Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
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The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone () is a special economic zone (SEZ) of China. One of four special economic zones (SEZ) established in May 1980, it was the first SEZ created by
Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary leader, military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. After CC ...
, and, like the other three zones, was modeled after
Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
's
Shannon Free Zone The Shannon Free Zone is a , international business park adjacent to Shannon Airport, County Clare, in Ireland. It is 18 km from Ennis and 20 km from Limerick. It was established in 1959, as the world's first "modern" free-trade zone ...
. Until 2010, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprised four of the nine districts of
Shenzhen Shenzhen (; ; ; ), also historically known as Sham Chun, is a major sub-provincial city and one of the special economic zones of China. The city is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern province ...
City A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in
Guangdong Province Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, namely
Luohu Luohu District is a district of Shenzhen, China, located north of the New Territories of Hong Kong, east of Futian District, southeast of Longgang District, southwest of Pingshan District, and west of Yantian District. It is one of the oldest ...
,
Futian Futian District () is one of the nine districts comprising the city of Shenzhen, China. The district is home to the government and Municipal Committee of Shenzhen, as well as the city's central business district (CBD). Name There are two theor ...
, Nanshan, and
Yantian Yantian District () is one of the nine districts of the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is adjacent to Shenzhen River and Hong Kong to the south, and is surrounded by Luohu, Longgang and Pingshan districts of Shenzhen. Before 1960s, th ...
, with a total area of 493 km². In 2010, it was expanded to include the rest of the city, substantially increasing the geographical size of the SEZ.


Population characteristics

Before Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it existed as a small city containing only 310,000 residents and less than 30,000 workers. By the end of 2000, however, the population had grown to 4.33 million and its labor force to 3.09 million. By 2007, the official population count reached 8.6 million, of which only 2.1 million people were permanent residents, but it is difficult to estimate the exact population because of millions of unaccounted migrant workers, and the true population could have reached 12-14 million. Less than 30 percent of the population are permanent residents. These are mainly state officials, entrepreneurs, technicians and skilled workers who have traveled from major cities. The other 70 percent are temporary residents, mainly migrant laborers from rural areas who lack official household registration and citizenship. The majority of migrants in Shenzhen are female. Pun Ngai, president of the Chinese Women Working Network and sociology professor at the
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) is a public research university in Clear Water Bay Peninsula, New Territories, Hong Kong. Founded in 1991 by the British Hong Kong Government, it was the territory's third institution ...
, suggests that the rapid economic development of Shenzhen and the advancement of its position in the global economy are dependent on extracting female workers from the rural areas, and considers this process to be a precarious employment system in which women face inhumane working conditions and receive low wages for extensive hours.


Advantages and disadvantages of migrant work

While Pun and others are critical of the system that has been implemented, empirical studies suggest that migration may promote women's autonomy — specifically when considering unmarried women migrants. Although these women may face challenges and discrimination at times, they often gain freedom from traditional expectations of women's familial and social roles, primarily by being separated from older family members and because of the influence of urban culture. Ultimately, migration can allow young women to feel more confident and self-aware whilst providing the opportunity to increase their own social status through the acquisition of savings and personal property. It also means that they can marry later than non-migrants, thereby avoiding marrying into agricultural families that support patriarchal traditions. In contrast, married female migrants are expected to continue living under restrictive gender roles. While urban life may offer poorer schooling, many mothers still advocate this lifestyle because of the benefits that their daughters may receive, such as gaining essential skills to be successful in city life, and increasing quality of life through the development of self-identity. While these daughters have the potential to develop these highly desired skills, they must also face a variety of environmental factors and working conditions associated with this lifestyle.


The environment

Although some question the means by which Shenzhen achieved economic advancement, others see the economic rise as an unprecedented "growth miracle" in human history. According to the World Bank, China has become one of the most important members of the global economy and a leader in international trade and investment, and its growth has brought more than 400 million people out of poverty. In 1997, Shenzhen was declared the national model city for environmental protection, and in 2002 received the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award of Global 500 Roll of Honor based on the city’s efforts to yield gains concerning both the economy and the environment. From this perspective, it appears that Shenzhen has been able to develop its economy successfully while preventing environmental damage. However, extensive
environmental degradation Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment (biophysical), environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; an ...
has also taken place in Shenzhen; the rapid urbanization process has taken a large toll on water quality. Shenzhen also suffers from serious air pollution due to industrial emissions, high levels of automobile traffic and construction work. Since the development of Shenzhen has greatly influenced other economic zones within China, it is feared that similar effects may result in these other locations as well. While the implementation of environmental policies may reduce the severity of these consequences, it is predicted that mending the damage that has already happened will take substantial time and effort. All members of society must face the environmental degradation that has occurred; however, it is the migrant workers who face the harshest impact because they live in crowded and heavily restricted factory dormitories.


References


See also

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Shantou Special Economic Zone Shantou Special Economic Zone (Chinese: 汕头经济特区), located within Shantou, Guangdong, is one of the five special economic zones in the People's Republic of China. Its establishment was approved by the State Council in 1981, when it the ...
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Xiamen Special Economic Zone Xiamen Special Economic Zone (), established in October 1980, is one of the five special economic zones in the People's Republic of China. Originally comprising a territory of 2.5 km2 in Xiamen City, it was expanded to 131 km2 in 1984, cov ...
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Zhuhai Special Economic Zone Zhuhai Special Economic Zone (Chinese: 珠海经济特区), established on 5 August 1980, is one of the five special economic zones in the People's Republic of China. Originally comprising a territory of 6.1 km2 in Zhuhai City, it was expanded ...
{{coord missing, Guangdong Shenzhen Special Economic Zones of China 1980 establishments in China