Stroop Report - Cover Page (Polish Copy)

The Stroop Report is an official report prepared by General

Jürgen Stroop Jürgen Stroop (born Josef Stroop, 26 September 1895 – 6 March 1952) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era, who served as SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland and Greece. He led the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 194 ...

for the SS chief

Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...

, recounting the German suppression of the

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...

and the liquidation of the ghetto in the spring of 1943. Originally titled ''The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw Is No More!'' ( Ger. ''Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!''), it was published in the 1960s.

History

The Report was commissioned by

Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger (8 May 1894 – 10 May 1945) was a German war criminal and paramilitary commander acting as a high-ranking member of the SA and the SS. Between 1939 and 1943 he was the Higher SS and Police Leader in the General Govern ...

, chief of the SS and police in

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula, Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland un ...

and was intended as a souvenir album for Heinrich Himmler. It was prepared in three distinct leather-bound copies for Himmler, Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger and Jürgen Stroop. One unbound "file" copy of the report (''das Konzept'') remained in Warsaw, in the care of Chief of Staff Max Jesuiter. According to a statement given in 1945 by Stroop's adjutant Karl Kaleshke to US authorities in Wiesbaden, he ordered Stroop's copy of the report burnt with other secret documents in Burg Kranzberg. After the war only two of the four copies were discovered, those belonging to Himmler and Jesuiter. Himmler's copy went to Seventh Army Intelligence Center (SAIC) and Jesuiter's to Military Intelligence Research Section (MIRS) in

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

. Several sources stated that the German

Bundesarchiv , type = Archive , seal = , seal_size = , seal_caption = , seal_alt = , logo = Bundesarchiv-Logo.svg , logo_size = , logo_caption = , lo ...

also had a copy in

Koblenz Koblenz (; Moselle Franconian: ''Kowelenz''), spelled Coblenz before 1926, is a German city on the banks of the Rhine and the Moselle, a multi-nation tributary. Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus around 8 B.C. Its nam ...

. But, in reply to inquiries by Richard Raskin, the Bundesarchiv stated that the third copy of report was never in their possession. The two known copies held by the Allies were introduced as evidence at the

International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded ...

, sharing the document number 1061-PS, and used in the trial as "US Exhibit 275". The report was first displayed by the chief U.S. prosecutor

Robert H. Jackson Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892 – October 9, 1954) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1941 until his death in 1954. He had previously served as Unit ...

for the judges during his opening address. The assistant prosecutor dealing with the persecution of the Jews referred to it as "the finest example of ornate German craftsmanship, leather bound, profusely illustrated, typed on heavy bond paper ... the almost unbelievable recital of the proud accomplishment by Major General of Police Stroop". Both copies were also used in Nuremberg in the 1947 trial of

Oswald Pohl Oswald Ludwig Pohl (; 30 June 1892 – 7 June 1951) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. As the head of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office and the head administrator of the Nazi concentration camps, he was a key figure in ...

, as exhibit 503. On June 10, 1948, the Himmler/SAIC copy of the Stroop report and

Katzmann Report The Katzmann Report (or the Final Report by Katzmann) is one of the most important testimonies relating to the Holocaust in Poland and the extermination of Polish Jews during World War II. It was used as evidence in the Nuremberg Trials (USA No. L ...

were handed over by Fred Niebergal, head of Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes – OCCWC, to Bernard Acht, head of the Polish Military Mission in Nuremberg. It was used in Stroop's trial at Warsaw Criminal District Court in July 1951, and transferred afterwards to the KC

PZPR The Polish United Workers' Party ( pl, Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza; ), commonly abbreviated to PZPR, was the communist party which ruled the Polish People's Republic as a one-party state from 1948 to 1989. The PZPR had led two other leg ...

archive. In 1952 it was transferred to the ''Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce'' (Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland) archive and subsequently to its successor, the

Institute of National Remembrance The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation ( pl, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, abbreviated IPN) is a Polish state resea ...

(Polish: ''Instytut Pamięci Narodowej'' or IPN), where it remains. In 1948 the Jesuiter/MIRS copy of the report went to the National Archives (NARA) in Washington, D.C., where it continues to be held. In 2017, the Stroop Report was submitted by Poland and included in UNESCO's

Memory of the World Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, ...

Content

Stanisław Piotrowski - Sprawozdanie Juergena Stroopa

The Report was a 125-page typed document, bound in black pebble

leather Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hog ...

, with 53 photographs. It consisted of the following sections: *Summary, with **title page **list of soldiers/Police killed and wounded **the list of combat units involved, and **Introduction, signed by Jürgen Stroop in the IPN copy *Collection of 31 daily reports (German: ''Tägliche Meldungen''), sent from Stroop's Chief of Staff Max Jesuiter to SS Police Leader East

. The reports cover the period of 20 April to 16 May 1943, plus a report from 24 May 1943, and all were signed by Jesuiter. *Series of 53 photographs accompanied by hand-written captions in German

Sütterlin (, " script") is the last widely used form of , the historical form of German handwriting that evolved alongside German blackletter (most notably ') typefaces. Graphic artist Ludwig Sütterlin was commissioned by the Prussian Ministry of Scien ...

script *The NARA report also has a fourth section with statistics about human losses, types of recovered weapons, and amounts of money and valuables taken from Jews. The copies have slight discrepancies in textual and graphical layout, and in the photographs they contain.

Photographs from the Stroop Report

The IPN copy of the report has 53 photographs on 49 pages, while the NARA copy has the same number of photographs on 52 pages. 37 photographs appear in both copies, although not always with the same size, crop or order and occasionally with different captions. Sixteen shots in each copy are different, although often very similar, as they depict the same events. Altogether, in both versions of the report, there are 69 unique photographs. The identity of the photographers who accompanied Stroop's headquarters during the operation is unknown. Franz Konrad confessed to taking some of the photographs; the rest were probably taken by photographers from ''Propaganda Kompanie nr 689''. In addition to the photographs found in the reports, there were about 45 additional photographs that were not included. According to

Yad Vashem Yad Vashem ( he, יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a memorial and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; honoring Jews who fought against th ...

, these were found in Stroop's possession when he was captured by the Americans after the war. Some of those photographs were closely related to those used in the report, as they depicted the same events. Many of those additional photographs are described in reputable sources as coming from the ''Stroop Report,'' even if they do not appear in either of the surviving copies. The high-quality photographs taken for Stroop constitute a unique documentation of the final stage of liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto. The photographer was permitted access to Stroop's inner circle, to accompany the forces that participated in liquidating the ghetto, and to get close to the combat areas. Apart from a dozen candid photographs taken by Polish firefighter

Leszek Grzywaczewski Leszek () is a Slavic Polish male given name, originally ''Lestko'', ''Leszko'' or ''Lestek'', related to ''Lech'', ''Lechosław'' and Czech ''Lstimir''. Individuals named Leszek celebrate their name day on June 3. Notable people * Lestko * L ...

, those are the only photographs of the Ghetto Uprising taken inside the ghetto. Some of them became highly recognized images of World War II and the Shoah. Photographic captions in the Report are often highly racist and contain few facts about their content. They express the mindset of the report's authors. They are written in the German Sütterlin script, and in some cases do not match the images. Many of the places, people and events depicted were not identified until after the report's publication.

Gallery

Photographs included in one of the two copies of the Stroop Report. Image captions include a reference and translation of the original German caption (in red), followed by current photo caption. Click on images for more information. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 02.jpg,

NARA The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It ...

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Judenrat (Jewish Community Council) at Zamenhofa 19 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA04.jpg,

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Umschlagplatz ''Umschlagplatz'' (german: collection point or reloading point) was the term used during The Holocaust to denote the holding areas adjacent to railway stations in occupied Poland where Jews from ghettos were assembled for deportation to Nazi ...

, gate by the bathhouse File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA05.jpg,

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Guard on the left is

Josef Blösche Josef Blösche (12 February 1912 – 29 July 1969) was a member of the Nazi Party who served in the SS and SD during World War II. Blösche shot and killed many Jews, and helped send many more Jews to their deaths in extermination camps. He ...

. Herman Brauer helm repair shop at Nalewki 28–38. 24 April 1943 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 26534.jpg,

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Herman Brauer helm repair shop at Nalewki 28-38 File:Varsovia.jpg,

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Herman Brauer helm repair shop at Nalewki 28-38 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06b.jpg,

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This well-known photograph was selected for

Time Magazine ''Time'' (stylized in all caps) is an American news magazine based in New York City. For nearly a century, it was published weekly, but starting in March 2020 it transitioned to every other week. It was first published in New York City on Ma ...

's most influential 100 photographs. Despite the three books written about the image, only the SS man pointing the submachine gun has been definitely identified, as

.Taken at Nowolipie 34
Site still exists but buildings are no longer standing
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Nowolipie 64 near intersection with Smocza. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 08.jpg,

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Nowolipie 64 near intersection with Smocza.Woman on the right: Hasia Szylgold-Szpiro File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 11.jpg,

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Nowolipie 64 / Smocza 1 intersection File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 03.jpg,

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second from left Stroop; background either (Stroop's adjutant) or Erich Steidtmann; 2nd from right Heinrich Klaustermeyer; far right

and others at Nowolipie 64 / Smocza 1 intersection File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA25.jpg,

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Possibly Wałowa 4 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN35.jpg,

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Possibly near Wałowa 4, looking North File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 05.jpg,

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Possibly Muranowski Square with Muranowski 10 / Sierakowska 3 in the back File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 04.jpg,

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Rabbi Heschel Rappaport and others questioned by Heinrich Klaustermeyer and

in front of Nowolipie 32. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN12.jpg,

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Rabbi Lipa Kaplan, Eliyahu Levin, Mendel Alter, Yankel Levin and Rabbi Heschel Rappaport in front of Nowolipie 32. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN13.jpg,

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All the prisoners were stripped during the search. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 12.jpg,

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Executed Jews, possibly near Nalewki 41. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 26549.jpg,

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Stroop and

Maximilian von Herff Maximilian Karl Otto von Herff (17 April 1893 – 6 September 1945) was a German senior SS commander during the Nazi era. He served as head of the SS Personnel Main Office from 1942 to 1945. Early life Maximilian von Herff was born in Hanov ...

(likely) at Muranowski Square near Naleweki and Miła intersection with Nalewki 42 in the back. taken May 14, 1943(?) File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 13.jpg, IPN copy #

Małka Zdrojewicz on the right of this

photograph A photograph (also known as a photo, image, or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now create ...

survived Majdanek; the other two died in the Shoah (Rachela Wyszogrodzka at left died in KZ Camp; her sister Bluma Wyszogrodzka was shot and killed after this picture was taken} File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN36a.jpg, IPN copy #
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Captured Jews in front of Miła 31 and 33 viewed from Zamenhofa Street. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 09.jpg, IPN copy #
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Captured Jews are led by Waffen SS soldiers to

. In the back Nowolipie 62 & 63. See file page for possible identity of depicted people. The SS man at right has the "

Totenkopf ''Totenkopf'' (, i.e. ''skull'', literally "dead person's head") is the German word for the skull and crossbones symbol. The "skull and crossbones" symbol is an old international symbol for death, the defiance of death, danger, or the dead, as ...

" Insignia on his collar File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 10.jpg,

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Captured Jews are led by Waffen SS soldiers to

. In the back Nowolipie 62 & 63. See file page for possible identity of depicted people. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA24.jpg,

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Gęsia and Smocza intersection File:Żydzi w drodze Umschlagplatz 1943.jpg,

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Column heading North to

on Zamenhofa Street near Kupiecka. In the back buildings of Zamenhofa 30-40 block. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA32.jpg,

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Column heading North to

on Zamenhofa Street near Kupiecka. In the back buildings of Zamenhofa 30-40 block. File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26537.jpg,

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Column heading North to

on Zamenhofa Street near Wołyńska. On the left 25, 27, 29. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN41.jpg,

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Column heading North to

on Zamenhofa Street, with burning Zamenhofa 25 / Wołyńska 2 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN29.jpg,

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Column heading North to

on Zamenhofa Street, with burning Zamenhofa 25 / Wołyńska 2 on the left. File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26552.jpg,

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Zamenhofa Street looking North, with burning Zamenhofa 25 / Wołyńska 2 on the left. File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26556.jpg,

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Zamenhofa Street looking North, with burning Zamenhofa 25 / Wołyńska 2 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN28.jpg, IPN copy #
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Zamenhofa Street looking North, with burning Zamenhofa 25 / Wołyńska 2 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN45.jpg, IPN copy #

Zamenhofa Street between Wołyńska and Miła looking North, with burning Zamenhofa 29, 31 and 33 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN25.jpg, IPN copy #
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Zamenhofa Street between Wołyńska and Miła looking North, with burning Zamenhofa 29, 31 and 33 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN26.jpg, IPN copy #
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Zamenhofa Street between Wołyńska and Miła looking North File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN20.jpg,

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Stroop witnesses digging out of a bunker, possibly near the ghetto wall. 8 May 1943 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA39.jpg,

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Stroop witnesses digging out of a bunker, possibly near the ghetto wall. 8 May 1943 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA16.jpg,

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' (reportedly from Nowolipie / Smocza intersection) File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26546.jpg,

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'(reportedly from Nowolipie / Smocza intersection) File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN30.jpg,

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' File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg,

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' File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN32.jpg,

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' File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN33.jpg,

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' File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN34.jpg,

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' File:Warsaw ghetto uprising German sentries.jpg,

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MG08 The ''Maschinengewehr'' 08, or MG 08, was the German Army's standard machine gun in World War I and is an adaptation of Hiram S. Maxim's original 1884 Maxim gun. It was produced in a number of variants during the war. The MG 08 served during ...

at the gate on Nowolipie Street intersection with Smocza Street, looking East. In the back Nowolipie 56. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA45.jpg,

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Nowolipie 56 in the center. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN42.jpg, IPN copy #

Nowolipie Street looking West towards the gate at Nowolipie / Smocza intersection. File:Ghetto Uprising Warsaw2.jpg,

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Waffen SS troops at Nowolipie Street with Nowolipie 50 A, 52, 54 and 56 in the back. File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg, IPN copy #
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Waffen SS troops at Nowolipie Street, between Smocza and Karmelicka Streets, with Nowolipie 34 on the right. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 36.jpg, IPN copy #
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Cannon on Zamenhofa Street shooting North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN37a.jpg, IPN copy #
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Cannon on Zamenhofa Street shooting North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA27a.jpg,

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Cannon on Zamenhofa Street shooting North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA27b.jpg,

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Cannon on Zamenhofa Street shooting North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building File:Stroop Collection - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Cannon - 02.jpg, Stroop Collection, not in the report.
Cannon on Zamenhofa Street shooting North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building File:Stroop Collection - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Cannon - 01.jpg, Stroop Collection, not in the report.
Zamenhofa Street looking North at resistance in Gęsia 20 building. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA40a.jpg,

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Men preparing to commit suicide by jumping off the upper floors of 23 and 25 Niska Street. 22 April 1943 File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26568.jpg,

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Man committing suicide by jumping off the upper floors of 23 and 25 Niska Street. 22 April 1943 File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_037.jpg , IPN copy #
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People who committed suicide by jumping off the upper floors of 23 and 25 Niska Street. 22 April 1943 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA40b.jpg,

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People preparing to commit suicide by jumping off the upper floors of 23 and 25 Niska Street. 22 April 1943 File:Stroop Collection - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Niska Street - 1.jpg, Stroop Collection, not in the report. 25 Niska Street 22 April 1943 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 05507.jpg, Stroop Collection-not in the report-taken at Niska Street File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN39.jpg, IPN copy #
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Stroop near command car, probably at Zamenhofa 48 near intersection with Miła. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA41.jpg,

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' File:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Umschlagplatz 1943 05.jpg, IPN copy #
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Stroop and foreign fighters at the Umschlagplatz, with Stawki 5/7 in the back. File:Askaris im Warschauer Getto - 1943.jpg,

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Foreign fighters and executed Jews at Zamenhofa 42 / Kupiecka 18. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN43.jpg,

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Ulica Kupiecka Street viewed from Zamenhofa, with Zamenhofa 42 / Kupiecka 18 on the left. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN46.jpg, IPN copy #

Possibly Dzielna 5 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN48.jpg,

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Probably court yard of Franciszkańską 26 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA48.jpg,

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Probably court yard of Franciszkańską 30 File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN47.jpg,

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Nalewki Street, looking South from the gate at Nalewki/Gęsia/Franciszkańska intersection. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN50.jpg, IPN copy #

Nalewki Street, looking South at the gate at Nalewki/Gęsia/Franciszkańska intersection. Beyond the wall on the right Posner house at Nalewkach 29. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA50.jpg,

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On the right Nalewki 31/Gęsia 2, and on the left a view South at Nalewki Street towards ghetto gate at Nalewki/Gęsia/Franciszkańska intersection. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN23.jpg,

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On the left Nalewki 31/Gęsia 2, and on the right view North at Nalewki Street. File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - IPN49.jpg,

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Nalewki Street, viewed from Gęsia Street looking North, with Nalewki 31/Gęsia 2 on the left File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - NARA51.jpg,

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Possibly Nowolipki / Smocza intersection looking West on Nowolipki Street.

References

External links

* * (English translation) * (IPN copy; Polish translation: pages 23–112 and German original: pages 113–238;

photographs A photograph (also known as a photo, image, or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now created ...

) * (IPN copy; German original and English translation) * (NARA copy; German original
text

) {{Authority control Government reports Holocaust historical documents Memory of the World Register Operation Reinhard Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 documents Holocaust photographs Books of photographs

History

Content

Photographs from the Stroop Report

Gallery

See also

References

External links