel space.[50])
There must be practice space of equal and comparable quality for both
teams within a 20-minute drive of the team hotels, and rehearsal space
for all events within a reasonable distance to the stadium. The
practice facilities must have one grass field and at least one field
of the same surface as the host stadium.
The stadium must have a minimum of 70,000 fixed seats, including club
and fixed suite seating, during regular season operations.
The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site, usually three to
five years prior to the event. In 2007, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell
suggested that a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl might be played in London, perhaps at
Wembley Stadium.[51] The game has never been played in a region that
lacks an NFL franchise; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los
Angeles, but none were held there in the 21-year period when the
league had no team in the area.[citation needed] New Orleans, the site
of the 2013 Super Bowl, invested more than $1 billion in
infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game.[52]
Home team designation[edit]
The designated "home team" alternates between the NFC team in
odd-numbered games and the AFC team in even-numbered games.[53][54]
This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers were the designated home team. Regardless of being
the home or away team of record, each team has their team logo and
wordmark painted in one of the end zones. Designated away teams have
won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date (approximately 59 percent).
The Redskins are one of six home teams that chose to wear their white
jersey, shown here in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XVII.
Since
Super Bowl XIII
Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is given the
choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys. Originally, the
designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys, which resulted
in
Dallas
Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl
V. While most of the home teams in the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl have chosen to wear
their colored jerseys, there have been six (6) exceptions: the Dallas
Cowboys during
Super Bowl XIII
Super Bowl XIII and XXVII, the Washington Redskins
during
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XVII, the
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers during
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XL,
the
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos during
Super Bowl
Super Bowl 50, and the New England Patriots
in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII. The Cowboys, since 1964, have worn white jerseys at
home. The Redskins wore white at home under coach
Joe Gibbs
Joe Gibbs starting
in 1981 through 1992, continued by
Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner
through 2000, then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007.
Meanwhile, the Steelers, who have always worn their black jerseys at
home since the
AFL–NFL merger
AFL–NFL merger in 1970, opted for the white jerseys
after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road, wearing
white. The Steelers' decision was compared with the New England
Patriots in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XX; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home
during the 1985 season, but after winning road playoff games against
the
New York Jets
New York Jets and
Miami Dolphins
Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys, New England
opted to switch to crimson for the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl as the designated home
team. For the Broncos in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl 50, Denver general manager John
Elway simply stated, "We've had
Super Bowl
Super Bowl success in our white
uniforms"; they previously had been 0–4 in Super Bowls when wearing
their orange jerseys.[55][56] The Broncos' decision is also perceived
to be made out of superstition, losing all
Super Bowl
Super Bowl games with the
orange jerseys in terrible fashion. It is unclear why the Patriots
chose to wear their white jerseys for
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII. During the
pairing of
Bill Belichick
Bill Belichick and Tom Brady, New England has mostly worn
their blue jerseys for home games, but have worn white for a home game
in the 2008, 2010, and 2011 seasons.[57] The
New England Patriots
New England Patriots were
3-0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII
with Belichick and Brady,[58][59] and they may have been going on
recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl
game.[60][61][62] White-shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to
date (63 percent). The only teams to win in their dark-colored uniform
in more recent years are the
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh
Steelers in
Super Bowl XLV
Super Bowl XLV and the
Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles against the New
England Patriots in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of
the last 14 Super Bowls.[63]
The 49ers, as part of the league's 75th Anniversary celebration, used
their 1957 throwback uniform in
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year
was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or
Color Rush
Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl.
Host cities/regions[edit]
For a full list of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl venues, see List of Super Bowl
champions.
Miami
Miami Metro Area
New Orleans
L.A. Metro Area
Tampa
San Diego
Houston
Detroit
Detroit Metro
Atlanta
Phoenix Metro Area
Minneapolis
Jacksonville
S.F. Bay Area
Dallas‑Fort Worth
Indianapolis
N.Y. Metro Area
Super Bowl
Super Bowl host cities/regions
Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls.
City/Region No. hosted Years hosted
Miami
Miami metropolitan area
10 (11)ˇ[›]
1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979, 1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010,
2020ˇ[›]
New Orleans 10 1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2013
Los Angeles
Los Angeles metropolitan area
7 (8)ˇ[›]
1967, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993, 2022ˇ[›]
Tampa 4 (5)ˇ[›] 1984, 1991, 2001, 2009, 2021ˇ[›]
San Diego 3 1988, 1998, 2003
Phoenix metropolitan area 3 1996, 2008, 2015
Houston 3 1974, 2004, 2017
Atlanta 2 (3)ˇ[›] 1994, 2000, 2019ˇ[›]
Metro Detroit 2 1982, 2006
San Francisco Bay Area 2 1985, 2016
Minneapolis 2 1992, 2018
Jacksonville 1 2005
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex 1 2011
Indianapolis 1 2012
New York metropolitan area 1 2014
Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (or will be playedˇ[›]; future games are denoted through italics) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been. Host stadiums[edit] A total of twenty-six different stadiums, five of which no longer exist and one of which does not yet exist, have hosted or are scheduled to host Super Bowls. Years listed in the table below are the years the game was actually played (will be playedˇ[›]) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.
Stadium Location No. hosted Years hosted
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, formerly
Louisiana
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
7
1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2013
Hard Rock Stadium, formerly Joe Robbie Stadium, Pro Player Stadium,
Dolphin Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium
Miami
Miami Gardens, Florida‡[›]
5 (6ˇ[›])
1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2020ˇ[›]
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl^[›]
Miami, Florida
5
1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979
Rose Bowl Pasadena, California 5 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993
Tulane Stadium^[›] New Orleans, Louisiana 3 1970, 1972, 1975
SDCCU Stadium, formerly Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium San Diego, California 3 1988, 1998, 2003
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles, California
2
1967, 1973
Tampa
Tampa Stadium^[›]
Tampa, Florida
2
1984, 1991
Georgia Dome^[›] Atlanta, Georgia 2 1994, 2000
Raymond James Stadium Tampa, Florida 2 (3ˇ[›]) 2001, 2009, 2021ˇ[›]
University
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
2
2008, 2015
NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium Houston, Texas 2 2004, 2017
Rice Stadium Houston, Texas 1 1974
Pontiac Silverdome^[›] Pontiac, Michigan 1 1982
Stanford Stadium††[›] Stanford, California 1 1985
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome^[›] Minneapolis, Minnesota 1 1992
Sun Devil Stadium Tempe, Arizona 1 1996
EverBank Field, formerly Alltel Stadium Jacksonville, Florida 1 2005
Ford Field Detroit, Michigan 1 2006
AT&T Stadium Arlington, Texas 1 2011
Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis, Indiana 1 2012
MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey 1 2014
Levi's Stadium Santa Clara, California 1 2016
U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis, Minnesota 1 2018
Mercedes-Benz Stadium Atlanta, Georgia 1ˇ[›] 2019ˇ[›]
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
Inglewood, California
1ˇ[›]
2022ˇ[›]
^ ^: Stadium is now demolished.
^ ‡:
Miami
Miami Gardens became a city in 2003. Before that, the
stadium had a
Miami
Miami address while in unincorporated Miami-Dade County.
^ ††: The original Stanford Stadium, which hosted Super
Bowl XIX, was demolished and replaced with a new stadium in 2006.
^ ˇ: Future Super Bowls, also denoted by italics.
Future venues:
2019:
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (1),
Atlanta
Atlanta (3)
2020:
Hard Rock Stadium
Hard Rock Stadium (6),
Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens, Florida (6; 11 for the
Miami
Miami metropolitan area)
2021:
Raymond James Stadium
Raymond James Stadium (3), Tampa,
Florida
Florida (5)
2022:
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park (1), Inglewood, California
(1; 8 for the
Los Angeles
Los Angeles metropolitan area)[64][65][66]
The game has never been played in a region that lacked an NFL or AFL
franchise.[citation needed] London, England has occasionally been
mentioned as a host city for a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in the near future.[67]
Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium has hosted several NFL games as part of the NFL
International Series and is specifically designed for large,
individual events. NFL Commissioner
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell has openly discussed
the possibility on different occasions.[68][69][70][71] Time zone
complications are a significant obstacle to a
Super Bowl
Super Bowl in London; a
typical 6:30 p.m.
Eastern Time
Eastern Time start would result in the game
beginning at 11:30 p.m. local time in London, an unusually late
hour to be holding spectator sports (the NFL has never in its history
started a game later than 9:15 p.m. local time).[71] As bids have
been submitted for all Super Bowls through
Super Bowl
Super Bowl LVI, the soonest
that any stadium outside the NFL's footprint could serve as host would
be
Super Bowl LVII
Super Bowl LVII in 2023.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl trademark[edit]
The NFL is very active on stopping what it says is unauthorized
commercial use of its trademarked terms "NFL", "Super Bowl", and
"Super Sunday".[72] As a result, many events and promotions tied to
the game, but not sanctioned by the NFL, are asked to refer to it with
euphemisms such as "The Big Game", or other generic
descriptions.[73][74] A radio spot for
Planters
Planters nuts parodied this, by
saying "it would be super...to have a bowl...of
Planters
Planters nuts while
watching the big game!" and comedian
Stephen Colbert
Stephen Colbert began referring
to the game in 2014 as the "Superb Owl". In 2015, the NFL filed
opposition with the USPTO
Trademark
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to a
trademark application submitted by an Arizona-based nonprofit for
"Superb Owl".[75] The NFL claims that the use of the phrase "Super
Bowl" implies an NFL affiliation, and on this basis the league asserts
broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly; for
example, the league says
Super Bowl
Super Bowl showings are prohibited in
churches or at other events that "promote a message", while venues
that do not regularly show sporting events cannot show the Super Bowl
on any television screen larger than 55 inches.[76] Some critics
say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that "any
use is prohibited", as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use
in the United States.[76] Legislation was proposed by
Utah
Utah Senator
Orrin Hatch
Orrin Hatch in 2008 "to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in
copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football
games", and "for other purposes".[77]
In 2004, The NFL started issuing Cease and Desist letters to casinos
in Las Vegas that were hosting
Super Bowl
Super Bowl parties. "Super Bowl" is a
registered trademark, owned by the NFL, and any other business using
that name for profit-making ventures is in violation of federal law,
according to the letters. In reaction to the letters, many Vegas
resorts, rather than discontinue the popular and lucrative parties,
started referring to them as "Big Game Parties."[78][79][80]
In 2006, the NFL made an attempt to trademark "The Big Game" as well;
however, it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial
and public-relations opposition to the move, mostly from Stanford
University
University and the
University
University of California, Berkeley and their fans,
as the
Stanford Cardinal football
Stanford Cardinal football and
California
California Golden Bears football
teams compete in the Big Game, which has been played since 1892 (28
years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl
I).[81] Additionally, the Mega Millions lottery game was known as The
Big Game from 1996 to 2002.[82]
Use of the phrase "world champions"[edit]
Main article: Major professional sports leagues in the United States
and Canada § Use of the phrase "world champions"
Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the
winner of the
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is usually declared "world champions", a
title that has been mocked by non-American journalists.[83][84] Others
feel the title is fitting, since it is the only professional league of
its kind.[85]
The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the "World Champion"
moniker originates from the
World Series
World Series of professional
baseball,[citation needed] and it was later used during the first
three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL-NFL World
Championship Games. The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl
rings.
See also[edit]
Active head coach career
Super Bowl
Super Bowl history
Grey Cup
History of
National Football League
National Football League championship
List of NFL champions (1920–69)
List of NFL franchise post-season droughts
List of NFL franchise post-season streaks
List of quarterbacks with multiple
Super Bowl
Super Bowl starts
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl champions
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl broadcasters
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl head coaches
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl officials
List of
Super Bowl
Super Bowl records
National Football League
National Football League lore
NFL Honors
Super Bowl
Super Bowl advertising
Super Bowl
Super Bowl counterprogramming
Super Bowl
Super Bowl curse
Super Bowl
Super Bowl indicator
References[edit]
Notes
^ Since
Super Bowl LI
Super Bowl LI in 2017, the
Roman numeral
Roman numeral of the game has been
featured alongside the trophy, with the logo decorated in different
colors for each year.
Citations
^ Belkin, Douglas (January 29, 2004). "
Super Bowl
Super Bowl underscores cultural
divide". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
^ "
Super Bowl
Super Bowl Sunday: An Unofficial Holiday for Millions". U.S. Bureau
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Further reading[edit]
2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment.
ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football
League. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
The Sporting News Complete
Super Bowl
Super Bowl Book 1995.
ISBN 0-89204-523-X.
The Super Bowl: An Official Retrospective with DVD. Ballantine Books.
2005. ISBN 0-345-48719-2.
MacCambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game. Random House.
ISBN 0-375-50454-0.
Chris Jones (February 2, 2005). "NFL tightens restrictions on Super
Bowl advertisements". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
John Branch (February 4, 2006). "Build It and They Will Come". The New
York Times.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl play-by-plays from USA Today. Retrieved September 28, 2005.
100 Greatest
Super Bowl
Super Bowl Moments by Kevin Jackson, Jeff Merron, and
David Schoenfield; espn.com. Retrieved October 31, 2005.
Various Authors – "SI's 25 Lost Treasures" – Sports Illustrated,
July 11, 2005 p. 114.
"The
Super Bowl
Super Bowl I-VII." Lost Treasures of NFL Films. ESPN2. January
26, 2001.
"MTV's
Super Bowl
Super Bowl Uncensored". MTV. January 27, 2001.
"
Talk
Talk Shows." CBS: 50 Years from Television City. CBS. April 27, 2002.
Dee, Tommy (January 2007). "
Super Bowl
Super Bowl Halftime Jinx". Maxim. Archived
from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved January 25,
2007.
The Pro Football Playoff Encyclopedia.
ISBN 978-0-9835136-2-9.
External links[edit]
Media related to
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Official website
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Super Bowl at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Super Bowl
Super Bowl broadcast backend (2016) – Terry Collins, Super Bowl
special effects: New cameras power 'Matrix'-style replays, CNET,
February 5, 2016
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