Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...

of modern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

and

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

Fascism Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and t ...

at the

University of Wisconsin–Madison A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United Stat ...

. He retired from full-time teaching in 2004 and is currently

Professor Emeritus ''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...

at its Department of History.

Work

Known for his typological description of fascism, Payne is a specialist in the Spanish fascist movement and has also produced comparative analyses of Western European fascism. He asserts that there were some specific ways in which

National Socialism Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Naz ...

paralleled Russian communism to a much greater degree than Fascism was capable of doing. Payne does not propound the theory of " red fascism" or the notion that communism and National Socialism are essentially the same. He states that National Socialism more nearly paralleled Russian communism than any other noncommunist system has. In the 1960s, his books were published in Spanish by ''Éditions Ruedo ibérico (ERi)'', a publishing company set up by Spanish Republican exiles in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

, to publish works forbidden in Spain by the

Francoist regime Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spa ...

ruling the country at the time. He has been referred to by some historians as a revisionist due to his views. One of his more famous books is ''Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union and Communism'', which analyzes

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet Union, Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as Ge ...

and the Soviet government's intervention in Spain. He also wrote ''The Franco Regime'', ''The Spanish Civil War'' and ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945''. Payne uses a lengthy itemized list of characteristics to identify fascism, including the creation of an authoritarian state; a regulated, state-integrated economic sector; fascist symbolism; anti-

liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostilit ...

;

anti-communism Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in the Russian Empire, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, w ...

, and anti-

conservatism Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...

. He sees elimination of the autonomy or, in some cases, complete existence of large-scale

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private ...

as the common aim of all fascist movements.

Education

Payne received his bachelor's degree from

Pacific Union College Pacific Union College (PUC) is a private liberal arts college in Angwin, California. It is the only four-year college in Napa County. It is a coeducational residential college with an almost exclusively undergraduate student body. PUC is accre ...

in 1955. He went on to earn a masters from Claremont Graduate School and University Center in 1957 and a doctorate (Ph.D.) from

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

in 1960.

Books

* ''Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism'', 1961 * ''Politics and the Military in Modern Spain'', 1967 * ''Franco's Spain'', 1967 * ''The Spanish Revolution'', 1970 * ''A History of Spain and Portugal'' (2 vol 1973
full text online free vol 1 before 1700
standard scholarly history * ''Basque Nationalism'', 1975 * ''La revolución y la guerra civil española'', 1976 * ''Fascism: Comparison and Definition'', 1980 * ''Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview'', 1984 * ''The Franco Regime 1936–1975'', 1988 * ''Franco: El perfil de la historia'', 1992 * ''Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936'', 1993 * ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945'', 1996 * ''El primer franquismo, 1939–1959: Los años de la autarquía'', 1998 * ''Fascism in Spain 1923–1977'', 2000 * ''The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism 1931–1939'', 2004 * ''El colapso de la República: Los orígenes de la Guerra Civil 1933-1936'', 2005 * ''The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936'', 2006 * ''40 preguntas fundamentales sobre la Guerra Civil'', 2006 * ''Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II'', 2008 * ''¿Por qué la República perdió la guerra?'', 2010 * ''Spain: A Unique History'', 2011 * ''Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949'', 2011 * ''La Europa revolucionaria: Las guerras civiles que marcaron el siglo XX'', 2011 * ''The Spanish Civil War'', 2012 * ''Franco: A Personal and Political Biography'', 2014, with Jesús Palacios * ''Franco: Una biografía personal y política'', 2014, with Jesús Palacios * ''El fascismo'', 2014 * ''La Guerra Civil Española'', 2014 * ''El camino al 18 de julio: La erosión de la democracia en España, diciembre de 1935 - julio de 1936'', 2016 * ''365 momentos clave de la historia de España'', 2016 * ''En defensa de España : desmontando mitos y leyendas negras'', 2017 * ''La revolución española, 1936-1939: Un estudio sobre la singularidad de la Guerra Civil'', 2019

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Payne, Stanley G. 1934 births Living people 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Academics and writers on far-right extremism American Hispanists Claremont Graduate University alumni Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Historians of fascism Historians of Francoist Spain Historians of the Second Spanish Republic Historians of the Spanish Civil War Pacific Union College alumni People from Denton, Texas University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty Corresponding members of the Real Academia de la Historia Academic journal editors Historians of carlism Historians from Texas Historians from California American male non-fiction writers