Sophia Hayden Bennett
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Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in
architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...
at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...
.


Life


Early life

Sophia Gregoria Hayden was born in
Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose ...
,
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
. Her mother, Elezena Fernandez, was from Chile, and her father, George Henry Hayden, was an American dentist from Boston. Hayden had a sister and two brothers. When she was six, she was sent to
Jamaica Plain Jamaica Plain is a neighborhood of in the City of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Settled by Puritans seeking farmland to the south, it was originally part of the former Town of Roxbury, now also a part of the City of Boston. The commun ...
, a neighborhood of Boston, to live with her paternal grandparents, George and Sophia Hayden, and attended the Hillside School. While attending West Roxbury High School (1883–1886) she found an interest in architecture. After graduation Hayden's family moved to
Richmond, Virginia (Thus do we reach the stars) , image_map = , mapsize = 250 px , map_caption = Location within Virginia , pushpin_map = Virginia#USA , pushpin_label = Richmond , pushpin_m ...
, but she returned to Boston for college. She graduated from
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
in 1890 with a degree in architecture, with honours.


Education

Hayden shared a drafting room with
Lois Lilley Howe Lois Lilley Howe (September 25, 1864 – September 13, 1964) was an American architect and founder of the first all female architecture firm in Boston, Massachusetts. Biography Howe was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Howe studied at the ...
, a fellow female architect at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...
''(MIT)''. Hayden's work was influenced by MIT professor Eugène Létang. After completing her studies Hayden may have had a hard time finding an entry level apprentice position as an architect because she was a woman so she accepted a position as a mechanical drawing teacher at a Boston high school.


Career


World's Columbian Exposition

She is best known for designing The Woman's Building at the
World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordi ...
in 1893, when she was just 21. The Woman's Building was the nation's most prominent design competition for women at that time. Hayden based her design on her thesis project, "Renaissance Museum of Fine Arts," a grand two-story structure with center and end pavilions, multiple arches, columned terraces and other classical features, reflecting her Beaux-Art training. It became a controversial structure as many women objected to having their work in a separate structure. Hayden's entry won first prize out of a field of thirteen entries submitted by trained
female Female (Venus symbol, symbol: ♀) is the sex of an organism that produces the large non-motile ovum, ova (egg cells), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the Sperm, male gamete during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gamet ...
architects. She received $1,000 for the design, when some male architects earned $10,000 for similar buildings. During construction, Hayden's design principles were compromised by incessant changes demanded by the construction committee, spearheaded by socialite
Bertha Palmer Bertha Matilde Palmer (; May 22, 1849 – May 5, 1918) was an American businesswoman, socialite, and philanthropist. Early life Born as Bertha Matilde Honoré in Louisville, Kentucky, her father was businessman Henry Hamilton Honoré. Known wit ...
, who eventually fired Hayden from the project. Hayden appeared at the Inaugural Celebration and had published accounts of support by her fellow architects. Her frustration eventually was pointed to as typifying women's unfitness for supervising construction, although many architects sympathized with her position and defended her. In the end the rifts were made up, perhaps, and Hayden's building received an award for "Delicacy of style, artistic taste, and geniality and elegance of the interior." Within a year or two, virtually all the Fair buildings were destroyed. Frustrated with the way she had been treated, Hayden may or may not have decided to retire from architecture, but she did not work again as an architect.


Retirement

In 1900, Hayden married a portrait painter and, later, interior designer, William Blackstone Bennett, in
Winthrop, Massachusetts Winthrop is a town in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 19,316 at the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census. Winthrop is an ocean-side suburban community in Greater Boston situated at ...
. A stepdaughter, Jennie "Minnie" May Bennett, was from William Blackstone Bennett's prior marriage. The couple had no children. William died of pneumonia on April 11, 1909. Although Hayden designed a memorial for women's clubs in the U.S. in 1894, it was never built. She worked as an artist for years and lived a quiet life in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Hayden died at the Winthrop Convalescent Nursing Home in 1953 of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.


In popular culture

* Hayden is mentioned in Erik Larson's 2003 novel ''
The Devil in the White City ''The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America'' (Crown Publishers, ) is a 2003 historical non-fiction book by Erik Larson presented in a novelistic style. It tells the story of the 1893 World's Colu ...
''. * Hayden is played by Katherine Cunningham in the eleventh episode of the first season of the TV series ''Timeless'' (2017), although she didn't stay at H.H. Holmes' hotel.


Works or publications

* "Abstract of Thesis: Sophia G. Hayden, 1890." ''Technology Architectural Review 3'' (September 31, 1890): 28,30. * "The Woman's Building." In ''Rand McNally and Company's A Week at the Fair,'' 180. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1893.


See also

*
Women architects Women in architecture have been documented for many centuries, as professional (or amateur) practitioners, educators and clients. Since architecture became organized as a profession in 1857, the number of women in architecture has been low. At t ...
*
Women in architecture Women in architecture have been documented for many centuries, as professional (or amateur) practitioners, educators and clients. Since architecture became organized as a profession in 1857, the number of women in architecture has been low. At t ...


References


Further reading

* Allaback, Sarah
''The First American Women Architects''
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008. p. 94-96. . * Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah G. Ohrn. "Sophia Hayden." ''Herstory: Women Who Changed the World.'' New York: Viking, 1995. . * Darney, Virginia Grant, ''Women and World's Fairs: American International Expositions, 1876-1904.'' Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services, 1982. * Gullet, Gayle. "Our Great Opportunity": Organized Women Advance Women's Work at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. ''Illinois Historical Journal'' (Winter 1994)
PDF edition
Illinois State Historical Society. . * Hayden, William B. ''In Memoriam: Mrs. Sophia W. Hayden, 1819-1892.'' Boston: Massachusetts New-Church Union Press, 1893. Print. . * Larson, Erik; '' The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America'',
Crown Publishers The Crown Publishing Group is a subsidiary of Penguin Random House that publishes across several fiction and non-fiction categories. Originally founded in 1933 as a remaindered books wholesaler called Outlet Book Company, the firm expanded into ...
,
2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...
. . * Sicherman, Barbara, and Carol H. Green. “Hayden, Sophia Gregoria.” In ''Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary.'' Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. . * Stern, Madeleine B. "Three American women firsts in architecture: Harriet Irwin, Louise Bethune, Sophia G. Hayden Science & technology : America's first woman telegrapher: Sarah G. Bagley." ''We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America.'' New York: Schulte Pub. Co, 1963. * Torre, Susana. "Sophia Hayden and the Woman's Building Competition / Judith Paine,"''Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective : a Publication and Exhibition Organized by the Architectural League of New York Through Its Archive of Women in Architecture.'' New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1977. . * Weimann, Jeanne M. ''The Fair Women: the Story of the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition,'' Chicago 1893. Chicago, Ill: Academy Chicago, 1981. . Online Resource - Photo Source * Alden, Henry M. ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine.'' New York: Harper & Bros, 1850. Internet resource.
Sophia G. Hayden
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External links


Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Sophia Gregoria Hayden Bennett

Remembering Sophia Hayden Bennett
- detailed biography with references * https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sophia-Hayden#ref668673 {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayden, Sophia 1868 births 1953 deaths People from Santiago American women architects World's Columbian Exposition MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni American people of Chilean descent Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts Clubwomen People from Jamaica Plain