Solanum pseudocapsicum

''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' is a nightshade species with mildly poisonous fruit. It is commonly known as the Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, or, ambiguously, "winter cherry". These perennials can be grown decoratively as house plants, but in some areas of South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand it is regarded as a weed.

Overview

The plant is perennial in zones up to USDA 8. Native to Peru and Ecuador, they can survive frosts and cold weather. They generally live up to 10 years, producing fruit usually in their second or third year, and every year after that. They are congeners of tomatoes and the fruit is extremely similar to cherry tomatoes in taste and texture, and are therefore easily confused with them.

The Jerusalem cherry's poison is primarily solanocapsine, which is similar to other alkaloids found in their genus, such as solanine. Although the toxin is poisonous, it is generally not life-threatening to humans. It may cause gastric problems, including vomiting and gastroenteritis as referenced in the obsolete scientific name ''S. ipecacuanha'' (roughly "ipecac nightshade").

Jerusalem cherries are possibly poisonous to cats and some birds. Though Jerusalem cherry is distributed by certain birds in the wild – both where native and where introduced, e.g., in Australia by the pied currawong (''Strepera graculina'') – most popular pet birds, namely parrots and relatives, are not immune to its poison.

Taxonomy

Supposedly, the plant described as ''Solanum capsicastrum'' and called false Jerusalem cherry is a closely related but distinct species, and the trade name "winter cherry" is also held to apply to this exclusively. It is said to be recognizable by more mediocre size, and/or a greyish hue to the foliage and/or stems, and/or fruit that have a pronounced yellow hue when unripe and whose pulp is not or less poisonous (though the seeds still are, making the whole fruit still inedible), and/or higher frost hardiness. But these supposed differences are inconsistently given in various horticultural sources, and no botanical source has in recent times distinguished between the two. Indeed, these taxa are now generally held to refer to the same species, and the "false Jerusalem cherry", if it is at all distinguishable, seems to be a chemotype at best, or just a motley collection of cultivars.

The entire list of now-invalid synonyms of ''S. pseudocapsicum'' is long, and many homonyms are included within it:

* ''Solanum capsicastrum'' Link ex Schau
* ''Solanum capsicastrum'' var. ''caaguazuense'' Chodat
* ''Solanum compactum'' Hort.
* ''Solanum diffusum'' Link ex Roem. & Schult. (''non'' Ruiz & Pav.: preoccupied)
:''S. diffusum'' Roxb. ex Wall. is '' S. virginianum'' L..''S. diffusum'' ssp. ''miozygum'' Bitter and ''S. diffusum'' var. ''miozygum'' (Bitter) J.F.Macbr. are '' S. ternatum''.
* ''Solanum diflorum'' Vell.
* ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''angustifolium'' Kuntze
:Not to be confused with '' S. angustifolium'' Mill..
* ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''hygrophilum'' (Schltdl.) Kuntze
* ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''pulverulentum'' Chodat
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' Forssk. (''non'' L.: preoccupied)
* ''Solanum diphyllum'' var. ''pulverulentum'' Chodat
:''S. diphyllum'' Sessé & Moc. is '' S. nudum''. ''S. diphyllum'' Sw. ex Dunal in DC. is an undeterminable ''Lycianthes'' species. ''S. diphyllum'' Osbeck is a '' nomen nudum''.
* ''Solanum dunnianum'' H.Lév.
* ''Solanum eremanthum'' Dunal
* ''Solanum hendersonii'' Hort. ex W.Wight
* ''Solanum hermannioides'' Schinz
* ''Solanum hyemale'' Salisb.
* ''Solanum hygrophilum'' Schltdl.
* ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' Chodat
* ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' var. ''calvescens'' Chodat
* ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' var. ''obovata'' Chodat
* ''Solanum jaliscanum'' Greenm.
* ''Solanum karstenii'' Dunal
:''S. karstenii'' A.Braun & Bouché is '' S. felinum''.
* ''Solanum linkianum'' Roem. & Schult.
* ''Solanum lucidum'' M.Martens & Galeotti (''non'' Moric.: preoccupied)
:''S. lucidum'' Moric. is ''Aureliana fasciculata'' (Vell.) Sendtn..
* ''Solanum mexiae'' Standl.
* ''Solanum microcarpum'' Vahl
:''S. microcarpum'' Cerv. ex Lag. is '' S. pubigerum'' Dunal. ''S. microcarpum'' Pav. ex Dunal in DC. is '' S. corymbosum'' Jacq..
* ''Solanum montevidense'' Spreng.
* ''Solanum plurifurcipilum'' Bitter
* ''Solanum singuliflorum'' Steud.
* ''Solanum tucumanense'' Griseb.
* ''Solanum ulmoides'' Dunal
* ''Solanum uniflorum'' Vell. (''non'' Dunal in Poir.: preoccupied)
:''S. uniflorum'' Meyen ex Nees is '' S. elaeagnifolium'' Cav.. ''S. uniflorum'' Dunal in Poir. and ''S. uniflorum'' ^{Sessé & Moc.} are '' Lycianthes mociniana'' (Dunal) Bitter. ''S. uniflorum'' Lag. is an undeterminable ''Lycianthes'' species.
* ''Solanum validum'' Rusby

As can be seen by the "false Jerusalem cherry" case, several presumed forms, subspecies and varieties have been described of ''S. pseudocapsicum''. But these are generally also not considered to be taxonomically distinct today:
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''ambiguum'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''calvescens'' (Chodat) Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''diflorum'' (Vell.) Bitter
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' ssp. ''diflorum'' (Vell.) Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''hygrophilum'' (Schltdl.) Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''lancifolium'' Moench
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''microcarpum'' (Vahl) Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''microcarpum'' Pers.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''normale'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''pilosulum'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f.? ''pilosum'' Kuntze
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''pilulosum'' Hassl.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''parvifolium'' Kuntze
:Not to be confused with '' S. parvifolium''.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum var. sendtnerianum'' Hassl.
:Not to be confused with '' S. sendtnerianum''.
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' "Thurino" RHS (tentative).''Solanum pseudocapsicum''
at the Royal Horticultural Society website. Retrieved 26 September 2015
* ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''typicum'' Hassl.

See also

*'' Solanum diphyllum''
*List of Jerusalem cherry diseases

References

External links

Invasiveness Assessment - Madeira winter-cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum) i
Victoria
are And Properties Solanum Pseudocapsicum
Madeira Winter Cherry
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1475749

pseudocapsicum
Medicinal plants
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Peru
Crops originating from Ecuador
Crops originating from Peru
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus