Southeast Asia
Asia or Southeastern Asia
Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea
New Guinea and north of Australia.[4] Southeast Asia
Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia
Asia and Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania
Oceania and Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia
Australia and Indian Ocean. The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere, although the majority of it is in the Northern Hemisphere. In contemporary definition, Southeast Asia
Asia consists of two geographic regions:

Mainland Southeast Asia, also known historically as Indochina, comprising Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and West Malaysia. Maritime Southeast Asia, also known historically as the East Indies and Malay Archipelago, comprising Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Christmas Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Taiwan
Taiwan is also included by many anthropologists.

The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activities. The Sunda Plate
Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, features almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon
Luzon of the Philippines. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia are part of the Alpide belt, while the islands of the Philippines
Philippines are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquake and volcanic eruption.[5] Southeast Asia
Asia covers about 4.5 million km2 (1.7 million mi2), which is 10.5% of Asia
Asia or 3% of earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 641 million, about 8.5% of world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in the world after South Asia
Asia and East Asia.[citation needed] The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.[6] Ten countries in the region are members of ASEAN, a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational and cultural integration amongst its members.[7]

Contents

1 Definitions

1.1 Political divisions

1.1.1 Sovereign states 1.1.2 Dependent territories 1.1.3 Administrative subdivisions

1.2 Geographical divisions

2 History

2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Hindu
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era 2.3 Spread of Islam 2.4 Trade and foreign colonisation

2.4.1 China 2.4.2 Europe 2.4.3 Japan 2.4.4 India

2.5 Contemporary history

3 Geography

3.1 Boundaries 3.2 Climate 3.3 Environment

4 Economy 5 Demographics

5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Religion 5.3 Languages 5.4 Cities

6 Culture

6.1 Influences 6.2 Arts

6.2.1 Music 6.2.2 Writing

7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Definitions[edit] The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by the Europeans as the East Indies
East Indies or simply the Indies
Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred the region as 南洋 (Nanyang), which literally means the Southern Ocean. The mainland section of Southeast Asia
Asia is referred as Indochina
Indochina by European geographer due to its location between China
China and Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent and cultural influences from both neighboring regions. In the 20th century however, the term became more restricted to former French Indochina
Indochina territory (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as Malay Archipelago, a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.[8] Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina
Indochina and Australasia.[9] The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by an American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book entitled Travels in South-Eastern Asia. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.[10] The term was officially used in the midst of World War II
World War II by the Allies, through the formation of South East Asia
Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943.[11] SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia
Asia in the early days was not fixed, for example the Philippines
Philippines and a large part of Indonesia
Indonesia were excluded by SEAC while Ceylon
Ceylon was included. However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.[12] Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective, the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. Ten of eleven states of Southeast Asia
Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor
East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea
New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China
China Sea. Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan
Taiwan (a disputed region or nation), are also considered as part of the Southeast Asia.[13][14][15][16][17] Political divisions[edit] Sovereign states[edit]

State Area (km2)[2] Population (2016)[1] Density (/km2) GDP (nominal), USD (2016)[2] GDP (PPP) per capita, Int$ (2016)[2] HDI (2016)[18]:22–24 Capital

  Brunei
Brunei Darussalam 5,765 423,196 78 10,458,000,000 $76,884 0.865 Bandar Seri Begawan

 Cambodia 181,035 15,762,370 85 19,368,000,000 $3,737 0.563 Phnom Penh

 East Timor 14,874 1,268,671 75 2,501,000,000 $4,187 0.605 Dili

 Indonesia 1,904,569 261,115,456 132 940,953,000,000 $11,720 0.689 Jakarta

 Laos 236,800 6,758,353 30 13,761,000,000 $5,710 0.586 Vientiane

 Malaysia 329,847 31,187,265 91 302,748,000,000 $27,267 0.789 Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur *

 Myanmar 676,000 52,885,223 98 68,277,000,000 $5,832 0.556 Nay Pyi Daw

 Philippines 343,448 103,320,222 294 311,687,000,000 $7,728 0.682 Manila

 Singapore 724 5,622,455 7,671 296,642,000,000 $90,151 0.925 Singapore
Singapore (city-state)

 Thailand 513,120 68,863,514 127 390,592,000,000 $16,888 0.740 Bangkok

 Vietnam 331,210 94,569,072 279 200,493,000,000 $6,429 0.683 Hanoi

* Administrative centre in Putrajaya. Dependent territories[edit]

UNSD statistical division for Asia
Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[19]   North Asia   Central Asia   Western Asia   South Asia   East Asia   Southeast Asia

Territory Area (km2) Population Density (/km2) Capital

 Christmas Island 135[20] 1,402[20] 10.4 Flying Fish Cove

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14[21] 596[21] 42.6 West Island (Pulau Panjang)

Administrative subdivisions[edit]

Territory Area (km2) Population Density (/km2) Capital

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 8,251 379,944[22] 46 Port Blair

Geographical divisions[edit] Southeast Asia
Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely Mainland Southeast Asia
Asia (or Indochina) and Maritime Southeast Asia
Asia (or the similarly defined Malay Archipelago) (Javanese: Nusantara). Mainland Southeast Asia
Asia includes:

Cambodia Laos Myanmar
Myanmar (Burma) Peninsular Malaysia Thailand Vietnam

Maritime Southeast Asia
Asia includes:

Indonesia Philippines East Malaysia Brunei Singapore East Timor

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
India are geographically considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh
Bangladesh and Northeast India
India have strong cultural ties with Southeast Asia
Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian
South Asian and Southeast Asian.[23] Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has on some occasions been considered a part of Southeast Asia
Asia because of its cultural ties to mainland Southeast Asia.[12][24] The rest of the island of New Guinea
New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included, and so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies
Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region.[25] The eastern half of Indonesia
Indonesia and East Timor
East Timor (east of the Wallace Line) are considered to be biogeographically part of Oceania (Wallacea) due to its distinctive faunal features. New Guinea
New Guinea and its surrounding islands are geologically considered as a part of Australian continent, connected via the Sahul Shelf.

Andaman Sea

Arafura Sea

Bali
Bali Sea

Banda Sea

Ceram Sea

Flores
Flores Sea

Java
Java Sea

Molucca Sea

Savu Sea

South China
China Sea

Timor
Timor Sea

Bohol Sea

Camotes Sea

Philippine Sea
Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)

Samar Sea

Sibuyan Sea

Sulu Sea

Visayan Sea

Celebes Sea

Bismarck Sea

Coral Sea

East China
China Sea

Solomon Sea

Gulf of Thailand

Gulf of Tonkin

Bay of Bengal

Indian Ocean

Strait of Malacca

Makassar Strait

Gulf of Carpentaria

Karimata Strait

Luzon
Luzon Strait

Taiwan
Taiwan Strait

Gulf of Tomini

Sunda Strait

Moro Gulf

Oceans and Seas in Southeast Asia

History[edit] Main article: History of Southeast Asia Prehistory[edit]

A megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, Sumatra. 1500 CE

The region was already inhabited by Homo erectus
Homo erectus from 1,000,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age.[26] Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago,[27] having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent.[28] Homo floresiensis
Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct.[29] It has been proposed that the Austronesian
Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia
Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia
Indonesia around 2000 BC, and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Orang Asli
Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia, Negritos of the Philippines
Philippines or Papuans
Papuans of New Guinea
New Guinea to inland regions.[30] Archaeologists refer these people as Deutero-Malays, whom are more advanced in farming techniques and metal knowledge than their indigenous counterpart, the Proto-Malays.[31][32] Studies presented by HUGO (Human Genome Organization) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia, show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang
Semang who show Negrito
Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia
Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China.[33][32] Studies on the genetics of modern Malays however show that there is a complex history of admixture of human populations in Southeast Asia, with the Malay population showing four major ancestral components: Austronesian, Proto-Malay, East Asian, and South Asian.[34] Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao (Nusantara) maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam
Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.[35] The Bronze Age
Bronze Age Dong Son culture flourished in Northern Vietnam
Vietnam from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.[36][37][38] The region entered the Iron Age
Iron Age era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam
Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighboring China.[26] The peoples of Southeast Asia, especially those of Austronesian descent, have been seafarers for thousands of years, some reaching the island of Madagascar, became the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy people.[39] Passage through the Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India
India and Chinese southern coast.[39] Gold from Sumatra
Sumatra is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vinta, were capable to sail across ocean. Magellan's voyage
Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.[40] A slave from the Sulu Sea
Sulu Sea was believed to have been used in Magellan's voyage
Magellan's voyage as a translator.

Bronze drum from Sông Đà, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC

Most Southeast Asian people were originally animist, engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism
Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contacts with Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent during the 1st century.[41] Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism
Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.[42] Local rulers converted to Hinduism
Hinduism or Buddhism
Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian
South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region.[43][44][45] Shaivism was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the 1st century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia
Indonesia as well as Cambodia
Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism
Buddhism in the region.[46][47] Theravada
Theravada Buddhism
Buddhism entered the region during the 3rd century, via maritime trade routes between the region and Sri Lanka.[48] Buddhism later established a strong presence in Funan
Funan region in the 5th century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada
Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practiced by the Thai, Burmese and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda.[43] It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism
Buddhism practiced by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists. The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. Maluku Islands and New Guinea
New Guinea were never been Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas.[49] While in Vietnam, Buddhism
Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.[50] In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam
Vietnam is the only country where its folk religion makes up the plurality.[51][52] Recently, Vietnamese folk religion
Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.[53] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia
Asia that resist conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks
Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar.[54] Hindu
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era[edit] Main articles: Greater India
India and History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia

Borobudur
Borobudur in Central Java, Indonesia

After the region came under contacts with Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent circa 400 BCE, it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions.[55][44][45] Sanskrit
Sanskrit and Pali
Pali became the elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia
Asia part of the Indosphere.[56] Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines
Philippines later Indianised circa 9th century when Kingdom of Tondo
Kingdom of Tondo was established in Luzon.[57] Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of Chinese domination it experienced.[58] The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the Pyu city-states
Pyu city-states that already existed circa 2nd century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India
India and China.[59] Theravada
Theravada Buddhism
Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhism and Hinduism
Hinduism were also widespread.[60][61] In the 1st century, the Funan
Funan states centered in Mekong Delta
Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia
Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.[62] In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was Salakanagara, established in western Java
Java circa 2nd century CE. This Hindu
Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as Argyre (Land of Silver).[63]

Spread of Hinduism
Hinduism and Indian culture
Indian culture in Southeast Asia

By the 5th century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait
Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, and Medang emerged. Srivijaya
Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait.[39] This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were invaded by Chola
Chola Empire, a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.[64] The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the Khmer Empire
Khmer Empire and Kahuripan.[65] Continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire
Chinese Empire enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu
Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia
Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.[66]

Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Cambodia

As Srivijaya
Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu
Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital Angkor
Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor
Angkor Wat and Bayon. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.[67] The Champa
Champa civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu
Hindu Kingdom. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.[68] During the 13th century CE, the region experienced Mongol invasions, affected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and Java. In 1258, 1285 and 1287, the Mongols try to invade Đại Việt
Đại Việt and Champa.[69] The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa
Champa agreed to become tributary states to Yuan dynasty
Yuan dynasty to avoid further conflicts.[70] The Mongols also invaded Pagan Kingdom in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller Shan States
Shan States ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty.[71][72] However, in 1297, a new local power emerged. Myinsaing Kingdom
Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing.[73][74] The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma.[75] In 1292, The Mongols sent envoys to Singhasari
Singhasari Kingdom in Java
Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari
Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari
Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java.[76][77] After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java
Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grew into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali
Bali came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea
New Guinea and southern Philippines, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.[78](p107) By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as Samudera Pasai
Samudera Pasai and Malacca Sultanate
Malacca Sultanate around the strategic Strait of Malacca. Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu
Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the Europeans.[79][80] Spread of Islam[edit] Main articles: Spread of Islam
Islam in Southeast Asia
Asia and Islam
Islam in Southeast Asia

Kampung Laut Mosque
Kampung Laut Mosque in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia, dating to the early 18th century.

Islam
Islam began to made contacts with Southeast Asia
Asia in the 8th-century CE, when the Umayyads established trade with the region via sea routes.[81][82][83] However its spread into the region happened centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola
Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya
Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra
Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah
Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam
Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah
Sultanate of Kedah established in 1136. Samudera Pasai
Samudera Pasai converted to Islam
Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka
Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam
Islam in Indonesia
Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."[84]

Children studying Qur'an
Qur'an in Java, Indonesia, during colonial period

There are several theories to the Islamisation
Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India
India and Southeast Asia
Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam
Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam
Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam
Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam
Islam throughout the region as Islam
Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. Gujarati Muslims played a pivotal role in establishing Islam
Islam in Southeast Asia.[85] Trade and foreign colonisation[edit] Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country until today.[86] China[edit] See also: List of tributaries of Imperial China
China and Chinese Empire

Strait of Malacca
Strait of Malacca (narrows)

From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam
Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han, Eastern Han, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, and Southern Han. Records from Magellan's voyage
Magellan's voyage show that Brunei
Brunei possessed more cannon than the European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.[40] Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Han Li Po's well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is Bukit Cina, where her retinue settled. The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca, which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca
Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Duarte Barbosa, who in 1500 wrote "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice". Europe[edit] See also: European colonisation of Southeast Asia

Fort Cornwallis
Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India
India Company first landed in Penang
Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya.

Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spanish years later. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies; the French Indochina; and the British Strait Settlements. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand.

Duit, a coin minted by the VOC, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit.

European explorers were reaching Southeast Asia
Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean
Ocean and south from mainland Asia
Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilizations, hunting and gathering was still hard.[87] Europeans brought Christianity
Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand
Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending Royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe
Europe and Russia. Japan[edit] See also: Greater East Asia
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Empire of Japan, and Japanese war crimes During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila
Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia.[88] A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia
Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.[89] The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II
World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence. India[edit] Gujarat, India
India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia
Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.[85] The trade relationship with Gujarat
Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia
Asia in the 17th century.[85] Contemporary history[edit] See also: Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia Most countries in the region enjoy national autonomy. Democratic forms of government and the recognition of human rights are taking root. ASEAN
ASEAN provides a framework for the integration of commerce, and regional responses to international concerns. China
China has asserted broad claims over the South China
China Sea, based on its Nine-Dash Line, and has built artificial islands in an attempt to bolster its claims. China
China also has asserted an exclusive economic zone based on the Spratly Islands. The Philippines
Philippines challenged China
China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration
Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague
The Hague in 2013, and in Philippines
Philippines v. China
China (2016), the Court ruled in favor of the Philippines
Philippines and rejected China's claims.[90][91] Geography[edit] See also: Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia), List of Southeast Asian mountains, and Zomia (geography)

Relief map of Southeast Asia.

Indonesia
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia
Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago
Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya
Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia
Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia
Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest. The South China
China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China
China Sea. Mayon Volcano, despite being dangerously active, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption.[92] Boundaries[edit] See also: Austronesia Southeast Asia
Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent, a boundary which runs through Indonesia. But a cultural touch point lies between Papua New Guinea
New Guinea and the Indonesian region of the Papua and West Papua, which shares the island of New Guinea
New Guinea with Papua New Guinea. Climate[edit]

Southeast Asia
Asia map of Köppen climate classification.

The climate in Southeast Asia
Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam
Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas
Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia
Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia
Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like. Climate change will have a big effect on agriculture in Southeast Asia
Asia such as irrigation systems will be affected by changes in rainfall and runoff, and subsequently, water quality and supply.[93] Environment[edit] See also: Southeast Asian coral reefs
Southeast Asian coral reefs and Wallace line

Komodo dragon
Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park, Indonesia

The vast majority of Southeast Asia
Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia
Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the orangutan, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros
Sumatran rhinoceros and the Bornean clouded leopard
Bornean clouded leopard can also be found. Six subspecies of the binturong or bearcat exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of Palawan
Palawan is now classed as vulnerable. Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra
Sumatra (the Sumatran tiger), in peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia (the Malayan tiger), and in Indochina
Indochina (the Indochinese tiger); all of which are endangered species. The Komodo dragon
Komodo dragon is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang in Indonesia.

The Philippine eagle

The Philippine eagle
Philippine eagle is the national bird of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,[94] and is endemic to the Philippines' forests. The wild Asian water buffalo, and on various islands related dwarf species of Bubalus
Bubalus such as anoa were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the domestic Asian water buffalo is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered. The mouse deer, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo
Borneo (Indonesia) and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). The gaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.[95] Birds such as the peafowl and drongo live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The babirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia
Indonesia as well. The hornbill was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China
China as well. The Indonesian Archipelago
Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/ Borneo
Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros
Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

Wallace's hypothetical line divide Indonesian Archipelago
Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deep water of the Lombok Strait
Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali
Bali and Lombok
Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side.

The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs
Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China
China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines. The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo. While Southeast Asia
Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia
Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia
Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.[96] At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra
Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia
Asia signed the ASEAN
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution. The 2013 Southeast Asian Haze
Haze saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest API level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.[97] Economy[edit] See also: Bamboo network

The Port of Singapore
Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia.

Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab
Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards ( Manila
Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam
Vietnam and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta
Mekong Delta in Vietnam
Vietnam and Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to powerful market demands.[98] The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia
Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[99] The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China
China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.[100] Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution
Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.[99] The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia
Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries
Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei
Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia
Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam
Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia
Asia are plentiful. Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia
Asia to the US[101] This is to avoid disruption of the kind recently caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan
Taiwan to the US in the 2006 Hengchun earthquakes.

Along with its temples Cambodia
Cambodia has been promoting its coastal resorts.Island off Otres Beach Sihanoukville, Cambodia.

Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."[102] Since the early 1990s, "even the non- ASEAN
ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."[103] In 1995, Singapore
Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand
Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia
Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN
ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.[104] Indonesia
Indonesia is the only member of G-20 major economies
G-20 major economies and is the largest economy in the region.[105] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product for 2016 was US$932.4 billion (nominal) or $3,031.3 billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$3,604 (nominal) or $11,717 (PPP).[106] Stock markets in Southeast Asia
Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' PSE leading the way with 22 percent growth, followed by Thailand's SET with 21 percent and Indonesia's JKSE with 19 percent.[107][108] Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$3,853 according to a 2015 United Nations report, which is comparable to Guatemala and Tonga.[109]

Country Currency Population (2017)[110] Nominal GDP (2017)[111] GDP per capita (2017)[112] GDP growth (2017)[113]

Inflation (2017)[114]

Main industries

 Brunei B$ Brunei
Brunei dollar 443,593 $11.96 billion $27,890 -1.3% -0.2% Petroleum, Petrochemicals, Fishing

 Cambodia ៛ Riel 16,204,486 $22.25 billion $1,390 6.9% 3.7% Clothing, Gold, Agriculture

 East Timor US$ US dollar 1,291,358 $2.72 billion $2,190 4% 1% Petroleum, Coffee, Electronics

 Indonesia Rp Rupiah 260,580,739 $1,010.00 billion $3,860 5.2% 4% Coal, Petroleum, Palm oil

 Laos ₭ Kip 7,126,706 $17.15 billion $2,570 6.9% 2.3% Copper, Electronics, Tin

 Malaysia RM Ringgit 31,381,992 $309.86 billion $9,660 5.4% 3.8% Electronics, Petroleum, Palm oil

 Myanmar K Kyat 55,123,814 $66.97 billion $1,270 7.2% 6.5% Natural gas, Agriculture, Clothing

 Philippines ₱ Peso 104,256,076 $389.482 billion $3,593 6.6% 3.1% Electronics, Timber, Automotive

 Singapore S$ Singapore
Singapore dollar 5,888,926 $305.76 billion $53,880 2.5% 0.9% Electronics, Petroleum, Chemicals

 Thailand ฿ Baht 68,414,135 $437.81 billion $6,340 3.7% 0.6% Electronics, Automotive, Rubber

 Vietnam ₫ Đồng 96,160,163 $215.96 billion $2,310 6.3% 4.4% Electronics, Clothing, Agriculture

Demographics[edit]

A pie chart showing the population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia
Asia (with Indonesia
Indonesia split into its major islands).

Southeast Asia
Asia has an area of approximately 4,500,000 km2 (1.7 million square miles). As of 2016, around 642 million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia
Indonesia is the most populous country with 261 million people, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the Hoa in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites. Ethnic groups[edit] Main article: Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia

Ati woman in Aklan – the Negritos
Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia

The Aslians and Negritos
Negritos were believed as one of the earliest inhabitant in the region. They are genetically related to the Australoid Papuans
Papuans in Eastern Indonesia
Indonesia and Australian Aborigines. The next waves of human migration to Southeast Asia
Asia were Austroasiatic and Austronesians, which today forming the majority of the regional population. In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. The second largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia is Vietnamese with around 86 million population, mainly inhabit Vietnam
Vietnam forming significant minority in neighboring Cambodia
Cambodia and Laos. The Thais is also a significant ethnic group with around 59 million population forming the majority in Thailand. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country.

A Native Indonesian
Native Indonesian Balinese girl wearing kebaya during a traditional ceremony.

Indonesia
Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, with hundreds of ethnic minorities inhabited the archipelago, including Madurese, Minangkabau, Bugis, Balinese, Dayak, Batak and Malays. While Malaysia
Malaysia is split between more than half Malays and one-quarter Chinese, and also Indian minority in the West Malaysia however Dayaks
Dayaks is the most majority in Sarawak
Sarawak and Kadazan-dusun
Kadazan-dusun is the most majority in Sabah
Sabah which are in the East Malaysia. The Malays are the majority in West Malaysia
Malaysia and Brunei, while they forming a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand
Thailand , East Malaysia and Singapore. In city-state Singapore, Chinese are the majority, yet the city is a multicultural melting pot with Malays, Indians and Eurasian also called the island their home. The Chams
Chams forming a significant minority in Central and South Vietnam, also in Central Cambodia. While the Khmers are the majority in Cambodia, and forming a significant minority in Southern Vietnam
Vietnam and Thailand. The Hmong people
Hmong people are the minority in Vietnam, China
China and Laos. Within the Philippines, the Visayan (mainly Cebuanos and Hiligaynons), Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano and Central Luzon
Luzon (mainly Kapampangan and Pangasinan) groups are significant. Religion[edit] See also: Buddhism
Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Hinduism
Hinduism in Southeast Asia, Islam
Islam in Southeast Asia, Shenism in Southeast Asia, Muslim Southeast Asia, and Christianity
Christianity in Asia

Thai Theravada
Theravada Buddhists
Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Buddhist monks collecting alms in Luang Prabang, north Laos.

The Kek Lok Si
Kek Lok Si Buddhist Temple on Penang
Penang Island combines Chinese, Thai and Burmese architectural influences.

Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, the metropolitan see of the Archbishop of Manila, Philippines.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country
Islamic country with Sharia
Sharia rule.

A Protestant
Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia
Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu
Hindu temples.

Countries in Southeast Asia
Asia practice many different religions. By population, Islam
Islam is the most practised faith, numbering approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Southern Thailand
Thailand and in the Southern Philippines. Indonesia
Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country around the world. Buddhism
Buddhism is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Singapore. Ancestor worship
Ancestor worship and Confucianism
Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam
Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity
Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia
Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines
Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor
East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule. No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism
Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity
Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea
New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu
Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia
Asia in Singapore, Malaysia
Malaysia etc. Garuda
Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand
Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda
Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu
Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism
Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism
Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism
Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor
East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines
Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on ancestor worship. The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the CIA World Factbook:[115]

Country Religions

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Hinduism
Hinduism (69%), Christianity, Islam, Sikhism and others

 Brunei Islam
Islam (67%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)

 Burma Buddhism
Buddhism (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others

 Cambodia Buddhism
Buddhism (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others

 Christmas Island Buddhism
Buddhism (75%), Islam, Christianity

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Islam
Islam (80%), others

 East Timor Roman Catholicism (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

 Indonesia Islam
Islam (87.18%), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, others[116]

 Laos Buddhism
Buddhism (67%), Animism, Christianity, others

 Malaysia Islam
Islam (60.4%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism

 Philippines Roman Catholicism (80%), Islam
Islam (11%),[117] Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) (3%), Buddhism
Buddhism (2%),[118] Animism
Animism (1.25%), others (0.35%)

 Singapore Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, others

 Thailand Buddhism
Buddhism (93.83%), Islam
Islam (4.56%), Christianity
Christianity (0.8%), Hinduism (0.011%), others (0.079%)

 Vietnam Vietnamese folk religion
Vietnamese folk religion (45.3%), Buddhism
Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)[119]

Languages[edit] See also: Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, Austroasiatic languages, Austronesian languages, Hmong–Mien languages, and Tai–Kadai languages Each of the languages have been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonization as well. There are nearly over 800 native languages in the region. The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in bold):

Country Languages

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Bengali, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Shompen, A-Pucikwar, Aka-Jeru, Aka-Bea, Aka-Bo, Aka-Cari, Aka-Kede, Aka-Kol, Aka-Kora, Aka-Bale, Jangil, Jarawa, Oko-Juwoi, Önge, Sentinelese, Camorta, Car, Chaura, Katchal, Nancowry, Southern Nicobarese, Teressa

 Brunei Malay, English, Indonesian, Chinese, Tamil and indigenous Bornean dialects (Iban, Murutic language, Lun Bawang,)[120]

 Burma Burmese, English, Shan, Kayin(Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Chinese and other ethnic languages.[121]

 Cambodia Khmer, Thai, English, French, Vietnamese, Cham, Chinese, others[122]

 Christmas Island English, Chinese, Malay[123]

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands English, Cocos Malay[124]

 East Timor Tetum, Portuguese, Indonesian, English, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others[125]

 Indonesia Indonesian, Javanese, Dutch, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese, Banjar, Papuan, Dayak, Acehnese, Ambonese Balinese, Betawi, Madurese, Musi, Manado, Sasak, Makassarese, Batak Dairi, Karo, Mandailing, Jambi Malay, Mongondow, Gorontalo, Ngaju, Nias, North Moluccan, Uab Meto, Bima, Manggarai, Toraja-Sa'dan, Komering, Tetum, Rejang, Muna, Sumbawa, Bangka Malay, Osing, Gayo, Bungku-Tolaki languages, Moronene, Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu, Wawonii, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino, Lewotobi, Tae', Mongondow, Lampung, Tolaki, Ma'anyan, Simeulue, Gayo, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasan, Enggano, Ternate, Tidore, Mairasi, East Cenderawasih Language, Lakes Plain Languages, Tor-Kwerba, Nimboran, Skou/Sko, Border languages, Senagi, Pauwasi, Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Tamil, Punjabi, Bengali, and Arabic. Indonesia
Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia
Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,[126] slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia
Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, see: Languages of Indonesia.

 Laos Lao, Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan, French, English and others[127]

 Malaysia Malaysian, English, Indonesian, Mandarin, Tamil, Kedah
Kedah Malay, Sabah Malay, Brunei
Brunei Malay, Kelantan Malay, Pahang Malay, Acehnese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Banjar, Buginese, Hakka, Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Fuzhounese, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi, Hindi, Sinhalese, Malayalam, Arabic, Brunei
Brunei Bisaya, Okolod, Kota Marudu Talantang, Kelabit, Lotud, Terengganu Malay, Semelai, Thai, Iban, Kadazan, Dusun, Kristang, Bajau, Jakun, Mah Meri, Batek, Melanau, Semai, Temuan, Lun Bawang, Temiar, Penan, Tausug, Iranun, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang and others,[128] see: Languages of Malaysia

 Philippines Filipino, English, Tagalog, Spanish, Visayan (Aklanon, Cebuano, Kinaray-a, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Waray, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon, Tausug) Ivatan, Ilocano, Ibanag, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Sama-Bajaw, Maguindanao, Maranao, Chavacano The Philippines
Philippines has more than a hundred native languages, most without official recognition from the national government. Spanish and Arabic are on a voluntary and optional basis. Malaysian, Indonesian, Mandarin, Lan-nang
Lan-nang (Hokkien), Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese and Korean are also spoken in the Philippines
Philippines due to immigration, geographic proximity and historical ties. See: Languages of the Philippines

 Singapore English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Hindi, Sinhalese, Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, Singlish
Singlish creole and others

 Thailand Thai, English, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Malay, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Lao, Northern Khmer, Isan, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon, Mein, Hmong, Karen, Burmese and others[129]

 Vietnam Vietnamese, English, Khmer, French, Cantonese, Hmong, Tai, Cham and others[130]

Cities[edit] See also: List of cities in ASEAN
ASEAN by population

Skylines of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Jabodetabek
Jabodetabek (Jakarta/West Java/Banten),  Indonesia. Jabodetabek is an abbreviation of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi, which are the satellite cities of the Special
Special Capital Region of Jakarta. Metro Manila
Manila (Manila/Quezon City/Makati/Taguig/Pasay/ Caloocan
Caloocan and 11 others),  Philippines Bangkok
Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Bangkok/Nonthaburi/Samut Prakan/Pathum Thani/Samut Sakhon/Nakhon Pathom),  Thailand Greater Kuala Lumpur/ Klang Valley
Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur/Selangor),  Malaysia Greater Penang
Penang (Penang/Kedah/Perak),  Malaysia Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area (Ho Chi Minh City/Vung Tau),  Vietnam Yangon
Yangon Region (Yangon/Thanlyin),  Myanmar Hanoi
Hanoi Capital Region (Hanoi/Hai Phong/Ha Long),  Vietnam Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya/Sidoarjo/Gresik/Mojokerto/Lamongan/Bangkalan),  Indonesia Bandung
Bandung Metropolitan Area (Bandung/Cimahi),  Indonesia Metro Cebu
Metro Cebu (Cebu City/Mandaue/Lapu-Lapu City/Talisay City and 11 others),  Philippines Metro Davao
Metro Davao (Davao City/Digos/Tagum/Island Garden City of Samal),  Philippines Metro Iloilo-Guimaras
Metro Iloilo-Guimaras (Iloilo City/Pavia/Oton/Leganes/Zarraga/San Miguel/Guimaras) ,  Philippines Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh City (Phnom Penh/Kandal),  Cambodia

Culture[edit] See also: Southeast Asian cinema, Southeast Asian Games, and Southeast Asian music

Burmese puppet performance

The culture in Southeast Asia
Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian and Thai (Indian) and Vietnamese (Chinese) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore
Singapore and Malaysia
Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei
Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore
Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence[131] in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam
Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore
Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants,[132] which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India
India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

A paddy field in Vietnam.

Rice paddy
Rice paddy agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia
Asia for thousands of years, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the Banaue Rice Terraces
Banaue Rice Terraces in the mountains of Luzon
Luzon in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region. Stilt houses can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand
Thailand and Vietnam, to Borneo, to Luzon
Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This include weaponry, such as the distinctive kris, and musical instruments, such as the gamelan. Influences[edit] The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of Islam, India, and China. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of the Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era. As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with chopsticks; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The fish sauces distinctive to the region tend to vary. Arts[edit]

The Royal Ballet of Cambodia
Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)

The arts of Southeast Asia
Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia
Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia
Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance. Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang
Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia
Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam
Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang
Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO
UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware. Music[edit] Main article: Music of Southeast Asia

Angklung
Angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Traditional music in Southeast Asia
Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. Main styles of traditional music can be seen: Court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region. Of the court and folk genres, gong-chime ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). Gamelan
Gamelan and Angklung
Angklung orchestras from Indonesia, Piphat
Piphat /Pinpeat ensembles of Thailand
Thailand and Cambodia
Cambodia and the Kulintang
Kulintang ensembles of the southern Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi
Sulawesi and Timor
Timor are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments also are popular in the region. On November 18, 2010, UNESCO
UNESCO officially recognized angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and encourage Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of angklung making. Writing[edit] Main articles: Writing systems of Southeast Asia, Baybayin, Jawi script, S.E.A. Write Award, and Thai alphabet

Thai manuscript from before the 19th century writing system.

The history of Southeast Asia
Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region. Originally, Indians were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through Brahmic forms of writing present in the region such as the Balinese script
Balinese script shown on split palm leaf called lontar (see image to the left — magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).

Sign in Balinese and Latin script
Latin script at a Hindu
Hindu temple in Bali

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia
Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia. In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi'). The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam
Vietnam and more recently, Singapore
Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of Chinese characters in Vietnam
Vietnam dates back to around 111BC, when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called Chu nom used modified Chinese characters to express the Vietnamese language. Both classical Chinese and Chu Nom were used up until the early 20th century. However, the use of the Chinese script has been in decline, especially in Singapore
Singapore and Malaysia
Malaysia as the younger generations are in favour of the Latin Script. See also[edit]

Southeast Asia
Asia portal

List of Southeast Asian leaders Northeast Asia South Asia Southeast Asia
Asia Treaty Organization Tiger Cub Economies

References[edit]

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Tiwari, Rajnish (2003): Post-crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast Asia
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Further reading[edit]

Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-302-7 Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996; first published in 1896). Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. Cf. Part Four, Chapter 27. Farah, Paolo Davide (2015) Energy Investments and Environmental Concerns in Southeast Asia, in: Paolo Davide FARAH & Piercarlo ROSSI, ENERGY: POLICY, LEGAL AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC ISSUES UNDER THE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY AND SECURITY, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, Nov. 2015.

External links[edit]

Find more aboutSoutheast Asiaat's sister projects

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Topography of Southeast Asia
Asia in detail (PDF) (previous version) Southeast Asian Archive at the University of California, Irvine at Archive.is
Archive.is (archived 12 December 2012) Southeast Asia
Asia Digital Library at Northern Illinois University "Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience", exhibit at the University of California, Irvine, Library at Archive.is
Archive.is (archived 25 February 2003) Southeast Asia
Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives Cornell University Library Digital Collection Official website of the ASEAN
ASEAN Tourism Association Art of Island Southeast Asia, a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

v t e

Countries and other territories in Southeast Asia

Sovereign states

Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Dependent territories or Special
Special Administrative Regions

Christmas Island
Christmas Island (Australia) Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

Subdivisions

Paracel Islands
Paracel Islands (controlled by China) Pratas Islands
Pratas Islands (controlled by Taiwan) Spratly Islands
Spratly Islands (disputed among and controlled by various claimants) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India)

v t e

Regions of the world

v t e

Regions of Africa

Central Africa

Guinea region

Gulf of Guinea

Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland

Mbaise

Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau

East Africa

African Great Lakes

Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj

Horn of Africa

Afar Triangle Al-Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura

Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean islands

Comoros Islands

North Africa

Maghreb

Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains

Nile Valley

Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt

Western Sahara

West Africa

Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region

Gulf of Guinea

Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta

Southern Africa

Madagascar

Central Highlands (Madagascar) Northern Highlands

Rhodesia

North South

Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay

Macro-regions

Aethiopia Arab
Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese-speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan (region) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa

v t e

Regions of Asia

Central

Greater Middle East Aral Sea

Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee

Transoxiana

Turan

Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe

Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe

Mongolian-Manchurian grassland Wild Fields

Yedisan Muravsky Trail

Ural

Ural Mountains

Volga region Idel-Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram

Trans- Karakoram
Karakoram Tract

Siachen Glacier

North

Inner Asia Northeast Far East

Russian Far East Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga

Extreme North Siberia

Baikalia
Baikalia (Lake Baikal) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe

Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote-Alin

East

Japanese archipelago

Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc

Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China
China proper Manchuria

Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China
China Plain Mongolian-Manchurian grassland

North China
China Plain

Yan Mountains

Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau

Tibet

Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop

Loess Plateau Shaanbei

Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass

West

Greater Middle East

MENA MENASA Middle East

Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf

Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs

Al-Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula

Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia

Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert

Tigris–Euphrates Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad (region) Babylonia

Canaan Aram Eber-Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant

Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley

Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus

Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains

Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus

North Caucasus South Caucasus

Kur-Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula

Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt

South

Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu
Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir

Kashmir
Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range

Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River
Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo-Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit-Baltistan

Baltistan Shigar Valley

Karakoram

Saltoro Mountains

Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans- Karakoram
Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands

Maldive Islands Alpide belt

Southeast

Mainland

Indochina Malay Peninsula

Maritime

Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands

Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea

Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula

Philippine Archipelago

Luzon Visayas Mindanao

Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt

Asia-Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire

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Regions of Europe

North

Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands

East

Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula

Amber Coast

Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia

East Karelia Karelian Isthmus

Lokhaniemi Southeastern

Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia

Southern Russia

Central

Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group

West

Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia

Al-Andalus Baetic System

Pyrenees Alpide belt

South

Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia

Al-Andalus Baetic System

Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt

Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin

Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland

v t e

Regions of North America

Northern

Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia

Acadian Peninsula

Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska- Yukon
Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland (island) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic
Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula

Bay de Verde Peninsula

Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula (Nunavut) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast

New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth

West

Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province

Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest

Old Southwest

Llano Estacado Central United States

Tallgrass prairie

South

South Central Deep South Upland South

Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States

Appalachia

Trans-Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin

Great Basin
Great Basin Desert

Acadia Ozarks Ark-La-Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay Area

San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay Area) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay Area) Silicon Valley

Interior Alaska- Yukon
Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile–Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions

Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt

Latin

Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California

Colorado River Delta

Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama

Pearl Islands

Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles

Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles

Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward

Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean

Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin

French Hispanic

American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC

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Regions of Oceania

Australasia

Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea

Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula

New Zealand

South Island North Island

Coromandel Peninsula

Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands (archipelago) Vanuatu

Kula Gulf

Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray–Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia

Maralinga

Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula

Melanesia

Islands Region

Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago

Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu

Micronesia

Caroline Islands

Federated States of Micronesia Palau

Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island

Polynesia

Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia

Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu

Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu

Ring of Fire

v t e

Regions of South America

East

Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado

North

Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin

Amazon rainforest

Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta

South

Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula

West

Andes

Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range

Altiplano Atacama Desert

Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC

v t e

Polar regions

Antarctic

Antarctic
Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands

Arctic

Arctic
Arctic Alaska British Arctic
Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic
Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic

v t e

Earth's oceans and seas

Arctic
Arctic Ocean

Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland
Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland
Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean

Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali
Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores
Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java
Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor
Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean

Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China
China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China
China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean

Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea

Landlocked seas

Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea

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WorldCat Identities VIAF: 255510483 GND: 40584