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Sibiu ( , , german: link=no, Hermannstadt , la, Cibinium,
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
: ''Härmeschtat'', hu, Nagyszeben ) is a city in
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, in the historical region of
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the A ...
. Located some north-west of
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north o ...
, the city straddles the
Cibin River Cibin (german: Zibin; hu, Szeben) is a river in central Romania, in the south part of Transylvania. Its source is close to the highest peak in the Cindrel Mountains (known also as Cibin Mountains) of the Southern Carpathian Mountains. Upstream f ...
, a tributary of the river
Olt Olt or OLT may refer to: People: * Károly Olt (1904–1985), Hungarian politician * Mike Olt (born 1988), American baseball player Places: * Olt County, a county (județ) of Romania * Olt (river), a river in Romania ** Olt Defile, a defile t ...
. Now the capital of the
Sibiu County Sibiu County () is a county ( ro, județ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Its county seat ( ro, reședință de județ) is the namesake town of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). Name In Hungarian, it is known as ''Szeben m ...
, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was also the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Nicknamed ''The City with Eyes'', the city is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history,
gastronomy Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating. One who is well versed in gastr ...
and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the city has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a
UNESCO World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...
. Sibiu was designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007. One year later, it was ranked "Europe's 8th-most idyllic place to live" by ''
Forbes ''Forbes'' () is an American business magazine owned by Integrated Whale Media Investments and the Forbes family. Published eight times a year, it features articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. ''Forbes'' also r ...
''. In 2019, Sibiu was named the
European Region of Gastronomy The European Region of Gastronomy is a title given every year to one or more cities or regions in Europe. The title is awarded by the International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism (IGCAT). Kuopio, a city in eastern Finland, is the ...
. Sibiu hosted the European Wandering Capital event in 2021, the most important tourist wandering event in Europe. A
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are located primarily in Europe, Europe. The union has a total area of ...
summit A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. The topographic terms acme, apex, peak (mountain peak), and zenith are synonymous. The term (mountain top) is generally used only for a m ...
was also hosted by the town in 2019. Sibiu is also known for its
Christmas market A Christmas market, also known as ''Christkindlmarkt'' (literally: ''Christ Child Market'', but the term "Christkind" usually refers to an angel-like "spirit of Christmas" rather than literally the Christ Child), ''Christkindlesmarkt'', ''Chris ...
. Personalities include Conrad Haas and
Hermann Oberth Hermann Julius Oberth (; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin ...
, who were pioneers of
rocket A rocket (from it, rocchetto, , bobbin/spool) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using the surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entir ...
ry. The company Elrond, which created the eGold
cryptocurrency A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It i ...
(among the biggest in the world), was founded by people from Sibiu. As of 2011, the city has a population of 147,245, while a 2019 estimate puts it at 169,056. The proposed Sibiu metropolitan area has a population of 267,170. The city also administers the village of Păltiniș, a ski resort located 35 kilometres to the southwest. Historically, Sibiu has been one of the most important centres of the
Transylvanian Saxons The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ( ...
. It is called ''Härmeschtat'' in their own local dialect.


Name

The name of the city derives from the Bulgar-Turkic name SibinRomanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania ** Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditiona ...
name Sibiu is ''Sibiiu'', while an obsolete folk name is ''Sâghii'', formerly spelled ''Sîghii''. Its Hungarian name is ''Nagyszeben'' ("Big/Greater Sibiu"), or colloquially, ''Szeben''. In German, it is called ''Hermannstadt'' ("Hermann's city"), while in the local Transylvanian Saxon dialect, it is known as ''Härmeschtat''. In
Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ve ...
, it is called סעבען ''Seben'' or הערמאנשטאט ''Hermanshtat''. A number of other languages also have their own variants of the city's name, like
Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...
''Sibiň'', Polish ''Sybin'',
Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia an ...
''Sibinj'', Old Bulgarian ''Sibin'' (Сибин) and the proposed
Esperanto Esperanto ( or ) is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by the Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communic ...
name ''Sibio''.


History

Sibiu was initially a
Daco-Roman The term Daco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Dacia under the rule of the Roman Empire. Etymology The Daco-Roman mixing theory, as an origin for the Romanian people, was formulated by the earliest Romanian scholars, beginning with Doso ...
city called ''Cedonia.'' The town was refounded by
Saxon The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic * * * * peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
(German) settlers brought there by king
Géza II of Hungary Géza II ( hu, II. Géza; hr, Gejza II; sk, Gejza II; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162. He was the oldest son of Béla the Blind and his wife, Helena of Serbia. When his father died, Géza was still a child ...
. They came from territories of the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
and
Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. ...
(nowadays parts of Germany, France and the
Benelux The Benelux Union ( nl, Benelux Unie; french: Union Benelux; lb, Benelux-Unioun), also known as simply Benelux, is a politico- economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighboring states in western Europe ...
countries) and arrived at around 1147. The first references to the area were ''Cibinium'' and ''Cipin'' from 1191 when Pope Celestine III confirmed the existence of the free prepositure of the Saxons in Transylvania, having its headquarters in Sibiu. The city also used the names ''Prepositus Cibiniensis'' (1192–1196) and ''Prepositus Scibiniensis'' (1211). In 1223, it was renamed to ''Villa Hermanni'', either in honor of
archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdio ...
Hermann II of
Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
or after a man who is believed to have founded the city, Hermann of
Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...
. The actual German name of ''Hermannstadt'' ("Hermann's city") dates from 1366, while an earlier form, ''Hermannsdorf'' ("Hermann's village") was recorded in 1321. In the 14th century, it was already an important trade centre. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19
guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometim ...
s. Sibiu became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name ''Siebenbürgen'' (literally ''seven citadels''). It was home to the Universitas Saxorum (Community of the Saxons), a network of pedagogues, ministers, intellectuals, city officials, and councilmen of the German community forging an ordered legal corpus and political system in Transylvania since the 1400s. In 1699, after the Ottomans withdrew to their base of power in Hungary and Transylvania, the town became capital of Principality of Transylvania (since 1570 the principality was mostly under suzerainty of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
, however often had a dual vassalage). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second- and later the first-most important centre of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The ''Albina'' Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). After the
Romanian Orthodox The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; ro, Biserica Ortodoxă Română, ), or Patriarchate of Romania, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates ...
Church was granted status in the
Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central- Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...
from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third-most important centre of the
Romanian Orthodox Church The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; ro, Biserica Ortodoxă Română, ), or Patriarchate of Romania, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates ...
. Between the
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 or fully Hungarian Civic Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 () was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although t ...
and 1867 (the year of the ''
Ausgleich The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...
''), Sibiu was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region. After
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, when
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
was dissolved, Sibiu became part of Romania; the majority of its population was still ethnic German (until 1941) and counted a large Romanian community, as well as a smaller Hungarian one. Starting from the 1950s and until after 1990, most of the city's ethnic Germans emigrated to Germany and Austria. Among the roughly 2,000 who have remained is
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 20 ...
, the
President of Romania The president of Romania ( ro, Președintele României) is the head of state of Romania. Following a modification to the Romanian Constitution in 2003, the president is directly elected by a two-round system and serves for five years. An indi ...
. File:Sibiu_Centru_vedere_panoramica.jpg, Panoramic view of Sibiu from 1928 File:Sibiu vedere de pe Deaulul Gusteritei.jpg, View from Gușterița hill File:Johann Böbel - Poarta Burger-Ocnei, la 1857.jpg, Burger-Ocnei gate File:Johann Bobel - Turnul Portii Cisnadiei.jpg,
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsbe ...
's Gate Tower File:Johann Böbel - Strada Turnului şi biserica Evanghelică.jpg, Tower's Street and the Evangelical Lutheran Church File:Hermanstatt (Sibiu), 17th century engraving.jpg, Copper engraving of Sibiu (''Hermanstatt''), 1630. File:Lanzedelli - Târg în Transilvania 4.jpg, A busy market scene in Sibiu, 1818


Geography

Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at . Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about from the
Făgăraș Mountains The Făgăraș Mountains ( ro, Munții Făgărașului ; hu, Fogarasi-havasok) are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania. Geography The mountain range is situated in the heart of Romania, at . The range is bordered in th ...
, from the Cibin Mountains, and about from the
Lotru Mountains Lotru Mountains ( ro, Munții Lotrului) are a group of mountains that are part of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It bo ...
, which border the depression in its southwestern section. The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Gușteriței Hill. The Cibin river as well as some smaller streams runs through Sibiu. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it.


Climate

Sibiu's climate is
humid continental A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
( Köppen: ''Dfb''), with average temperatures of . The average rainfall is , and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually.


Tourism

In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (together with
Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...
). This was the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the city, and a great number of tourists came, both domestic and foreign. The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania, as it holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a
UNESCO World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...
in 2004. Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12+ institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences. The city also lies close to the
Făgăraș Mountains The Făgăraș Mountains ( ro, Munții Făgărașului ; hu, Fogarasi-havasok) are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania. Geography The mountain range is situated in the heart of Romania, at . The range is bordered in th ...
– a popular trekking destination, close to the city of Păltiniș and Arena Platoș ski resorts – both winter holiday destinations, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches. Since 2007, a traditional
Christmas market A Christmas market, also known as ''Christkindlmarkt'' (literally: ''Christ Child Market'', but the term "Christkind" usually refers to an angel-like "spirit of Christmas" rather than literally the Christ Child), ''Christkindlesmarkt'', ''Chris ...
has been held in Sibiu. The first of its kind in
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, it is inspired by Viennese Christmas markets, being a project developed by the Social Attaché of the Austrian Embassy in Romania, dr.h.c. Barbara Schöfnagel. It was held in the "Lesser Square" (Piața Mică) with 38 small stalls, a small stage and an area dedicated to children, having several mechanical attractions installed there. Since 2008, the market is held in the "Grand Square" (Piata Mare) grew to a number of about 70 stalls, a bigger stage was set up, where Christmas carols concerts are held. An ice skating rink and a children's workshop are also attractions which have been added in the following years.''Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu''
 It was the first Christmas Market in Romania, but soon other Christmas markets emerged across the country. In 2013, the Sibiu Christmas markets was included in the "15 Of the Most Beautiful Christmas Markets in Europe" In 2019, Sibiu had planned to host the European Gastronomical capital, by encouraging the local producers and businesses in the field of food production and culinary and gourmet culture, traditional workshops in the villages of the region, promoting farms and gastronomic circuits, or developing public programs to support small businesses in gastronomy and of the hospitality industry in the Sibiu region.


Culture

Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. It has 2 theatres and a philharmonic orchestra along with other smaller private theatrical venues and a theatre studio housed by the Performing Arts and Acting section of Lucian Blaga University, where students hold monthly representations. The
Radu Stanca National Theatre The Radu Stanca National Theatre ( ro, Teatrul Național "Radu Stanca" Sibiu, abbreviation: TNRS) is a theatre in Sibiu, Romania, which began construction in 1788. It is one of the longest-standing theatres in Romania and one of the main structures ...
is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as
Gábor Tompa Gábor Tompa (born 8 August 1957 in Târgu Mureș) is an internationally renowned Hungarian theater and film director, poet, essayist and teacher. Between 2007 and 2016 he was the Head of Directing at the Theatre and Dance Department of the Univers ...
and
Silviu Purcărete Silviu may refer to: *Silviu Bălace (born 1978), Romanian football player *Silviu Berejan (1927–2007), Bessarabian writer from Moldova and member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova *Silviu Bindea (1912–1992), Romanian football player *Silvi ...
. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week. The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German. The State Philharmonic of Sibiu presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The concerts take place in the newly restored
Thalia Hall The Thalia Hall ( ro, Sala Thalia) is a theatre and concert hall situated in Sibiu Sibiu ( , , german: link=no, Hermannstadt , la, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'', hu, Nagyszeben ) is a city in Romania, in the historical re ...
, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral. The
Sibiu International Theatre Festival The Sibiu International Theatre Festival ( ro, Festivalul Internațional de Teatru de la Sibiu) is one of the most important theatre and performing arts festivals in the world, and the third biggest, after the Festival d'Avignon and the Edinburgh In ...
is an annual festival of performing arts. Since 2016, it is the largest performance arts festival in the world.


Museums and parks

Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the
Brukenthal National Museum The Brukenthal National Museum ( ro, Muzeul Național Brukenthal; german: Brukenthalmuseum) is a museum in Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, established in the late 18th century by Samuel von Brukenthal (1721-1803) in his city palace. Baron Bruken ...
and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first
apothecary ''Apothecary'' () is a mostly archaic term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses '' materia medica'' (medicine) to physicians, surgeons, and patients. The modern chemist (British English) or pharmacist (British and North Amer ...
shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies. The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on
ethnography Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject ...
, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum, a 96-hectare open-air museum located in Dumbrava Forest south of Sibiu, a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. Also planned is a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People. The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park stretches over and it is away from the center of the city in the southwest direction along the road towards Răşinari. Also, here you can find the Zoological Garden and Ethnography Museum. There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40
locomotives A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the ...
, two of which are functional. The first park in the city was The Promenade, later called "The Disabled Promenade." established in 1791, today part of Parcul Cetății (Citadel Park). Current arrangement of the park, including the space between the walls, dates from 1928. The Sub Arini Park, established between 1857 and 1859 based on plans of military engineer Michael Seyfried, is one of the biggest and best-maintained parks in Romania. There are other green spaces in the city center, the best known being Astra Park, established in 1879. Other parks: Tineretului Park, Reconstrucției Park, Corneliu Coposu Park, Petöfi Sándor Park, Piața Cluj Park, Ștrand Park, Cristianului Park, Țițeica Park, Vasile Aaron Park, Lira Park. The distribution of green space is good compared to other Romanian cities.


Events

Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the
Sibiu International Theatre Festival The Sibiu International Theatre Festival ( ro, Festivalul Internațional de Teatru de la Sibiu) is one of the most important theatre and performing arts festivals in the world, and the third biggest, after the Festival d'Avignon and the Edinburgh In ...
, organized each spring at the end of May. Medieval Festival organized every year in August, reviving the medieval spirit of
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the A ...
. The
Artmania Festival The Artmania Festival (stylized as ARTmaИ!a Festival) is an art festival, held in the Romanian town of Sibiu. The festival, one of the most important projects developed by ARTmania, , ARTmania's Projects was first organized in the summer of 20 ...
is held every Summer since 2006 and as of 2008 the Rockin' Transilvania Festival is also held in Sibiu. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organized here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6-day Open Air Music festival! 26–31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events.
Feeric Fashion Week Since 2008, Feeric Fashion Week has developed as an international fashion hub for designers coming from more than 20 countries and 4 continents. It is based in the city of Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, and it is covered by fashion press like '' ...
is also hosted here. Sibiu was awarded by IGCAT (International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism) to be part of the European Regions of Gastronomy program, event that will promote in 2019 the region's culinary heritage, multi-ethnic traditions and multi-cultural community.


European Cultural Capital

The designation as a European Cultural Capital for 2007, owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with
Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...
, but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the city during the last years. The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007.


Administration

The town government is headed by a mayor. Since 2014, the office is held by Astrid Fodor from the
Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania The Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (german: Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien, DFDR; ro, Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din România, FDGR; in short or ) is a political party (legally recognized as an association of public ...
(FDGR/DFDR), who replaced
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 20 ...
, the latter having become the 5th president of Romania. Iohannis, a
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
, was mayor from 2000 to 2014, despite ethnic Germans nowadays making up less than 2% of Sibiu's population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (''consiliu local'') made up of 23 elected councillors. Sibiu is the capital of the
Sibiu County Sibiu County () is a county ( ro, județ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Its county seat ( ro, reședință de județ) is the namesake town of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). Name In Hungarian, it is known as ''Szeben m ...
.


City districts

Sibiu is divided into the following districts: * Historical center (divided into the Upper and Lower Town) * Center (south-west of the historical center) * Broscărie * Dumbrăvii * Gușterița (german: link=no, Hammersdorf) * Hipodrom I, II, III, IV *
Lazaret A lazaretto or lazaret (from it, lazzaretto a diminutive form of the Italian word for beggar cf. lazzaro) is a quarantine station for maritime travellers. Lazarets can be ships permanently at anchor, isolated islands, or mainland buildings. ...
* Lupeni * Piața Cluj (named after
Cluj ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Status , subdivision_name2 = County seat , settlement_type = City , ...
) * Reșița (named after
Reșița Reșița (; german: link=no, Reschitz; hu, Resicabánya; hr, Ričica; cz, Rešice; sr, Решица/Rešica; tr, Reşçe) is a city in western Romania and the capital of Caraș-Severin County. It is located in the Banat region. The city had ...
) * Ștrand * Terezian * Tilișca * Tineretului * Trei Stejari * Turnișor (german: link=no, Neppendorf) * Țiglari * Valea Aurie * Vasile Aaron * Veteranilor de Război * Viile Sibiului Some of them were villages annexed by the city as it grew, others were built as the city developed and increased its surface. The ASTRA National Museum Complex and the Zoo, located in the south, also fall within city limits. The Păltiniș ski resort, located 35 kilometres to the south, is also administered by Sibiu. While
Șelimbăr Șelimbăr (german: Schellenberg; hu, Sellenberk) is a commune in central Romania, in the county of Sibiu in Transylvania, to the east of the county seat Sibiu. The village of Șelimbăr has been known to exist since 1323 and is the site of the ...
and the ''Arhitecților'' district of
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsbe ...
are not part of Sibiu proper, they are adjacent to the city limits and often considered part of it.


Demographics

As of 2011 census data, Sibiu has a population of 147,245, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census, making it the 14th-largest
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in Romania. The ethnic breakdown was as follows: *
Romanians The Romanians ( ro, români, ; dated exonym '' Vlachs'') are a Romance-speaking ethnic group. Sharing a common Romanian culture and ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2011 Romania ...
95.9% *
Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and  ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the ...
1.6% *
Germans , native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = ...
(
Transylvanian Saxons The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ( ...
) 1.1% *
Roma Roma or ROMA may refer to: Places Australia * Roma, Queensland, a town ** Roma Airport ** Roma Courthouse ** Electoral district of Roma, defunct ** Town of Roma, defunct town, now part of the Maranoa Regional Council * Roma Street, Brisbane, a ...
0.4% A 2017 estimate placed the population at 169,316, a 14.98 percent increase since 2011. This increase makes Sibiu's population surpass the numbers observed in 1992 when the previously highest population was recorded.


Population dynamics


Population by religious denomination

Today, most of the population is Romanian Orthodox.
Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
s and
Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...
s represent about 5% of the population.


Economy

Sibiu is an important economic hub for Romania, with a high rate of foreign investments. It is also an important hub for the manufacturing of automotive components and houses factories belonging to
ThyssenKrupp ThyssenKrupp AG (, ; stylized as thyssenkrupp) is a German industrial engineering and steel production multinational conglomerate. It is the result of the 1999 merger of Thyssen AG and Krupp and has its operational headquarters in Duisburg a ...
Bilstein-Compa,
Takata Corporation was a Japanese automotive parts company. The company had production facilities on four continents, with its European headquarters located in Germany.Anghel, Alexandru (December 10, 2009)."Takata Petri hires 1,000 people in half a year in Arad an ...
,
Continental Automotive Systems Continental Automotive Systems (CAS), founded in 1906 by Alfred Teves, a division of the German Continental AG, was a brake and electronics supplier to the automotive industry, supplying systems, components, electronics, lithium-ion batteries and ...
,
Marquardt Group Marquardt, a family-run company founded in 1925 and based in Rietheim-Weilheim, Germany, is a manufacturer of electromechanical and electronic switches and switching systems. The products of the company are used by customers in the automotive i ...
and NTN-SNR ball bearings. Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (
Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', ''E ...
). The city also contained Romania's second-largest stock exchange, the Sibiu Stock Exchange which merged with the
Bucharest Stock Exchange The Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) ( Romanian: ''Bursa de Valori București'') is the stock exchange of Romania located in Bucharest. In 2019, the capitalization of BVB increased 23.4% compared to the previous year, to the value of EUR 37.8 billio ...
in 2018. The main industrial activities of Sibiu take place in two industrial zones located on the outskirts of the city: *East industrial zone (East Economic Center), alongside the railway to
Brașov Brașov (, , ; german: Kronstadt; hu, Brassó; la, Corona; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the administrative centre of Brașov County. According to the latest Romanian census (2011), Brașov has a pop ...
and
Râmnicu Vâlcea Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled ''Rîmnicu Vîlcea'' or, in the past, ''Rîmnic-Vâlcea'', ) (population: 92,573 as per the 2011 Romanian census) is the county capital ( ro, Reședință de județ) and also the largest town of Vâlcea County, centr ...
*West industrial zone (West Economic Center), near the exit to
Sebeș Sebeș (; German: ''Mühlbach''; Hungarian: ''Szászsebes''; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Melnbach'') is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southern Transylvania. Geography The city lies in the Mureș River valley and straddles the ri ...
, close to the
Airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports usually consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surfa ...
A commercial zone located in the
Șelimbăr Șelimbăr (german: Schellenberg; hu, Sellenberk) is a commune in central Romania, in the county of Sibiu in Transylvania, to the east of the county seat Sibiu. The village of Șelimbăr has been known to exist since 1323 and is the site of the ...
commune plays an important role in the economy of Sibiu. It houses a mall and other large retailers. Another factor that plays an important role in the economy of the city is tourism, which has been increasing at a steady rate since 2007.


Transport

Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure. In 2010 a city bypass was opened, significantly reducing the road traffic inside the city. Tursib is the city's internal transportation system operator.


Air

Sibiu International Airport is one of the most modern international airports in Romania, with direct connections to Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.


Road

Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14. The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with
Pitești Pitești () is a city in Romania, located on the river Argeș. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated in the historical re ...
and the Romanian western border, near Arad. From the remaining of motorway towards the border with Hungary Nadlac, a total of is completed and the last are currently under construction, while the timeline for the segment towards Pitești is targeted for completion for the year 2025 (construction will start no sooner than 2019). Sibiu' s
ring road A ring road (also known as circular road, beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop, bypass or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city, or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist i ...
as part of
A1 motorway A1, A-1, A01 or A.1. may refer to: Education * A1, the Basic Language Certificate of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages * Language A1, the former name for "Language A: literature", one of the IB Group 1 subjects * A1, a ...
was completed on 1 December 2010. Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib, based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania.


Rail

Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov – Făgăraș – Sibiu – Simeria – Arad – Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu – Mediaș). The city is served by five rail stations: the Main Station (Gara Mare), the Little Station (''Gara Mică''), Turnișor, Sibiu Triaj, Halta Ateliere Zonă . It has an important diesel-powered locomotives depot and a freight terminal. Numerous Inter Regional trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Craiova, Timișoara and Bucharest.


Cycling

Over the last six years, Sibiu has enjoyed a revival of cycling. The bicycle way in the city spans for 43 kilometers. Bicycle rentals have offered a boost for the local economy with several small rental centers and a bigger rental center that is administered by the I'Velo Bike Sharing group.


Health

Sibiu is one of the important medical centers of Romania, housing many important medical facilities: * County Hospital * Academic Emergency Hospital; * Hospital of Pediatrics; * Military Emergency Hospital; * CFR Hospital (Romanian Railways Hospital); * "Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Psychiatry Hospital * other smaller private clinics The city also houses one of the largest private hospitals in the country, Polisano.


Education

Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 23,000 students in four public and private higher institutions. The
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Lucian of Samosata, '; la, Lucianus Samosatensis ( 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridiculed superstitio ...
was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Language Sciences; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. Nowadays, there are 10 faculties and departments. Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy and the Military Foreign Language Center as well as two private universities, ''Romanian-German University'' and ''Alma Mater University''. In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most important of which are: * Gheorghe Lazăr National College – sciences and informatics, first opened in 1692 as a
Jesuit College The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in the Catholic Church have founded and managed a number of educational institutions, including the notable secondary schools, colleges and universities listed here. Some of these universities are in the United Stat ...
* Samuel von Brukenthal National College – German language high school *
Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (; 1 April 1881 – 7 May 1938) was a Romanian politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. Life and politics Goga was born in Rășinari, near Sibiu. Goga was an active member in the Romanian nationalisti ...
National College – social sciences, sciences, informatics and linguistics *
Onisifor Ghibu Onisifor Ghibu (May 31, 1883 – October 3, 1972) was a Romanian teacher of pedagogy, member of the Romanian Academy, and politician. Biography Early life Born into a peasant family in Szelistye (now Săliște, Romania), near Nagyszeben (now S ...
Theoretical Highschool – informatics, sciences, sports, theater and linguistics *
Andrei Șaguna Andrei Șaguna (; 20 January 1808, Miskolc, Hungary – 28 June 1873, Nagyszeben, Hungary) was a Metropolitan bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Transylvania, and one of the Romanian community political leaders in the Habsburg monarchy, ...
National College – training for school teacher and linguistics *
Constantin Noica Constantin Noica (; – 4 December 1987) was a Romanian philosopher, essayist and poet. His preoccupations were throughout all philosophy, from epistemology, philosophy of culture, axiology and philosophic anthropology to ontology and logics, ...
Theoretical Highschool – sciences and linguistics *Daniel Popovici Barcianu Highschool – agricultural sciences * George Baritiu National College – economic sciences *
Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (; sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. 17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, Albanologist, poet ...
Elementary school * Regina Maria Elementary school


Sports

The city houses a football stadium, a multi-functional arena building (
Sala Transilvania Sala Transilvania is an indoor arena in Sibiu, Romania. References

Indoor arenas in Romania Basketball venues in Romania Handball venues in Romania Volleyball venues in Romania {{Romania-sports-venue-stub ...
), a rugby court, a municipal pool and several private tennis courts. Also, several sports international competitions are taking place every year:
Sibiu Cycling Tour The Sibiu Cycling Tour (Cycling Tour of Sibiu until 2015) is a 2.1 category professional bicycle road race held in Sibiu, Romania. Its first edition took place in July 2011, as part of the UCI Europe Tour. The race is organised with the support o ...
(in July),
Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye The Red Bull Romaniacs hard enduro rallye is a off road motorcycle race run annually in Sibiu, Romania. It was created in 2004 by founder Martin Freinademetz. The event takes place every year and attracts competitors from more than 52 + nations. The ...
(around July), Sibiu Open (formerly held in September), Sibiu Rally (currently held in October). Football Sibiu has had a long
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly ...
tradition, starting in 1913 with the founding of
Șoimii Sibiu Șoimii Sibiu (Falcons Sibiu) was a football team from Sibiu. They were founded in 1913 and disappeared in 2001. They were a main team in Sibiu, being four times regional champions of Sibiu. Their best pre-war performance was defeating the 6-tim ...
, which was the launchpad of
Ilie Oană Ilie Oană (16 August 1918 – 27 April 1993) was a football player and manager who represented and coached the Romania national football team. Career Oană was born in Indiana Harbor to Romanian parents who emigrated from Transylvania before th ...
's career, who later became a star of FC Petrolul Ploiești. Later came Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu, a sport club of Sibiu's Transylvanian Saxon community, which's best performance was reaching the
Divizia A The Liga I (; ''First League''), also spelled as Liga 1, is a Romanian professional league for men's association football clubs. Currently sponsored by betting company Superbet, it is officially known as the SuperLiga. It is the country's top ...
final in the 1930–31 season. The best ever football team from Sibiu, based on performances, was Inter Sibiu, which had finished 4th after the
1990–91 Year 199 ( CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as year 952 '' Ab urbe condita''. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since t ...
season and had won the
Balkans Cup The Balkans Cup was an international football competition for clubs from Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. It was introduced in 1961 and was very popular in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42,000 spectators), being t ...
during the same season. During the 21st century, the city has been represented by FC Sibiu and Voința Sibiu (of which only the latter has reached
Liga I The Liga I (; ''First League''), also spelled as Liga 1, is a Romanian professional league for men's association football clubs. Currently sponsored by betting company Superbet, it is officially known as the SuperLiga. It is the country's top ...
). Currently,
FC Hermannstadt Asociația Fotbal Club Hermannstadt (), commonly known as FC Hermannstadt, Hermannstadt or familiarly as Sibiu (), is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt), Sibiu County, which currently competes ...
is the only major football team representing Sibiu. Basketball CSU Sibiu, one of the best Romanian
basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appr ...
teams at the moment, represents Sibiu in the top tier of Romanian basketball, Liga Națională. Handball The city's
handball Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the ...
team is called CSM Sibiu. Additionally, the nearby town of
Cisnădie Cisnădie (; german: Heltau; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: ''Hielt''; hu, Nagydisznód) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania, approximately south of Sibiu (german: Hermannstadt). One village, Cisnădioara (german: Michelsbe ...
has a women's team in the first league, CS Măgura. Rugby * CSM Sibiu Volleyball * CSM Sibiu (men) * CSS Sibiu (women) Speed Skating * CSS Sibiu


Natives

* Michael Gottlieb Agnethler, botanist *
Alexandru Apolzan Alexandru Apolzan (6 February 1927 – 23 December 1982) was a Romanian footballer, who played as a defender, mainly for Steaua București and also for Romania. He has been credited with the invention of the sweeper role and is considered one ...
, football player *
Arthur Arz von Straussenburg Arthur is a common male given name of Brythonic origin. Its popularity derives from it being the name of the legendary hero King Arthur. The etymology is disputed. It may derive from the Celtic ''Artos'' meaning “Bear”. Another theory, more w ...
, Austro-Hungarian general *
Florin Barbu Florin Barbu (born 6 April 1974 in Sibiu, Romania) is a bass player. Florin played in Romanian bands Arca, Timpuri Noi, Proconsul, Blazzaj, Partizan and Cargo. Florin Barbu was awarded with Cultural Merit Order, as Knight. In 2017 he became ...
, bass player in Romanian bands Timpuri Noi and Proconsul *
Claudiu Baștea Claudiu Baştea (born 18 March 1979 in Sibiu) is a Romanian judoka is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.『日本大百科全書』 ...
, judoka *
Ion Besoiu Ion Besoiu (; 11 March 1931 – 18 January 2017) was a Romanian actor. Biography He was born in Sibiu in 1931 and graduated the city's Theater and Music Academy. After making his debut in 1957, he played for 16 years at the Radu Stanca National T ...
, Romanian actor *
Miklós Borsos Miklós Borsos (13 August 1906 – 27 January 1990) was a Hungarian sculptor and medallist. His style integrated elements of archaic art and classicism with modern elements. Biography Born in Nagyszeben, Transylvania (present-day Sibiu, Romani ...
, Hungarian sculptor * Dan Burincă, Olympic artistic gymnast *
Andrei Codrescu Andrei Codrescu (; born December 20, 1946) is a Romanian-born American poet, novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and commentator for National Public Radio. He is the winner of the Peabody Award for his film ''Road Scholar'' and the Ovid Prize for ...
, American writer *
Sabina Cojocar Sabina Carolina Cojocar (born 23 October 1985) is a Romanian retired international elite artistic gymnast and singer. She became a world gold medalist with the Romanian women's gymnastics team in 2001 and is also a five-time medalist at the 2000 ...
, Romanian gymnast * Alexandru Curtean, football player * Florin Diacu, Romanian-Canadian mathematician * Steve Holmes, German pornographic actor *
Victor Iliu Victor Iliu (24 November 1912 – 4 September 1968) was a Romanian film director. He directed seven films between 1948 and 1964. His film ''The Mill of Good Luck'' was entered into the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. Filmography * '' Anul 1848'' ...
, Romanian film director *
Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 20 ...
, 5th President of Romania * Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general, see also
Siege of Przemyśl The siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege in Europe during the First World War. The siege was a crushing defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Army by the Russian Army. Przemyśl (german: Premissel) was a fortress-town and stronghold on the River San ...
* Mircea Mureșan, Romanian film director * Alexandru Mușina, Romanian poet *
Steliana Nistor Steliana Nistor (born 15 September 1989) is a Romanian former artistic gymnast. She was a key member of the Romanian team between 2006 and 2008, where she helped the Romania win team bronze medals at the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 Oly ...
, Romanian gymnast *
Hermann Oberth Hermann Julius Oberth (; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin ...
, space flight technology pioneer *
Nicolaus Olahus Nicolaus Olahus (Latin for ''Nicholas, the Vlach''; hu, Oláh Miklós; ro, Nicolae Valahul); 10 January 1493 – 15 January 1568) was the Archbishop of Esztergom, Primate of Hungary, and a distinguished Catholic prelate, humanist and historiogr ...
, Catholic archbishop of Esztergom *
Valerian Onițiu Valerian Oniţiu (also Valeriu Oniţiu) (April 8, 1872, Sibiu, Romania – 31 December 1948, Timișoara) was a Romanian chess problemist. Oniţiu composed all types of problems particularly fairy chess problems. Oniţiu has ten chess problems ...
, chess problemist * Oskar Pastior, poet and translator *
Dan Perjovschi Dan Perjovschi is an artist, writer and cartoonist born on 29 October 1961 in Sibiu, Romania. Perjovschi has over the past decade created drawings in museum spaces, most recently in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in which he created ...
, Romanian artist * Claudia Presecan, Romanian gymnast *
Erna Rubinstein Erna Rubinstein (March 2, 1903–1966), born Ernesztina Rubinstein, was a Hungarian violinist. Early life Ernesztina Rubinstein was born in Sibiu in 1903. Her mother was a singer. She studied violin with József Füredi in Debrecen, and with ...
, Hungarian violinist *
Iancu Sasul Iancu Sasul (''John the Saxon'') or Ioan Vodă V (''Voivode John V''; d. September 28, 1582 in Lviv) was the bastard son of Petru Rareş from his relationship with the wife of Braşov Transylvanian Saxon Iorg (Jürgen) Weiss, and Prince of Molda ...
, Moldavian ruler * Tobias Stranover, Transylvanian Saxon painter * Jenő Szemák, Hungarian jurist * Viorel Tilea, Romanian diplomat *
Melania Ursu Melania Ursu (July 16, 1940 – January 12, 2016) was a Romanian stage and film actress. Born in Sibiu, she graduated from the Institute of Theatre and Film Arts (IATC) in 1961. Ursu performed at the Cluj-Napoca National Theatre. From 1977 to ...
, stage and film actress *
Radu Vasile Radu Vasile (; 10 October 1942 – 3 July 2013) was a Romanian politician, historian, and poet. Originally a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), Vasile served as the Prime Minister of Romania between 17 April 1 ...
, politician, Prime Minister of Romania *
Delia Velculescu Delia Velculescu (born in 1975) is a Romanian-American economist and the IMF mission chief in Greece during the Greek government debt crisis, before her replacement by Peter Dolman in 2018. She was born Delia Moraru in the city of Sibiu, in Transyl ...
, Romanian-American economist * Adele Zay, Transylvanian-Saxon who established the kindergarten system in Hungary and then Romania


International relations


Twin towns

Sibiu has twinning agreements with: *
Bauru Bauru () is a Brazilian municipality in midwestern region of the state of São Paulo. It is the main city of the mesoregion and microregion of Bauru. The population is 379,297 (2020 est.) in an area of 667.68 km². Established in 189 ...
, Brazil, since 1995. *
Butuan Butuan (pronounced ), officially the City of Butuan ( ceb, Dakbayan sa Butuan; Butuanon: ''Dakbayan hong Butuan''; fil, Lungsod ng Butuan), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Caraga, Philippines. It is the ''de facto'' c ...
, Philippines *
Columbia, Missouri Columbia is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is the county seat of Boone County and home to the University of Missouri. Founded in 1821, it is the principal city of the five-county Columbia metropolitan area. It is Missouri's fourt ...
, USA, since 1994. *
Deventer Deventer (; Sallands: ) is a city and municipality in the Salland historical region of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. In 2020, Deventer had a population of 100,913. The city is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel, ...
, Netherlands, since 2007. Sibiu Town Hall Official Site
Acordul de infratire intre Sibiu si orasul Deventer din Olanda
, 23 May 2007 *
Klagenfurt Klagenfurt am WörtherseeLandesgesetzblatt 2008 vom 16. Jänner 2008, Stück 1, Nr. 1: ''Gesetz vom 25. Oktober 2007, mit dem die Kärntner Landesverfassung und das Klagenfurter Stadtrecht 1998 geändert werden.'/ref> (; ; sl, Celovec), usually ...
, Austria, since 1990. *
Landshut Landshut (; bar, Landshuad) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany. Situated on the banks of the River Isar, Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria, one of the seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria. It is also ...
, Germany, since 2002. *
Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximat ...
, Germany, since 2005. *
Mechelen Mechelen (; french: Malines ; traditional English name: MechlinMechelen has been known in English as ''Mechlin'', from where the adjective ''Mechlinian'' is derived. This name may still be used, especially in a traditional or historical contex ...
, Belgium, since 1996. *
Rennes Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine departme ...
, France, since 1999. *
Valencia, Venezuela Valencia () is the capital city of Carabobo State and the third-largest city in Venezuela. The city is an economic hub that contains Venezuela's top industries and manufacturing companies. It is also the largest city in the Valencia-Maracay m ...
, since 1993. * Wirral, United Kingdom, since 1994. *
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Consulates

The following countries have consulates in Sibiu: * – Consulate-General * – Honorary consulate * – Honorary consulate * – Honorary consulate


Gallery

File:SibiuHermannstadtSchild.jpg, Bilingual Romanian-German sign at the entrance in Sibiu/Hermannstadt File:Piata Mica si Turnul Sfatului.jpg, Turnul Sfatului in Small Square File:The Small Square of Sibiu, during the closing gala - 2016.jpg, The Small Square of Sibiu, during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala - 2016 File:Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu.jpeg, The Large Square during Christmas File:Sibiu_Casa_Lutsch_(5).jpg, Lutsch House, the headquarters of FDGR


See also

* List of castles in Romania * Timeline of Sibiu *
Tourism in Romania Romania's tourism sector had a direct contribution of EUR 5.21 billion to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018, slightly higher than in 2017, placing Romania on the 32nd place in the world, ahead of Slovakia and Bulgaria, but behind Greece ...
*
Seven Wonders of Romania Various lists of the Seven Wonders of Romania ( ro, Cele Șapte Minuni ale României) have been compiled from past to the present day, to catalogue Romania's most spectacular artificial structures. Lists ''Evenimentul Zilei''s Seven Wonders ...
*
Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania The south-eastern Transylvania region in Romania currently has one of the highest numbers of existing fortified churches from the 13th to 16th centuries. It has more than 150 well preserved fortified churches of a great variety of architectural s ...


References


Bibliography


External links


Sibiu.ro: Official Sibiu Online website
— ''tourism and history information and images''.
Turism.sibiu.ro: Official Sibiu Tourism website

patrimoniu.sibiu.ro: Sibiu Heritage website

theFest.ro – Locuri si evenimente din Sibiu, Romania


— ''reference for surface area, population, etc. (2005)''.
Sibiupeople.ro: Restoration of Historical Monuments in Sibiu
—''photo gallery and projects' report''.
Official Sibiu European Cultural Capital 2007 website




* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120111141158/http://www.descopera.net/foto_sibiu.html Descopera.net: Sibiu in pictures
Pictures of Sibiu
{{Authority control Localities in Transylvania Capitals of Romanian counties Cities in Romania 1190 establishments in Europe German communities in Romania Capitals of the Principality of Transylvania Populated places established in the 12th century