Simulium

''Simulium'' is a genus of black flies, which may transmit diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness). It is a large genus with several hundred species, and 41 subgenera.

The flies are pool feeders. Their saliva, which contains anticoagulants, a number of enzymes and histamine, is mixed with the blood, preventing clotting until it is ingested by the fly. These bites cause localized tissue damage, and if the number of feeding flies is sufficient, their feeding may produce a blood-loss anaemia.

The host's reaction to fly attacks may include systemic illness, allergic reactions or even death, presumably mediated by histamine. In humans, this systemic reaction is known as "black fly fever" and is characterized by headaches, fever, nausea, adenitis, generalized dermatitis, and allergic asthma.

Systematics

Subgenera:

* '' Afrosimulium'' Crosskey, 1969
* '' Anasolen'' Enderlein, 1930
* '' Asiosimulium'' Takaoka & Choochote, 2005
* '' Aspathia'' Enderlein, 1935
* '' Boophthora'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Boreosimulium'' Rubtsov & Yankovsky, 1982
* '' Byssodon'' Enderlein, 1925
* '' Chirostilbia'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Crosskeyellum'' Grenier & Bailly-Choumara, 1970
* '' Daviesellum'' Takaoka & Adler, 1997
* '' Ectemnaspis'' Enderlein, 1934
* '' Edwardsellum'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Eusimulium'' Roubaud, 1906
* '' Freemanellum'' Crosskey, 1969
* '' Gomphostilbia'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Hebridosimulium'' Grenier & Rageau, 1961
* '' Hellichiella'' Rivosecchi & Cardinali, 1975
* '' Hemicnetha'' Enderlein, 1934
* '' Inaequalium'' Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, 1984
* '' Inseliellum'' Rubtsov, 1974
* '' Lewisellum'' Crosskey, 1969
* '' Meilloniellum'' Rubtsov, 1962
* '' Metomphalus'' Enderlein, 1935
* '' Montisimulium'' Rubtsov, 1974
* '' Morops'' Enderlein, 1930
* '' Nevermannia'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Notolepria'' Enderlein, 1930
* '' Obuchovia'' Rubtsov, 1947
* '' Phoretomyia'' Crosskey, 1969
* '' Pomeroyellum'' Rubtsov, 1962
* '' Psaroniocompsa'' Enderlein, 1934
* '' Psilopelmia'' Enderlein, 1934
* '' Psilozia'' Enderlein, 1936
* '' Pternaspatha'' Enderlein, 1930
* '' Rubzovia'' Petrova, 1983
* '' Schoenbaueria'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Simulium'' Latreille, 1802
* '' Trichodagmia'' Enderlein, 1934
* '' Wallacellum'' Takaoka, 1983
* '' Wilhelmia'' Enderlein, 1921
* '' Xenosimulium'' Crosskey, 1969

Species:
* List of Simulium species

In Balkan folklore

In Serbian mythology there is a legend concerning an ala (demon) (a female entity associated with hailstorms, madness and disease) fabled to have died in a cave near the town of Golubac in the Pozarevac District in Eastern Serbia. The rotting corpse of this being is said to send forth each Spring a swarm of Golubatz flies - individuals of the species '' Simulium colombaschense''. The fact that the Golubatz fly is a voracious bloodsucker and disease vector accords well with the functions attributed to the ala, emphasising her malign potency - even in death - while the legend provides, reciprocally, a folkloric explanation for the genesis of so unpleasant an insect. The specific name ''colombaschense'' signifies 'of Golubac' (Serbian pronunciation: 'Golubatz' ) - the name of the village (signifying ''dovecote'' from Slavic ''golub'' a dove/pigeon (see Columbidae), cognate with Latin (language) ''columba'', having the same meaning). ''S. colombaschense'' was a notorious insect pest of the Banat (part of the Pannonian Basin, bordered to the south by the Danube), during the 18th century.Thompson, F. Christian (March 2001). "The Name of the Type Species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae): an historical footnote". Entomological News 112 (2): 125. Retrieved 2011-04-08.

References

Bibliography

* Crosskey R. W. ; ''The natural history of blackflies.'' Willey, New York, 1990.
* Honomichl K. ; Bellmann, H. ; ''Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten.'' CD-Rom. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, 1994.
* Jedlicka, L.; Stloukalova V. ; ''Family Simuliidae.'' pp. 331–347 in: Papp, L. and Darvas, B. (eds.): ''Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera'', Volume 2. Science Herald, Budapest, 1997.
* Jensen, F. ; Diptera Simuliidae, Blackflies. pp. 209–241 in: Nilsson, A.N. (ed.): ''Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A Taxonomic Handbook''. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1997.
* Kim, K. C. ; Merritt, R. W. (Eds.) ; ''Black flies, ecology, population management, and annotat. world list.'' University Park, London, 1987.
* Laird, M. (Ed.) ; ''Blackflies.'' Academic Press, London, 1981.
* Lechthaler, W. ; Car, M. ; ''Simuliidae − Key to Larvae and Pupae from Central− and Western Europe''. Vienna 2005,
* Seitz, G. ; ''Verbreitung und Ökologie der Kriebelmücken (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Niederbayern.'' in: ''Lauterbornia.'' Mauch, Dinkelscherben 11.1992, pp. 1–230.
* Timm, T. ; ''Dormanzformen bei Kriebelmücken unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ei-Stadiums (Diptera: Simuliidae).'' in: ''Entomologia generalis.'' Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 12.1987, 133-142.
* Timm, T. ; ''Unterschiede in Habitatselektion und Eibiologie bei sympatrischen Kriebelmückenarten (Diptera, Simuliidae).'' in: ''Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie.'' Bremen 6.1988, 156-158.
* Timm, T. ; Rühm, W. (Hrsg.) ; ''Beiträge zur Taxonomie, Faunistik und Ökologie der Kriebelmücken in Mitteleuropa.'' Essener Ökologische Schriften. Bd.2. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg 1993.
* Wichard, W. ; Arens, W. ; Eisenbeis, G. ; ''Atlas zur Biologie der Wasserinsekten.'' Stuttgart, 1994.
* Wirtz, H. P. ; ''Analyse der Histaminanteile im Speichel verschiedener Kriebelmückenarten (Diptera: Simuliidae).'' in: ''Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie.'' Bremen 6.1988, 441-442.

Insect vectors of human pathogens
Culicomorpha genera
{{Chironomoidea-stub