Siberian Baroque
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Siberian Baroque is an
architectural style An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely ...
common for ambitious structures in 18th-century
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, where 115 stone churches in Siberia were recorded in 1803, most of which were built in this provincial variant of the
Russian Baroque Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
, influenced by the Ukrainian Baroque and in some cases even incorporating
lamaist Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...
motifs. Most of the buildings were preserved in
Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and mn, Эрхүү, ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 617,473 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is ...
,
Tobolsk Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, and i ...
and
Tomsk Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
. An original interior of a Siberian Baroque structure survives only in the Feast of the Cross Church in Irkutsk. Siberian churches of the 18th century, like most of Russian (Muscovite) ''uzorochye'' and Baroque buildings, are
astylar Astylar (from Gr. ''ἀ-'', privative, and ''στῦλος'', a column) is an architectural term given to a class of design in which neither columns nor pilasters are used for decorative purposes; thus the Riccardi and Strozzi palaces in Florence a ...
. The refectory and belfries are joined at the western side. Paintings in Siberian Baroque buildings are typically becoming smaller in its dimension (A. Yu. Kaptikov called this technique the "Baroque advanced form").A. Yu. Kaptikov, ''Региональное многообразие архитектуры русского барокко'' (Regional diversity of the architecture of Russian Baroque)]. MARKHI, 1986, pp. 31, 59. Decorativelly it features foreign exotic motifs, likely of eastern origin (examples are arrow-shaped and "flaming"
cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...
s,
stupa A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as ''śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. In Buddhism, circumamb ...
-like forms and dharmacakras).


History

In the 17th century stone was used in Siberia as a building material only in
Tobolsk Tobolsk (russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh rivers. Founded in 1590, Tobolsk is the second-oldest Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains in Asian Russia, and i ...
and
Abalak Abalak (or Abalagh) (in tamajeq ⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵗ) is a town located in the Tahoua Region, Abalak Department of northern Niger. It is both a town and Commune: a local administrative division. It is the seat (''Chef-lieu'') of Abalak Departme ...
. Those were old Russian buildings with elements of the ''uzorochye''. In the manner of Naryshkin Baroque is the earliest stone building in
Tyumen Tyumen ( ; rus, Тюмень, p=tʲʉˈmʲenʲ, a=Ru-Tyumen.ogg) is the administrative center and largest city of Tyumen Oblast, Russia. It is situated just east of the Ural Mountains, along the Tura River. Fueled by the Russian oil and gas indu ...
– the
Annunciation The Annunciation (from Latin '), also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation of Our Lady, or the Annunciation of the Lord, is the Christian celebration of the biblical tale of the announcement by the ange ...
church (constructed from 1700–04, and destroyed in the Soviet period, it has been under reconstruction). Just thereafter, the Trinity monastery was built mostly in Ukrainian Baroque due likely to the Ukrainian origin of Siberian
hierarch An ordinary (from Latin ''ordinarius'') is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws. Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ...
s. The next Siberian churches included some remarkable elements of Ukrainian Baroque, for example the vertical-
vaulted In architecture, a vault (French ''voûte'', from Italian ''volta'') is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while ring ...
architecture. Some literature describe the similarity of the earliest Tobolsk monuments with Uralian churches of the very first 18th century, like the Dormition of the Mother of God monastery in
Dalmatovo Dalmatovo (russian: Далма́тово) is a town and the administrative center of Dalmatovsky District in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, located east of the Ural Mountains on the north bank of the Iset River (Tobol's tributary; Ob's basin), opposite ...
and the cathedral in
Verkhoturye Verkhoturye (russian: Верхоту́рье) is a historical town and the administrative center of Verkhotursky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the middle Ural Mountains on the left bank of the Tura River north of Yekaterinb ...
(the only one of its type representing Stroganov architecture). One of the first stone structures on the eastern Siberia includes the Dormition of the Mother of God monastery in Nerchinsk (1712), the Transfiguration of the Saviour in Posolskoye (1718), the church of the Saviour and the
Epiphany Epiphany may refer to: * Epiphany (feeling), an experience of sudden and striking insight Religion * Epiphany (holiday), a Christian holiday celebrating the revelation of God the Son as a human being in Jesus Christ ** Epiphany season, or Epiph ...
church, both in
Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and mn, Эрхүү, ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 617,473 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is ...
, the Epiphany church and the
Voyevoda Voivode (, also spelled ''voievod'', ''voevod'', ''voivoda'', ''vojvoda'' or ''wojewoda'') is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the m ...
house in Yeniseysk and the Saviour monastery in
Yakutsk Yakutsk (russian: Якутск, p=jɪˈkutsk; sah, Дьокуускай, translit=Djokuuskay, ) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of ...
.


Research history

The most original monument of Siberian Baroque is the Feast of the Cross church in Irkutsk (1747–1758); "the best example of Siberian Baroque, with its originality in cultural-semantic and ethno-stylistic stratifications". Its Buddhist decors aroused interest under scientists and researchers already in the pre-revolutionary Russia. The unique monument was compared with the pompous stone round churches of Solikamsk and
Solvychegodsk Solvychegodsk (russian: Сольвычего́дск, lit. "salt on the Vychegda River") is a town in Kotlassky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right-hand bank of the Vychegda River northeast of Kotlas, the administra ...
.
Igor Grabar Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar (russian: И́горь Эммануи́лович Граба́рь, 25 March 1871 in Budapest – 16 May 1960 in Moscow) was a Russian post-impressionism, post-impressionist painter, publisher, restorer and historian ...
saw in that church a late provincial resume of the Moscow ''uzorochya'', with its striving for "painting". He wrote that "its naive combination echoes Moscow and Ukraine, which is fancifully weaved into a densely inwrought tapestry, with a peculiar odour of the neighbouring East". The term "Siberian Baroque" was created by Irkutsk local historian D. A. Boldyrev-Kazarin in 1924,Л. К. Масиель Санчес. Каменные храмы Сибири XVIII века: эволюция форм и региональные особенности (L. K. Masiel Sanchez. Stone shurches of Siberia in the 18th century: Evolution of form and regional characteristics
/ref>D. L. Boldyrev-Kazarin. Народное искусство Сибири (Folk art of Siberia) // Сибирская живая старина (Siberian bright old buildings). 2nd edition. Irkutsk, 1924. pp. 5-19. When mentioning the possibility of the participation of Buryat workers, Boldyrev-Kazarin said, that in Siberia "some details of Mongolian and Chinese architecture have well-known forms of
kokoshnik The kokoshnik ( rus, коко́шник, p=kɐˈkoʂnʲɪk) is a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan. The kokoshnik tradition has existed since the 10th century in the ancient Russian city Veliky Novgo ...
s", while " Khanty,
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
and
Bukharian Bukharan Jews ( Bukharian: יהודיאני בוכארא/яҳудиёни Бухоро, ''Yahudiyoni Bukhoro''; he, יהודי בוכרה, ''Yehudey Bukhara''), in modern times also called Bukharian Jews ( Bukharian: יהודיאני בוכאר ...
" influences determine the special decor of churches in
Ishim Ishim may refer to: *Ishim (river), a river in Kazakhstan and Russia *Ishim, Tyumen Oblast, a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia *Ishim (angel), a rank of angels in the Jewish angelic hierarchy See also *Ishimsky (disambiguation) *Ishimbay Ishimbay ...
,
Yalutorovsk Yalutorovsk (russian: Ялу́торовск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tobol River southeast of Tyumen. Population: History It was founded in 1659 as the settlement of Yalutorovsky () and was granted town status in 17 ...
and Tara. The issue of the relationships between Eastern and Ukrainian Baroque and Siberian Baroque of the 18th century was also researched in the Soviet times. Some found a "Buryat decor" in Irkutsk churches, and if judging their size and construction, they were built by architects of the Northern Russian cities Totma and Veliky Ustyug. According to T. S. Proskuryakova, early Siberian church architecture divides between two "subregional types": Western Siberian (Tobolsk, Tyumen, the area behind the Ural mountains) and Eastern Siberian (Irkutsk).T. S. Proskuryakova. ''Черты своеобразия архитектуры Сибири XVIII в.'' (Traits of original architecture of Siberia in the 18th century) // Архитектурное наследство (Architecturic heritage), 40 (1996). pp. 70-74. H. Yu. Kaptikov also uses that sorting system. He sees in Siberian architecture of the 18th century one of the provincial schools in Russian Baroque, along with Totma-Ustyug, Vyatsk and Uralian.


Examples of Siberian Baroque


Irkutsk

* Ascension church * Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord * Church of Vladimir * Feast of the Cross church * Our Lady of the Sign church * Tikhvin church * Trinity church * Wondermaking church


Tobolsk

* Church of Zachary and Elizabeth * Feast of the Cross church


Tomsk

* Epiphany church * Kazan church of the Theotokos-Alekseyev monastery * Our Lady of the Sign church * Resurrection church


Tyumen

* Church of the Saviour * Holy Trinity Monastery * Znamensky Cathedral


Other settlements

* Assumption Cathedral in Yeniseysk * Cathedral of the Trinity Monastery in Turukhansk * Church of the Savior in Minusinsk * Church of the Savior in Tara * Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha * Epiphany Cathedral in
Ishim Ishim may refer to: *Ishim (river), a river in Kazakhstan and Russia *Ishim, Tyumen Oblast, a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia *Ishim (angel), a rank of angels in the Jewish angelic hierarchy See also *Ishimsky (disambiguation) *Ishimbay Ishimbay ...
* Holy Intercession Cathedral in
Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
* Holy Trinity cathedral in Kansk * Intercession Church in
Khanty-Mansiysk Khanty-Mansiysk ( rus, Ха́нты-Манси́йск, Khánty-Mansíysk, lit. ''Khanty-Mansi Town''; Khanty language, Khanty: , ''Jomvoćś''; Mansi language, Mansi: , ''Abga'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the admini ...
*
Odigitrievsky Cathedral St. Odigitrievsky Cathedral is an Orthodox church, a monument of architecture of the Siberian Baroque of the middle of the XVIII century in Transbaikalia. It was built in 1741–1785 in the city of Verkhneudinsk (since 1934 – Ulan-Ude) The first ...
in
Ulan-Ude Ulan-Ude (; bua, Улаан-Үдэ, , ; russian: Улан-Удэ, p=ʊˈlan ʊˈdɛ; mn, Улаан-Үд, , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence wi ...
* Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Posolskoye * Spassky Cathedral in Novoselenginsk * Sretensky Cathedral in
Yalutorovsk Yalutorovsk (russian: Ялу́торовск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tobol River southeast of Tyumen. Population: History It was founded in 1659 as the settlement of Yalutorovsky () and was granted town status in 17 ...
* Transfiguration of the Saviour cathedral in Novokuznetsk


See also

*
Petrine Baroque Petrine Baroque (Russian: Петровское барокко) is a style of 17th and 18th century Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, Saint Petersbu ...
* Elizabethan Baroque *
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...


References

{{Baroque architecture by country Architecture in Russia Baroque architectural styles History of Siberia Siberian culture