Styria

Styria (german: Steiermark ; Serbo-Croatian and sl, ; hu, Stájerország) is a state (''Bundesland'') in the southeast of Austria. With an area of , Styria is the second largest state of Austria, after Lower Austria. Styria is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and clockwise, from the southwest, by the Austrian states of Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Burgenland. The state capital is Graz.

Etymology

The March of Styria derived its name from the original seat of its ruling Otakar dynasty: Steyr, in today's Upper Austria. In German, the area is still called "Steiermark" while in English the Latin name "Styria" is used. The ancient link between Steyr and Styria is also apparent in their nearly identical coats of arms, a white Panther on a green background.

Geography

* The term " Upper Styria" (german: Obersteiermark) refers to the northern and northwestern parts of the federal-state (districts Liezen, Murau, Murtal, Leoben, Bruck-Mürzzuschlag).
* The term "Western Styria" (''Weststeiermark'') is used for the districts to the west of Graz (Voitsberg, Deutschlandsberg, western part of the district Leibnitz). Because of the similar landscape with hills, valleys, wine and culture, the region in western Styria is also called "Styrian Tuscany".
* The districts east of Graz ( Weiz, Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, and Südoststeiermark) are referred to as "Eastern Styria" (''Oststeiermark'').
The western and eastern parts of the district Graz-Umgebung (literally, ''surroundings'' of Graz) may or may not be considered parts of West and East Styria, respectively. The southern parts of the Duchy of Styria, which formed part of former Yugoslavia and later Slovenia (with the exception of World War II), were (and sometimes colloquially still are) referred to as "Lower Styria" (''Untersteiermark''; sl, Štajerska).

History

Styria was inhabited by Celtic tribes. After its conquest by the Romans, the eastern part of what is now Styria was part of Pannonia, while the western one was included in Noricum. During the Barbarian invasions, it was conquered or crossed by the Visigoths, the Huns, the Ostrogoths, the Rugii, and the Lombards. Slavs under the domination of the Avars settled in the valleys around 600. At the same time, Bavarians under Frankish domination began to expand their area to the south and east, ultimately absorbing the Slavic population.

In 1180, Styria separated from the Duchy of Carinthia and became a Duchy of its own; in 1192 the Austrian Duke Leopold V became also Duke of Styria. Later, Styria formed the central part of Inner Austria.

Styria developed culturally and economically under Archduke John of Austria between 1809 and 1859.

In 1918, after World War I, it was divided into a northern section (forming what is the current Austrian state), and a southern one, called Lower Styria, now inhabited by Slovenians, and which was annexed to Yugoslavia, and later became part of Slovenia. As a result of the turbulence of the two world wars, the German-speaking population of Lower Styria, which had been concentrated in the cities, migrated out of the region or was expelled.

Economy

View over the vineyards of Western Styria

The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 49.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 12.9% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 35,400 € or 118% of the EU27 average in the same year.

As elsewhere in the developed world, there has been a shift away from the manufacturing sector towards the service sector in Styria. This has had negative consequences for the industrial regions of upper Styria which have suffered a steady decline in population in recent years.

In 2004, Styria had the strongest economic growth rate in Austria at 3.8%—mainly due to the Graz area which saw strong economic growth that year and has continued to grow in economic and population terms since then.

Styria is home to more than 150 clean technology companies of which one dozen are world technology leaders in their field. The revenue of Styrian cleantech companies totals €2.7 billion. This equals 8 percent of the Gross Regional Product (GRP) and is one of the highest concentrations of leading clean technology companies in Europe. The companies have an average (real) growth rate of 22 percent per year—well above the worldwide cleantech market growth of 18 percent per year. The region created roughly 2,000 additional green jobs in 2008 alone.

The Formula One Austrian Grand Prix has been held in the region, first at the Zeltweg Airfield in 1964 and then at the Osterreichring from 1970 to 1987. The sport returned to the circuit, now redesigned and rebranded as the A1-Ring, from 1997 to 2003. Formula One once again returned to the circuit, now renamed the Red Bull Ring, in 2014 and has been held at the track every year since. The COVID-19 pandemic saw the 2020 Formula One calendar massively revised, resulting in the Red Bull Ring becoming the first circuit to host consecutive Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, with the first round running under the Austrian Grand Prix name and the second held as the Styrian Grand Prix. This continued in 2021.

Administrative divisions

The state is divided into 13 districts (''Bezirke''), one of them a statutory city.

Statutory city

* Graz

Districts

* Bruck-Mürzzuschlag
* Deutschlandsberg
* Graz-Umgebung
* Hartberg-Fürstenfeld
* Leibnitz
* Leoben
* Liezen (with the subdistrict Gröbming)
* Murau
* Murtal
* Südoststeiermark
* Voitsberg
* Weiz

Demographics

The historical population is given in the following chart:

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color:skyblue width:22 shift:(-60,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1869 from:0 till: 721 text: 720,809
bar:1880 from:0 till: 777 text: 777,453
bar:1890 from:0 till: 828 text: 828,375
bar:1900 from:0 till: 890 text: 889,017
bar:1910 from:0 till: 958 text: 957,610
bar:1923 from:0 till: 979 text: 978,816
bar:1934 from:0 till:1015 text:1,014,920
bar:1939 from:0 till:1015 text:1,015,054
bar:1951 from:0 till:1109 text:1,109,335
bar:1961 from:0 till:1138 text:1,137,865
bar:1971 from:0 till:1195 text:1,195,023
bar:1981 from:0 till:1187 text:1,186,525
bar:1991 from:0 till:1185 text:1,184,720
bar:2001 from:0 till:1183 text:1,183,303
bar:2011 from:0 till:1211 text:1,210,614
bar:2021 from:0 till:1247 text:1,247,077

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fontsize:M pos:(35,20)
text:"Source: Statistik Austria"

Politics

The state had been a stronghold of the right-wing Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) since 1945. However, Graz is markedly more left-wing than the rural districts of the province.

The governor (Austrian political term: '' Landeshauptmann'') of Styria has typically been a ÖVP candidate.

In the 2021 municipal election in Graz, the KPÖ surprisingly took over first place from the ÖVP, thus pushing long-time mayor Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP) out of office. The result caused a sensation internationally. Elke Kahr led the KPÖ for a third time in the 2021 Graz local election. Despite opinion polling suggesting a victory for the ruling Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), the KPÖ became the largest party with 28.8% of votes and 15 seats. After the election, the KPÖ entered into coalition talks with the Greens and SPÖ. On November 13, 2021, the KPÖ, the Greens and the SPÖ announced their coalition: Graz gets a communist mayor with Elke Kahr.

Recent elections

In the 2005 elections for state parliament the Social Democrats (SPÖ) under their regional chairman Franz Voves won the majority after the ÖVP had damaged its credibility through scandals and the secession of a high-ranking party member who took part in the 2005 elections after setting up his own party. In these elections, the KPÖ also received many votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding few years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), failed to win seats.

In subsequent elections in 2010 and 2015, the Social Democrats, the Austrian People's Party, and the Communist Party each lost between one fourth and one third of their shares of the vote relative to 2005. The Freedom Party grew from 4.6 percent to 26.8 percent.
The current government of Styria is a coalition of Social Democrats and People's Party, with each party holding 4 seats of the 8 seats available. The governor, Hermann Schützenhöfer, is a representative of the People's Party. His deputy, Michael Schickhofer, is a Social Democrat.

Notable people

* Palman (fl. 1310–1363), knight and mercenary commander of the Serbian Empire
* Johann Joseph Fux (1660–1741), composer and music theorist, wrote ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' – a composition manual used by Beethoven and Mozart
* Archduke John of Austria (1782–1859)
* Peter Rosegger (1843–1918), honoured poet
* Johann Puch (1862–1914), founded Johann Puch Erste Steiermärkische Fahrrad-Fabriks-Aktiengesellschaft at Graz in 1899.
* Robert Stolz (1880-1975), composer born in Graz
* Karl Böhm, (1894-1981), conductor
* Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1909-1999), political scientist
* Bert Isatitsch (1911–1994), first president of the International Luge Federation
* Frank Stronach (b. 1932), founder of Magna International, billionaire
* Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), Formula 1 World Champion
* Dr. Helmut Marko (b. 1943), former racing driver
* Dietrich Mateschitz (1944–2022), founder and CEO of Red Bull, billionaire
* Klaus Maria Brandauer (b. 1944), actor and director
* Elfriede Jelinek (b. 1946), Nobel Prize in Literature winner
* Arnold Schwarzenegger (b. 1947), bodybuilder, film actor and former Governor of California
* Hugo Eberhardt (1948) (b. 1948), leader in the field of technical safety
* Getty Kaspers (b. 1948), lead vocals of Dutch band Teach-In, who won the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest.
* Eva Rueber-Staier (b. 1951), Miss Austria 1969, Miss World 1969
* Wolfgang Muthspiel (b. 1965), jazz composer and guitarist
* Ulla Weigerstorfer (b. 1967), Miss Austria 1987 and Miss World 1987
* Thomas Muster (b. 1967), former World No. 1 tennis player
* Renate Götschl (b. 1975), alpine skiing World Champion
* Elisabeth Görgl (b. 1981), professional alpine skier
* Christoph Strasser (b. 1982), champion ultra cyclist
* Conchita Wurst (b. 1988), singer and winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014

See also

* Lower Styria

References

External links

Imperial Austria: Treasures of Art, Arms and Armor from the State of Styria – The Canadian Museum of Civilization

Official Tourism Website of Styria

{{Styria

States of Austria
Divided regions
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Wine regions of Austria