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Skyactiv (branded as SKYACTIV) is a brand name for a series of automobile technologies developed by Mazda that increase
fuel efficiency Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, wh ...
and engine output. The initial announcement of the Skyactiv technologies included new engines, transmissions, body, and chassis, which appeared in Mazda products from 2011 onwards.


The Mazda Sky concept

The precursor of Skyactiv, which featured a Mazda Sky-G 2.3-liter direct injection gas engine, a Mazda Sky-D 2.2-liter diesel engine, a Sky-Drive automatic transmission, a
Mazda Kiyora The Mazda Kiyora is a concept car made by Mazda. It was first introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. It is the next generation urban compact car intended to replace the Mazda2. It is a design study for next-generation compact car and also an en ...
with Sky-G 1.3 engine and Sky-Drive automatic transmission, was unveiled at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in 2008. The Skyactiv concept features a revised suspension geometry, improved automatic and manual transmission, and various improvements to Mazda's L- engine such as direct injection, upgraded exhaust manifold, increased
compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the stati ...
for cleaner burn and higher thermal efficiency, etc. Mazda's previous chassis for the Mazda3 and Mazda6 were carried over to the new vehicles.


Skyactiv-G

The Skyactiv-G is a family of direct injection petrol engines. The engine compression ratio is increased to 14.0:1. To reduce the risk of engine knock at high compression, residual gas is reduced by using 4-2-1 engine exhaust systems, implementing a piston cavity, and optimizing fuel injection. In addition, combustion duration is shortened by intensifying air flow, increasing injection pressure, and using multi-hole injectors. It features an all-aluminum construction with chain-driven dual overhead camshafts with VVT and
gasoline direct injection Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection (PDI), is a mixture formation system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol), where fuel is injected into the combustion chamber. This is distinct fro ...
; with direct ignition, it meets
ULEV An ultra-low-emission vehicle (ULEV) is a motor vehicle that emits extremely low levels of motor vehicle emissions compared to other vehicles. In some jurisdictions it is defined in law; low and ultra low emission vehicles may be given tax or othe ...
emission standards. Skyactiv-G engines for the U.S. market have a lower compression ratio of 13:1 allowing them to operate on standard instead of premium fuel with an approximate 3-5 percent reduction in torque and fuel economy.


1.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.3 (P3-VPS) is a
naturally aspirated Naturally may refer to: ;Albums * ''Naturally!'', an album by Nat Adderley * ''Naturally'' (Houston Person album) * ''Naturally'' (J. J. Cale album) * ''Naturally'' (John Pizzarelli album) * ''Naturally'' (Sharon Jones album) * ''Naturally'' ...
variant with engine displacement and features a bore and an stroke. The engine was unveiled at the 2011 Automotive Engineering Exposition. Five Mazda engineers were awarded the 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal on April 20, 2012 specifically for the "development of a petrol engine (1.3 L) with a super-high compression ratio and achieving fuel efficiency of 30 km per litre (under Japan's 10-15 cycle)". The engine was first used in the Mazda Demio 1.3-Skyactiv, being the only Skyactiv engine to be paired with a CVT. It is rated at and . Applications: * 2011–present Mazda Demio/ Mazda2


1.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.5, or (PR-VP RS) for RWD applications and (P5 VPS F-P5) for FWD applications, is a naturally aspirated engine with a bore and an stroke. This 4 cylinder engine was introduced in the 14MY Mazda3 for the Asian and European markets, it develops at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm (Asia Markets). This new petrol engine added to the Skyactiv line-up achieves a high compression ratio of 13.0:1 (14.0:1 in some markets). It greatly improves dynamic performance and fuel economy over the MZR 1.5 engine of the previous model. Applications: * 2014–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3 * 2014–present Mazda Demio/ Mazda2 * 2016–present Mazda Roadster/MX-5 * 2016–2020 Scion iA/Toyota Yaris (North America) * 2020–present Mazda CX-3


2.0 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.0 (PE-VPS) was the first engine in the Skyactiv-G family to be produced. This naturally aspirated engine features an engine displacement of , with a
bore Bore or Bores often refer to: *Boredom * Drill Relating to holes * Boring (manufacturing), a machining process that enlarges a hole ** Bore (engine), the diameter of a cylinder in a piston engine or a steam locomotive ** Bore (wind instruments), ...
X
stroke A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functionin ...
of . The U.S. version has a
compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the stati ...
of 13.0:1 producing at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4600 rpm. In some markets, the and of torque with
Flexifuel A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or ...
E85 is available. According to Mazda, it is more fuel efficient than the engine it replaces. Versus the engine in the 2011 Mazda3 (with an automatic transmission), they improved fuel economy from to in town, and from to on the highway compared to the 2011 model. The MX-5 ND2 2019 facelift received an updated engine producing with maximum RPM raised from 6800 to 7500 rpm and includes a larger intake manifold, increased injection pressure and a new exhaust system that scavenges the cylinders more quickly. Applications: * 2012–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3 * 2013–present Mazda Atenza/Mazda6 * 2013–present Mazda CX-5 * 2013–2018 Mazda Biante * 2013–2015 Mazda Premacy/Mazda5 * 2015–present Mazda CX-3 * 2016–present Mazda Roadster/MX-5 * 2016–present
Mazda CX-4 The Mazda CX-4 is a compact crossover SUV that was introduced in April 2016 at the Beijing Motor Show, and is produced and sold exclusively in China by the joint venture FAW Mazda. Overview The design of the Mazda CX-4 production car was pr ...
(China) * 2019–present
Mazda CX-30 The Mazda CX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda. Based on the fourth-generation Mazda3, it debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, to slot in between the CX-3 and the CX-5. It went on sale in Japan on 24 October 2019, with glob ...


2.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.5 (PY-VPS) is a naturally aspirated engine first used in the 2013 Mazda 6 and features an bore and a stroke. The U.S. version with a 13.0:1 compression ratio produces at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. Skyactiv-G 2.5 engines manufactured from 2018 onwards feature cylinder deactivation to improve fuel efficiency. In July 2019, approximately 262,000 Mazda vehicles using the engine were recalled for a faulty powertrain control module that may cause a misfire or a loss in power. The
turbocharged In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...
version or (PY-VPTS) operates with a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and produces at 5,000 rpm and at 2,500 rpm on 93 AKI octane (98 RON) gasoline, and at 5,000 rpm and at 2,000 rpm on 87 AKI octane (91 RON). Maximum boost pressure is 17.4 psi. A specially-designed set of passages and butterfly valves acts at low engine RPMs to force exhaust gases through smaller orifices, spooling the turbo more quickly and minimizing turbo lag. Additionally, the engine has a unique 4-3-1 exhaust manifold to improve exhaust scavenging and a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system, both designed to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and allow for increased boost with better fuel mileage. On the CX-9 and CX-5, the engine is equipped with an air-to-air intercooler, while on the Mazda3 and CX-30, an air-to-liquid intercooler is integrated into the intake manifold to save space. For the CX-60, the engine is paired with a
plug-in hybrid A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle whose battery pack can be recharged by plugging a charging cable into an external electric power source, in addition to internally by its on-board internal combustion engin ...
system which includes a electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Combined outputs are and of torque. Applications: * 2013–present Mazda Atenza/Mazda6 * 2013–present Mazda CX-5 * 2014–present Mazda Axela/Mazda3 * 2016–present
Mazda CX-4 The Mazda CX-4 is a compact crossover SUV that was introduced in April 2016 at the Beijing Motor Show, and is produced and sold exclusively in China by the joint venture FAW Mazda. Overview The design of the Mazda CX-4 production car was pr ...
* 2016–present Mazda CX-9 * 2018–present
Mazda CX-8 The Mazda CX-8 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Mazda since the end of 2017. It is a three-row version of the CX-5. The CX-8 is Mazda's flagship SUV in Japan, as the larger, export-only CX-9 is not sold in the country. Outside of Japan, t ...
* 2019–present
Mazda CX-30 The Mazda CX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda. Based on the fourth-generation Mazda3, it debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, to slot in between the CX-3 and the CX-5. It went on sale in Japan on 24 October 2019, with glob ...
* 2022–present Mazda CX-50 * 2022–present
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...


3.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3.3-litre turbocharged petrol engine that was introduced in the
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...
in 2022. It produces and . * 2022–present
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...


Skyactiv-X

Skyactiv-X is the first commercial petrol engine to use homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), in which the fuel-air mixture ignites spontaneously when compressed by a smaller, separately ignited charge of fuel. This allows it to reach a compression ratio of 16:1 instead of 14.0:1 of previous generation and operate much leaner than a spark ignition engine, reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This engine targets 20-30% greater fuel efficiency by utilising HCCI technology. In order to handle ignition problems caused by compression ignition, each cylinder also incorporates a spark plug featuring Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) technology. A small Roots-type supercharger further expands the compression ignition operating window by feeding more air into the engine, leaning out the mixture sufficiently for compression ignition even at higher speeds. SPCCI works by drawing in a lean, homogeneous air-fuel mixture, it then compresses the mixture until it approaches the point at which it would spontaneously detonate. A second injector then adds a secondary charge of fuel directly on the spark plug. This secondary charge is ignited by the spark plug, causing the cylinder pressure to very quickly rise to a point where the rest of the fuel undergoes compression ignition. The presence of the spark plug allows the engine to also operate as a spark-ignition engine under some operating conditions, such as high-speed high-load situations. Revealed June 5, 2019, the output is and . Mazda is developing an
inline-six The straight-six engine (also referred to as an inline-six engine; abbreviated I6 or L6) is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balan ...
variant of the Skyactiv-X, with displacements of 3.0 and 3.3 liters and a rear-wheel-drive layout. It was believed that production of the new engine would begin in 2022 with the
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...
and possibly a fourth generation rear-wheel drive Mazda6. However, according to
Road & Track ''Road & Track'' (stylized as ''R&T'') is an American automotive enthusiast magazine. It is owned by Hearst Magazines and is published 6 times per year. The editorial offices are located in New York, New York. History ''Road & Track'' (often ab ...
magazine, in the March 2022 edition of Autocar magazine Mazda Europe's Development & Engineering Senior Manager Joachim Kunz stated that there were no plans for a Mazda rear drive sedan, since Mazda was prioritizing SUV sales.


2.0 L

Applications: * 2019–present Mazda3 * 2019–present
Mazda CX-30 The Mazda CX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda. Based on the fourth-generation Mazda3, it debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, to slot in between the CX-3 and the CX-5. It went on sale in Japan on 24 October 2019, with glob ...


3.0 L

Applications: * 2022–present
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...


Skyactiv-D

Skyactiv-D is a family of turbocharged diesel engines, designed to comply with global emissions regulations. To eliminate the need of NOx and particulate treatment in contemporary diesel engines, the cylinder compression ratio is reduced to 14.0:1. Cold engine start is achieved via multi-hole piezo injectors with 3 programmable injection patterns, and adoption of ceramic glow plugs. Engine misfiring is prevented via variable valve lift at exhaust, which opens exhaust valves during the intake stroke, which increases engine air temperature. The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions.


1.5 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.5 (S5-DPTS/S5-DPTR) is a first introduced in the fourth generation Mazda Demio/Mazda2. It features a compression ratio of 14:1. Applications: * 2014–2017 Mazda Demio/ Mazda2 * 2014–2018 Mazda Axela/Mazda3 * 2015–2018 Mazda CX-3


1.8 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.8 (S8-DPTS/S8-DPTR) is a that was introduced in the 2018 facelifted Mazda CX-3. Applications: * 2018–present Mazda CX-3 * 2019–present Mazda3 * 2019–present
Mazda CX-30 The Mazda CX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda. Based on the fourth-generation Mazda3, it debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, to slot in between the CX-3 and the CX-5. It went on sale in Japan on 24 October 2019, with glob ...


2.2 L

The Skyactiv-D 2.2 (SH-VPTS/SH-VPTR) is a that was the first Skyactiv-D engine used in production vehicles. It was first used in the Mazda CX-5. In the Mazda6, it produces and . An upgraded version of the Skyactiv-D was run in the
2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season The 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season was the fourteenth and final season of the Grand American Road Racing Association's premier series, before merging up with the American Le Mans Series in 2014. It began on January 26, with the 51st running o ...
and helped Mazda win the GX manufacturer's championship. The engine is slated to be used again in two Lola LMP2s in the United SportsCar Series.


3.3 L

The Skyactiv-D 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six that was introduced in the
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...
in 2022. Applications: * 2022–present
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...


Unique technology

The Skyactiv-D is the first low compression diesel in a production car, having a significantly lower compression in the first generation of 14:1 rather than higher compression ratios of 16:1 and higher. Numerous university studies have investigated the benefits of low compression diesel for decades, with the major benefit noted in single cylinder university tests of being a drastic reduction in NOx emissions, while also reducing particulate matter and combustion noise. These studies all concluded that while there were noticeable reductions in emissions, this came at the expense of difficult cold starts. Mazda resolved this in the Skyactiv-D by using piezoelectric fuel injectors with multiple nozzles that changes the pattern depending on operating conditions. Furthermore, exhaust valves are left slightly open as the engine starts causing exhaust gases to be sucked into the cylinders helping the engine to warm up quickly.


Early issues

The CX-5 with Skyactiv-D engines were reported to have oil levels rising earlier than expected upon release, which required owners to check the vehicle's engine oil every 1000 kilometres or every month and return to the dealer if the oil appeared over the level of the dipstick. This procedure was initiated by Mazda worldwide as a precaution. Mazda did however resolve the issue in the first few months of the engine being available, with the resolution being a software change and a change of dipsticks with a corrected level.


Emission standards and tests

At launch in 2012, Mazda claimed the Skyactiv-D engine would only comply with Euro 5 emission standards (NOx of 0.18 g/km), and further work was required to achieve stricter emission standards. In the aftermath of the
Volkswagen emissions scandal The Volkswagen emissions scandal, sometimes known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, began in September 2015, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to German automaker Vol ...
, the Japanese government performed testing of all diesel engines produced in Japan to ensure Japanese manufacturers were not falsifying emissions as had been done by Volkswagen. It was determined that the Skyactiv-D engine was the only engine which tested at or near the standard.


Achieving US EPA emission standards

At the 2019 New York Motor show, Mazda announced that it would commence pre-sales of the 2019 CX-5 with the Skyactiv-D 2.2L engine. To achieve the US EPA emissions standards though has resulted is significant performance and economy penalties in comparison with the Euro 5 compliant engine. The Australian version of the engine is a good comparison with that in the US, with both countries requiring identical diesel quality and using the higher specification of the engine. The Euro stage V compliant Australian Skyactiv-D 2.2L has the following specifications: * Power: @ 4,500 rpm * Torque: @ 2,000 rpm * Fuel consumption (Australian ADR 81/02) ** Combined 5.7 L/100 km (41.3 mpg) ** City 6.5 L/100 km (36.2 mpg) ** Highway 5.2 L/100 km (45.2 mpg) The US EPA compliant US Skyactiv-D 2.2l has the following specifications: * Power: 168 hp @ 4,000 rpm * Torque: 290 lb-ft @ 2,000 rpm * EPA Estimated fuel economy: ** City 27 mpg ** Highway 30 mpg


Recall

In September 2016, Mazda recalled 130,000 vehicles in Japan over a defect that could lead to diesel engine failure. Although most problems were fixed later on the 2.2 suffered from bad carbon build up that would block the intake manifold. Other faults include the turbo diversion valve failure that required replacement of the complete twin turbo unit. Mazda recalled 2012 to 2018 diesel Mazda 3, Mazda 6 and CX-5 because of carbon deposits build-up.


Skyactiv-Hybrid

The Skyactiv-Hybrid technology is an electric hybrid engine technology using Skyactiv-G engine with technology from Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive, originally licensed for use with the Sky engine for vehicles sold in 2013. The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-Hybrid vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid with Skyactiv-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression, was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.


Skyactiv-CNG

The Skyactiv-CNG engine is powered by compressed natural gas. The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-CNG prototype vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-CNG Concept, was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.


Skyactiv-R

The Skyactiv-R engine is Mazda's new generation rotary engine. However, the engine has never been shown to the public to prove its existence. The Mazda RX-Vision Concept, powered by a Skyactiv-R rotary engine, was unveiled in 2015 Tokyo Motor Show.


e-Skyactiv

e-Skyactiv is the battery electric powertrain. Applications: * 2020–present
Mazda MX-30 The Mazda MX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda and sold as a battery electric (BEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) or mild hybrid (MHEV) variant. Based on the CX-30, it was unveiled at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show. Production of the ...


e-Skyactiv-G

e-Skyactiv-G is the first Mild Hybrid powertrain. Applications: * 2019–present Mazda3 * 2019–present
Mazda CX-30 The Mazda CX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda. Based on the fourth-generation Mazda3, it debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, to slot in between the CX-3 and the CX-5. It went on sale in Japan on 24 October 2019, with glob ...


Skyactiv-Drive

The Skyactiv-Drive is a family of automatic transmissions, named SKY-Drive. Mazda rejected
dual-clutch A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of multi-speed motor vehicle, vehicle Transmission (mechanics), transmission system, that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear train, g ...
technology in automatic transmissions, because the dual-clutch behavior in certain situations was sub-optimal. Instead, Mazda chose to re-design the conventional automatic transmission, making the torque converter take less duty while a multi-plate clutch disengages the torque converter most of the time. The new Skyactiv automatic transmission is designed to have six or eight gears forward, one reverse gear, a short torque converter, and a clutch integrated with the torque converter.


Skyactiv-MT

The Skyactiv-MT is a family of manual transmissions. To achieve lighter shift effort with a short shift lever stroke, the lever ratio is increased. However, to overcome the shorter internal stroke, a small module spline is used. Shift throws are reduced by 15 percent, making it the shortest shifting of any passenger car. To allow weight reduction, the triple-shafted gear train is made with reverse and first gears on the same shaft, and the use of a shorter secondary shaft.


Skyactiv-Body

The Skyactiv-Body is a next-generation, lightweight, highly-rigid car body, with improved crash safety performance. It is 8% lighter and 30% more rigid than previous generations. Applications: * 2020–present
Mazda MX-30 The Mazda MX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda and sold as a battery electric (BEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) or mild hybrid (MHEV) variant. Based on the CX-30, it was unveiled at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show. Production of the ...


Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture

The Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture is a rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a
longitudinal engine In automotive engineering, a longitudinal engine is an internal combustion engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicle, front to back. Use This type of motor is usually used for rear-wheel drive cars, except ...
layout. Applications: * 2022–present
Mazda CX-60 The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal eng ...


References


External links


Mazda SkyActiv Technology pageMazda Canada SkyActiv Technology page
{{Mazda vehicles Engine technology Mazda