Stanisław Chlebowski (1835–1884) was a Polish

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

with Russian and Turkish connections. He was a renowned specialist in Oriental themes.

Biography

Chlebowski was born in the Ushitsky Uyezd of the

Podolian Governorate The Podolia Governorate or Podillia Governorate (), set up after the Second Partition of Poland, was a governorate ('' gubernia'', ''province'', or ''government'') of the Russian Empire from 1793 to 1917, of the Ukrainian People's Republic fro ...

of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...

(now Khmelnyskyi Raion,

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

), and learned drawing in

Grekov Odessa Art school The Grekov Odesa Art School ( ua, Одеське художнє училище імені Митрофана Грекова; abbreviated ОХУ) is a secondary education institution in Odesa, Ukraine. It is the oldest arts school in the countr ...

. Between 1853 and 1859, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in

St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

, and then on a scholarship for six years in Paris as the pupil of the French Orientalist painter

Jean-Léon Gérôme Jean-Léon Gérôme (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style now known as academicism. His paintings were so widely reproduced that he was "arguably the world's most famous living artist by 1880." The ra ...

. Chlebowski traveled to Spain, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. His first success was selling his painting '' Joanne d’Arc in Amiens Prison'' to

Napoleon III of France Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...

. In the years 1864-1876 Chlebowski was the master painter under the service of

Sultan Abdülaziz Abdulaziz ( ota, عبد العزيز, ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; tr, Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup. He was a ...

and took up residence in

Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...

. Chlebowski became popular in the empire. During his services, he had obtained permission to bring with him a large icon of Mother of God Leading Our Way having been rescued from the

Hodegon Monastery The Hodegon Monastery (also Monastery of the Panaghia Hodegetria or Monastery of the Hodegoi) in Constantinople was allegedly founded by Saint Pulcheria (399–453), a daughter of Emperor Arcadius. The monastery is considered one of the three mai ...

in 1453. He had come across it in one of the antique stores in

, untouched by its Turkish conservator. This account is certified in a letter by the , dated June 27, 1938. In 1876 he moved to

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

. In 1881 he returned permanently to Krakow. The subject matter of his watercolours and oil paintings is diverse. He painted images of historical battles related to the

history of Turkey :''See History of the Republic of Turkey for the history of the modern state.'' The history of Turkey, understood as the history of the region now forming the territory of the Republic of Turkey, includes the history of both Anatolia (the Asi ...

and

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...

, oriental genre scenes, landscapes, and portraits of Ottoman

sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

s. He died near Posen, in Rundhausen (in the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

) at age 49. Chlebowski lived abroad for a long time and as a result his paintings were very rare in Poland. The National Museum in Krakow houses some of his other important Orientalist works such as '.Stanisław Chlebowski
retrieved on August 3, 2008.

Selected works

*''Entry of

Sultan Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...

to Constantinople at the Gate of the City'' (1873, ') *Turkish sentry (1880) *The time of prayer * Sultan Bayezid in captivity of

Tamerlane Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...

(1878) File:Chlebowski - Grajek przed meczetem w Konstantynopolu.jpg, Musician in Constantinople File:Stanislaw Chlebowski - Chess Players.jpg, ''

Chess Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces in their color, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to dist ...

Players, Cairo'' Chlebowski-Bajazyt w niewoli.jpg, ''Sultan Bayezid prisoned by

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kü ...

References

;Inline ;General
"Stanisław Chlebowski" Agra Art
retrieved on August 3, 2008.
Stanisław Chlebowski images of works on auction
retrieved on August 3, 2008.

retrieved on August 4, 2008. 1835 births 1884 deaths People from Khmelnytskyi Oblast People from Ushitsky Uyezd People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent Clan of Poraj 19th-century Polish painters 19th-century Polish male artists Orientalist painters Polish male painters {{poland-painter-stub

Biography

Selected works

See also

References