Srednekolymsk
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Srednekolymsk (russian: Среднеколы́мск; sah, Орто Халыма, ''Orto Khalyma'') is a
town A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world. Origin and use The word "town" shares an ori ...
and the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
of
Srednekolymsky District Srednekolymsky District (russian: Среднеколы́мский улу́с; sah, Орто Халыма улууһа, ''Orto Khalyma uluuha'', ) is an administrativeConstitution of the Sakha Republic and municipalLaw #172-Z #351-III district (ra ...
in the
Sakha Republic Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Eas ...
,
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, located on the left bank of the
Kolyma River The Kolyma ( rus, Колыма, p=kəlɨˈma; sah, Халыма, translit=Khalyma) is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and Magadan Oblast of Russia. The Kolyma is frozen ...
, northeast of
Yakutsk Yakutsk (russian: Якутск, p=jɪˈkutsk; sah, Дьокуускай, translit=Djokuuskay, ) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of ...
, the
capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used f ...
of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 3,525.


History

When the Russians arrived in the 1640s, they built three forts on the Kolyma:
Nizhnekolymsk Nizhnekolymsk (russian: Нижнеколы́мск) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural locality (a ''village#Russia, selo'') in Pokhodsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located within the Arct ...
, Srednekolymsk, and Verkhnekolymsk (i.e., lower, middle, and upper Kolymsk). They were about three days sled journey apart. Nizhnekolymsk was on the delta near the route to
Anadyrsk Anadyrsk was an important Russian ostrog (fortified settlement) in far northeastern Siberia from 1649 to 1764. It was on the Anadyr River, near the head of small-boat navigation, about 300 miles upstream, 12 miles northeast of the present Marko ...
. Srednekolymsk was at the head of navigation by seagoing koches, in forested country for good fur trapping and on the overland route to the
Indigirka River The Indigirka ( rus, Индиги́рка, r=; sah, Индигиир, translit=Indigiir) is a river in the Sakha Republic in Russia between the Yana to the west and the Kolyma to the east. It is long. The area of its basin is . History The is ...
. Verkhnekolymsk was smaller and upriver. The first fort ('' ostrog'') was founded in 1644''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic'' by
Mikhail Stadukhin Mikhail Vasilyevich Stadukhin (russian: Михаил Васильевич Стадухин) (died 1666) was a Russian explorer of far northeast Siberia, one of the first to reach the Kolyma, Anadyr, Penzhina and Gizhiga Rivers and the northern Se ...
. Some say that this was Nizhnekolymsk, but FisherRaymond H. Fisher. ''The Voyage of Semon Dezhnev'', 1981 thinks that the original fort was Srednekolymsk and that the main Russian center was moved to Nizhnekolymsk by 1655 when the Anadyrsk route became important. At some point the name was changed to Yarmanka, from the Russian word for "fair", referring to the annual gatherings of indigenous inhabitants of the area here in spring. The settlement grew over the next century, and was granted town status and its present name in 1775. In
Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...
times, it was a destination for political exiles.


Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Srendekolymsk serves as the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
of
Srednekolymsky District Srednekolymsky District (russian: Среднеколы́мский улу́с; sah, Орто Халыма улууһа, ''Orto Khalyma uluuha'', ) is an administrativeConstitution of the Sakha Republic and municipalLaw #172-Z #351-III district (ra ...
. As an inhabited locality, Srednekolymsk is classified as a town under district jurisdiction. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality (the '' selo'' of
Lobuya Lobuya (russian: Лобуя; sah, Лобуйа) is a rural locality (a '' selo''), and one of two settlements in the Town of Srednekolymsk of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Srednekolymsk, the administrative ...
), incorporated within Srednekolymsky District as the
Town A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world. Origin and use The word "town" shares an ori ...
of Srednekolymsk. As a municipal division, the Town of Srednekolymsk is incorporated within Srednekolymsky Municipal District as Srednekolymsk Urban Settlement.Law #173-Z #353-III


Economy and infrastructure

The town is largely reliant on farming of
reindeer Reindeer (in North American English, known as caribou if wild and ''reindeer'' if domesticated) are deer in the genus ''Rangifer''. For the last few decades, reindeer were assigned to one species, ''Rangifer tarandus'', with about 10 subspe ...
, hunting for
pelts Fur is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of mammals. It consists of a combination of oily guard hair on top and thick underfur beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an insulating blanket ...
, and fishing.


Transportation

The town is served by the
Srednekolymsk Airport Srednekolymsk Airport is an airport serving the urban locality of Srednekolymsk, Srednekolymsky District, in the Sakha Republic of Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Euro ...
. In the summer, river transport takes place, and in the winter, land transport can be performed on the ice.


Climate

Srednekolymsk has a dry and very cold
subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, ge ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
Dfc), bordering on an extreme
subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, ge ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
Dfd), featuring with mild, sometimes hot, even very hot, but short summers and extremely brutal winters with almost no snowfall. The winter lasts from October until May and temperatures rise rapidly enough for
Siberian larch ''Larix sibirica'', the Siberian larch or Russian larch, is a frost-hardy tree native to western Russia, from close to the Finnish border east to the Yenisei valley in central Siberia, where it hybridises with the Dahurian larch ''L. gmelinii'' ...
trees to be able to grow during the fleeting summer, before falling rapidly again in August and September. Temperatures often do not exceed between late September and early May. The
midnight sun The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the Sun remains visible at the local midnight. When the midnight sun is seen in the Arctic, t ...
is above the horizon from 30 May to 13 July, the
polar night The polar night is a phenomenon where the nighttime lasts for more than 24 hours that occurs in the northernmost and southernmost regions of Earth. This occurs only inside the polar circles. The opposite phenomenon, the polar day, or midnig ...
last from 19 December to 24 December (6 days).


References


Notes


Sources

*Official website of the Sakha Republic. ''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic''
Srednekolymsky District
* * {{Use mdy dates, date=March 2013 Cities and towns in the Sakha Republic Populated places of Arctic Russia Populated places established in 1644 Kolyma basin