Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a

salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quant ...

of composition Na₆ PO₃)₆ Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO₃), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name. Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate. They are white solids that dissolve in water.

Uses

SHMP is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a

food additive Food additives are substances added to food to preserve Taste, flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries as part of an effort to preserve food, for example vinegar (pickling), sal ...

in which it is used under the

E number E numbers ("E" stands for "Europe") are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly ...

E452i.

Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate, , (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CO3 and its various hydrates. All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield moderately alkaline solutions ...

is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for

water softening Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also exten ...

and detergents. A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a

deflocculant Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to sediment under the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from pre ...

in the production of clay-based

ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, ...

particles. It is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for

soil texture Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods ...

assessment. It is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient. The energy drink NOS contains sodium hexametaphosphate.

Food additive

As a food additive, SHMP is used as an

emulsifier An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Althoug ...

. Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain SHMP.

Water softener salt

SHMP is used in Diamond Crystal brand Bright & Soft Salt Pellets for water softeners in a concentration of 0.03%. It is the only additive other than sodium chloride.

Preparation

SHMP is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate: :2 NaH₂PO₄ → Na₂H₂P₂O₇ + H₂O Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate: :3 Na₂H₂P₂O₇ → (NaPO₃)₆ + 3 H₂O followed by rapid cooling..

Reactions

SHMP hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and

sodium orthophosphate Sodium phosphate is a generic term for a variety of salts of sodium (Na+) and phosphate (PO43−). Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. Most of these salts are known in both anhyd ...

History

Hexametaphosphoric acid was named in 1849 by the German chemist

Theodor Fleitmann Franz Friedrich Theodor Fleitmann (August 20, 1828 in Schwerte - October 25, 1904 in Iserlohn) was a German chemist and entrepreneur. Family Fleitmann was the son of the businessman Theodor Friedrich Fleitmann (1796-1860). His maternal grand ...

. By 1956, chromatographic analysis of

hydrolysate Hydrolysate refers to any product of hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysate has special application in sports medicine because its consumption allows amino acids to be absorbed by the body more rapidly than intact proteins, thus maximizing nutrient deliv ...

s of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; these findings were confirmed in 1961. In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate.

Safety

Sodium phosphates are recognized to have low acute oral

toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subs ...

. SHMP concentrations not exceeding 10,000mg/L or mg/kg are considered protective levels by the EFSA and USFDA. Extreme concentrations of this salt may cause acute side effects from excessive blood serum concentrations of sodium, such as: “irregular

pulse In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat) by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the n ...

bradycardia Bradycardia (also sinus bradycardia) is a slow resting heart rate, commonly under 60 beats per minute (BPM) as determined by an electrocardiogram. It is considered to be a normal heart rate during sleep, in young and healthy or elderly adults, ...

, and

hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L) while levels less than 2.1 mm ...

References

External links

Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare in British ColumbiaMaterial Safety Data Sheet
{{Glass science Sodium compounds Metaphosphates Water treatment Photographic chemicals Glass compositions