State of democracy

Democracy indices are quantitative and comparative assessments of the state of democracy for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.

The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies, hybrid regimes, and autocracies, or continuous values. The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying causal mechanisms of regime transformation processes.

Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy, including the breadth of core democratic institutions, competitiveness and inclusiveness of polyarchy, freedom of expression, various aspects of governance, democratic norm transgressions, co-option of opposition, electoral system manipulation, electoral fraud, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.

Prominent democracy indices

Operating

* V-Dem Democracy indices by V-Dem Institute distinguishes between five high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian, and quantifies these principles. The V-Dem Democracy indices include the Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index, which indicates the strength of direct democracy and the presidentialism index, which indicates higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
* The Economist Democracy Index, by the UK-based Economist Intelligence Unit, is an assessment of countries' democracy. Countries are rated as ''full democracies'', ''flawed democracies'', ''hybrid regimes'', or ''authoritarian regimes''. The index is based on five different categories measuring pluralism, civil liberties, and political culture.
* Bertelsmann Transformation Index by the Bertelsmann Stiftung, evaluations by country, regional, and general experts, some evaluations by representative surveys of regular citizens. Spectrum: then averaging of scores for: hard-line autocracy, moderate autocracy, very defective democracy, defective democracy, consolidating democracy.
*The Global State of Democracy Indices by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance assesses democratic performance using different types of sources: expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.

Indices measuring aspects of democracy

*Freedom in the World, is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
* Effective number of parties is an index of the adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system.
* Gallagher index measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature.
*Fragile States Index, formerly the Failed States Index, is an annual report that aims to assess states' vulnerability to conflict or collapse, ranking all sovereign states with membership in the United Nations where there is enough data available for analysis.

Other measured aspects of democracy include voter turnout and political efficacy.

Historical

* Democracy-Dictatorship Index is a binary measure of democracy and dictatorship.
* Democracy Ranking is a democracy ranking by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award.
* Polity data series contains annual information on regime authority characteristics and covers the years 1800–2018 based on competitiveness, openness, and level of participation, sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force (PITF).
* Boix-Miller-Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy, easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic literature. As a classification: non-democracy to democracy.
* Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) by Skaaning et al democracy's characteristics assessed with easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic research. Then evaluating whether necessary characteristics are present or not.

Maps of indices

File:2021 Freedom House world map.png, Country ratings from Freedom House's '' Freedom in the World 2021'' survey
File:Democracy Index 2020.svg, Democracy Index map in 2020 according to The Economist Intelligence Unit
File:BTI 2022 DEM.jpg, Global trend report analyzes the results of the Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2022
File:DD classification 2008 dataset Cheibub visualized hanteng en.png, Democracy-Dictatorship Indexs in 2008.
File:Failed-states-index-loop-2013b.gif, Fragile States Index 2005–2013'

Difficulties in measuring democracy

Because democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure, limitations exist in quantifying and econometrically measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomena—whether inequality, poverty, education etc. Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within-country variations on aspects of democracy, academics have largely studied cross-country variations, yet variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries. Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures. A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy. Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness or accountability, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as judicial independence or quality of the electoral system, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.

Some measures of democracy, notably Freedom House and Polity IV, deploy a maximalist understanding of democracy by analyzing indicators that go beyond electoral procedure. These measures attempt to gauge contestation and inclusion; two features Robert Dahl argued are essential in democracies that successfully promote accountable governments. The democratic rating given by these mainstream measures can vary greatly depending on the indicators and evidence they deploy. The definition of democracy utilized by these measures is important because of the discouraging and alienating power such ratings can have, particularly when determined by indicators which are biased toward Western democracies.

Dieter Fuchs and Edeltraud Roller suggest that, in order to truly measure the quality of democracy, objective measurements need to be complemented by "subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens". Similarly, Quinton Mayne and Brigitte Geißel also defend that the quality of democracy does not depend exclusively on the performance of institutions, but also on the citizens' own dispositions and commitment.

See also

* Democratic transition
*Types of democracy
*List of international rankings
*List of freedom indices
*List of globalization-related indices
*List of countries by system of government
*List of forms of government

References

Further reading

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External links

Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?
- Our World in Data
How do you measure ‘democracy’?
- The Washington Post
Catalogue of Indices 2016
- Global Observatory
{{Politics country lists

International rankings
Democracy
Social science indices