''Solidago rugosa'', commonly called the wrinkleleaf goldenrod or rough-stemmed goldenrod, is a species of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
in the family
Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
. It is native to North America, where it is widespread across eastern and central Canada (from Newfoundland to
Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...
) and the eastern and central United States (
Maine
Maine () is a state in the New England and Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and ...
west as far as
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...
and
Iowa
Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to th ...
, south to
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
and
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...
up to tall. Its leaves are primarily
cauline
A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...
. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking '' Solidago ulmifolia'' by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.
File:Solidago rugosa03.jpg, 1913 illustration
File:Solidago_rugosa_shed.jpg, Growing in a
ruderal
A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural for example, wildfires or avalanchesor the consequences of human activities, such as construction ( of roads, of buildings, mining, et ...
habitat
File:Bloemen van een Solidago rugosa. 07-10-2021. (d.j.b).jpg, A stalk of flowers.
Galls
This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
* '' Asphondylia rosulata'' Dorchin, 2015 (bud and leaf snap)
* ''
Asteromyia carbonifera
''Asteromyia carbonifera'' is a species of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. It creates galls on ''Solidago
''Solidago'', commonly called goldenrods, is a genus of about 100 to 120Asteromyia tumifica'' (Beutenmuller, 1907)
* '' Dasineura folliculi'' (Felt, 1908)
* '' Eurosta comma'' (Wiedemann, 1830)
* ''
Eurosta solidaginis
The goldenrod gall fly (''Eurosta solidaginis''), also known as the goldenrod ball gallmaker, is a species of fly native to North America. The species is best known for the characteristic galls it forms on several species in the ''Solidago'', o ...
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
''Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis'', the solidago gall moth, goldenrod gall moth or goldenrod gallmaker, is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Riley in 1869. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta ...
''Solidago rugosa'' is a variable plant throughout its range. Five varieties are currently recognized, although their relationships are complex and poorly understood. The varieties are:
*''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''aspera'' (Aiton) Fernald - common throughout the east
*''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''celtidifolia'' (Small) Fernald - coastal plain from Texas to Virginia
*''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''cronquistiana'' Semple - high elevations in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina
*''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''rugosa'' - common, generally more northern and Appalachian
*''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''sphagnophila'' C. Graves - cedar swamps from Nova Scotia to coastal Virginia
Conservation
''Solidago rugosa'' is common throughout most of its range, and is not tracked at the species level in any state or province it is native to. However, in Connecticut the variety ''sphagnophila'' is listed as a special concern and believed to be
extirpated
Local extinction, also known as extirpation, refers to a species (or other taxon) of plant or animal that ceases to exist in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinct ...
from the state.
Cultivation
''Solidago rugosa'' is grown as an ornamental garden plant. The
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
‘Fireworks’ has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...
Iroquois
The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...
use the whole plant for biliousness and as liver medicine, and take a
decoction
Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material. It is the most common preparation method in various herbal-medicine systems. Dec ...
of flowers and leaves for dizziness, weakness or sunstroke.Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 461
References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3020839
rugosa
The rugosa, also called the tetracorallia or horn coral, are an extinct order of solitary and colonial corals that were abundant in Middle Ordovician to Late Permian seas.
Solitary rugosans (e.g., '' Caninia'', '' Lophophyllidium'', '' Neoza ...