Spanish language in the Americas

The different dialects of the Spanish language spoken in the Americas are distinct from each other, as well as from those varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula and the Spanish Mediterranean islands—collectively known as Peninsular Spanish—and Spanish spoken elsewhere, such as in Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, or in the Philippines. There is great diversity among the various Hispanic American vernaculars, as there are no common traits shared by all of them which are not also in existence in one or more of the variants of Iberian Spanish. A general Hispanic American "standard" does, however, vary from the Castilian "standard" register used in television, music and, notably, in the dubbing industry. Of the more than 498 million people who speak Spanish as their native language, more than 455 million are in Latin America, the United States and Canada, as of 2022. The total amount of native and non-native speakers of Spanish as of October 2022 well-exceeds 595 million.

There are numerous regional particularities and idiomatic expressions within Spanish. In American Spanish, for instance (such as in Mexico or Puerto Rico, or areas of the contiguous U.S.), loanwords directly from English are used with some frequency, with English or non-Spanish spellings left intact. For example, the Hispanic American Spanish word for "computer" is ''computadora'', whereas the word used in Spain is ''ordenador'', and each word sounds "foreign" in the region where it is not used. Some differences are due to Iberian Spanish having a stronger French and Mediterranean influence than Hispanic America, where, for geopolitical and social reasons, the United States' English-language influence has been predominant throughout the twentieth century. Another common loanword, used often in different American Spanish dialects, is a simple affirmative " O.K." or "okay", instead of "sí" or "está bien" ("yes", or "it's good/okay").

Main features

Pronunciation varies from country to country and from region to region, just as English pronunciation varies from one place to another. In general terms, the speech of the Americas shows many common features akin to southern Spanish variants, especially to western Andalusia (Seville, Cádiz) and the Canary Islands. Coastal language vernaculars throughout Hispanic America show particularly strong similarities to Atlantic-Andalusian speech patterns while inland regions in Mexico and Andean countries are not similar to any particular dialect in Spain.
*Most Spaniards pronounce and (before and ) as (called '' distinción''). Conversely, most Hispanic Americans have '' seseo'', lacking a distinction between this phoneme and . However, ''seseo'' is also typical of the speech of many Andalusians and all Canary islanders. Andalusia's and the Canary Islands' predominant position in the conquest and subsequent immigration to Hispanic America from Spain is thought to be the reason for the absence of this distinction in most American Spanish dialects.
*Most of Spain, particularly the regions that have a distinctive phoneme, realize with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge. Phonetically this is an "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant , with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of fricatives. To a Hispanic American, Andalusian or Canary Island Spanish speaker, the in Spanish dialects from northern Spain might sound close to like English as in ''she''. However, this apico-alveolar realization of is not uncommon in some American Spanish dialects which lack ; some inland Colombian Spanish (particularly Antioquia) and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico-alveolar .
*The second-person familiar plural pronoun '' vosotros'' is not generally used in daily speech in Hispanic American dialects of Spanish; the formal ''ustedes'' is used at all levels of familiarity. However, ''vosotros'' and its conjugations are known and seen occasionally in writing or oratory, especially in formal, ritualized contexts.
*Hispanic America virtually lacks the found in a good deal of Spain, with this feature only being found commonly in Paraguay and the highlands of Ecuador.
* As mentioned, Anglicisms are far more common in Hispanic America than in Spain, due to the stronger and more direct US influence. Anglicisms in Chile and Argentina are even very common mostly because of the influence of British settlers there.
* Equally, Indigenous languages have left their mark on American Spanish, a fact which is particularly evident in vocabulary to do with flora, fauna and cultural habits. Nevertheless, European Spanish has also absorbed numerous words of Amerindian origin, although for historical reasons, the vast majority of these are taken from Nahuatl and various Caribbean languages.
* Arabic-derived words with Latinate doublets are common in American Spanish, being influenced by Andalusian Spanish, such as ''alcoba'' ("bedroom") instead of standard ''cuarto'', ''recámara'', and many others and ''alhaja'' ("jewel") instead of standard ''joya''. In this sense American Spanish is closer to the dialects spoken in the south of Spain.
* See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America.
* Most Hispanic American Spanish usually features '' yeísmo'': there is no distinction between and . However realization varies greatly from region to region. Chileans pronounce these 2 graphemes as , for example. However, yeísmo is an expanding and now dominant feature of European Spanish, particularly in urban speech (Madrid, Toledo) and especially in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, though in some rural areas has not completely disappeared. Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both and as or . The traditional pronunciation of the digraph as is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range, especially in inland Peru, the Sierra of Ecuador, and the Colombia highlands (Santander, Boyacá, Nariño), northern Argentina, all Bolivia and Paraguay; the Indigenous languages of these regions ( Quechua, Guarani and Aymara) have as a distinct phoneme.
*Most speakers of coastal dialects may debuccalize or aspirate syllable-final to , or drop it entirely, so that ''está'' ("s/he is") sounds like or , as in southern Spain ( Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Castile–La Mancha (except the northeast), Madrid, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla).
* (before or ) and are usually aspirated to in Caribbean and other coastal language vernaculars, as well as in all of Colombia and southern Mexico, as in much of southern Spain. In other American dialects, the sound is closer to , and often firmly strong (rough) in Peruvian Spanish dialect. Very often, especially in Argentina and Chile, becomes fronter when preceding high vowels (these speakers approach to the realization of German in ''ich''); in other phonological environments it is pronounced either or .
*In many Caribbean varieties, the phonemes and at the end of a syllable sound alike or can be exchanged: ''caldo'' > ''ca o'', ''cardo'' > ''ca o''; in the situation of in word-final position, it becomes silent, giving Caribbean dialects of Spanish a partial non-rhoticity. This happens at a reduced level in Ecuador and Chile as well. It is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia.
*In many Andean regions, the alveolar trill of ''rata'' and ''carro'' is realized as an retroflex fricative or or even as a voiced apico-alveolar . The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with an Indigenous substrate and it is quite common in Andean regions, especially in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay. That phonetic is also heard in Costa Rica, except pronounced as
*In Belize, Puerto Rico, and Colombian islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, aside from , , and , syllable-final can be realized as , an influence of American English to Puerto Rican dialect and British English to Belizean dialect and Colombian dialect of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (in the case of the latter three, it is not exclusive to Colombians whose ancestors traced back to Spanish period before British invasion, under British territorial rule, and recovery of Spanish control, but is also used by Raizals, whites of British descent, and descendants of mainland Colombians); ''"verso" (verse) becomes , aside from , , or , "''invierno''" (winter) becomes , aside from , , or , and "''escarlata''" (scarlet) becomes , aside from , , or []. In word-final position, will usually be one of the following:
** a trill, a tap, an approximant, , or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in ''amo'' ''paterno'' ('paternal love');
** a tap, an approximant, or when followed by a vowel-initial word, as in ''amo'' ''eterno'' ('eternal love').
*In Chile and Costa Rica, consonant cluster can be pronounced [], , or [], making ''cuatro'' 'four' and ''trabajo'' 'work' pronounced as [ and [ respectively. This is an influence of Mapuche language, Mapudungun in Chile and native languages of Costa Rica.
*The voiced consonants , , and are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most of Colombian Spanish dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects): ''pardo'' , ''barba'' , ''algo'' , ''peligro'' , ''desde'' —rather than the , , , , of Spain and the rest of Spanish America. A notable exception is the Department of Nariño and most ''Costeño'' speech (Atlantic coastal dialects) which feature the soft, fricative realizations common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects.
*Word-final is velar in much American Spanish speech; this means a word like ''pan'' (bread) is often articulated . To an English-speaker, those speakers that have a velar nasal for word-final make ''pan'' sound like ''pang''. Velarization of word-final is so widespread in the Americas that it is easier to mention those regions that maintain an alveolar : most of Mexico, Colombia (except for coastal dialects) and Argentina (except for some northern regions). Elsewhere, velarization is common, although alveolar word-final can appear among some educated speakers, especially in the media or in singing. Velar word-final is also frequent in Spain, especially in southern Spanish dialects (Andalusia and the Canary Islands) and in the Northwest: Galicia, Asturias and León.

Local variations

Mexican Spanish

* Mexican Spanish
** Central Mexican Spanish
*** Central Mountain Spanish
**** Mexico City Spanish
*** Oaxaca Spanish
*** Western Mexican Spanish
** Chiapas Spanish
** Coastal Mexican Spanish
*** Pacific Mexican Spanish
*** Tabasco Spanish
*** Yucatán Spanish
*** Veracruz Spanish
** Northern Mexican Spanish
*** Northern Mountain Mexican Spanish
*** Northeastern Mexican Spanish
*** Northwestern Mexican Spanish
** Southeastern Mexican Spanish
* Colonial United States Spanish
** Californian Spanish
** Louisiana Spanish
*** Isleño Spanish
** Texan Spanish
*** Sabine River Spanish
** New Mexican Spanish

Central American Spanish

* Belizean Spanish
* Costa Rican Spanish
* Guatemalan Spanish
* Honduran Spanish
* Nicaraguan Spanish
* Salvadoran Spanish

Caribbean Spanish

* Colombian Caribbean Spanish
* Cuban Spanish
* Dominican Spanish
* Panamanian Spanish
* Puerto Rican Spanish
* Trinidadian Spanish
* Venezuelan Spanish

North Andean Spanish

* Colombian Andean Spanish

Pacific Spanish

Andean Spanish

* Bolivian Spanish
* Ecuadorian Spanish
* Peruvian Spanish

Amazonic Spanish

Chilean Spanish

* Chilean Spanish

Paraguayan Spanish

* Paraguayan Spanish

Rioplatense Spanish

* Argentinian Spanish
* Uruguayan Spanish

See also

* Philippine Spanish
* Equatoguinean Spanish
* Spanish Filipino
* Latin Union
* Spanish-language literature
* Hispanic

References

External links

Diccionario de americanismos
by the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española

Latin American Dictionary with variants for every country

{{Latin America topics