Shea nut

''Vitellaria paradoxa'' (formerly ''Butyrospermum parkii''), commonly known as shea tree, shi tree (, also ), or vitellaria, is a tree of the family Sapotaceae. It is the only species in the genus ''Vitellaria'',''Vitellaria paradoxa''.
AgroForestry Tree Database. World Agroforestry Centre. and is indigenous to Africa.

The shea fruit consists of a thin, tart, nutritious pulp that surrounds a relatively large, oil-rich seed from which shea butter is extracted. It is a deciduous tree usually tall, but has reached and a trunk diameter of .

The shea tree is a traditional African food plant. It has been said to have potential to improve nutrition, boost food supply in the "annual hungry season", foster rural development, and support sustainable land care.

Description

The tree starts bearing its first fruit when it is 10 to 15 years old; full production is attained when the tree is about 20 to 30 years old. It then produces nuts for up to 200 years.

The fruits resemble large plums 4 to 8 centimetres long weighing between 10 and 57 grams each. These fruits take 4 to 6 months to ripen; the average yield is of fresh fruit per tree, with optimum yields up to . Each kilogram of fruit gives approximately of dry seeds. The fruit is edible.

Nomenclature and taxonomy

''Vitellaria'' is a monotypic genus, i.e., it comprises only one species. The species has variously been known botanically as ''Vitellaria paradoxa'', ''Butyrospermum parkii'', and ''Butyrospermum paradoxum''. Many botanical works from the late 19th and much of the 20th centuries used the name ''Butyrospermum parkii'', which is still commonly found in the cosmetics trade. However, ''Vitellaria paradoxa'' is the oldest name (published in 1807) and has been generally used in recent decades, as necessitated by the rules of botanical nomenclature; efforts in 1962 to make ''Butyrospermum'' the official scientific name for the genus (i.e., to "conserve" the name) were unsuccessful.Lovett, P. N. 2015 Shea butter: properties and processing for food use. In Talbot, G. (ed.) ''Specialty Oils and Fats in Foods and Nutrition.'' Elsevier. pp. 125–158.

The species comprises two subspecies:

''Vitellaria paradoxa'' subsp. ''paradoxa''  (roughly from the Nigeria-Cameroon border westward).

''Vitellaria paradoxa'' subsp. ''nilotica'' (Kotschy) A.N. Henry & Chithra & N.C. Nair (roughly from the Nigeria-Cameroon border eastward).

Distribution and habitat

The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West and South from Senegal in the west to Sudan and South Sudan in the east, and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands. It occurs in 19 countries across the African continent, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Guinea. The habitat area extends over more than .

A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century.

Uses

Shea butter has many uses and may or may not be refined. In the West it is most commonly used as an emollient in cosmetics and is less commonly used in food. Throughout Africa it is used extensively for food, is a major source of dietary fat, and for medicinal purposes. In Ghana and Nigeria, shea butter is a major ingredient for making the African black soap.

The edible protein-rich caterpillars of the moth '' Cirina butyrospermi'' which feed solely on its leaves are widely collectedNikiema, A. & Umali, B.E. "Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.". - In: Van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (eds.) "Plant resources of tropical Africa 14 : vegetable oils". - Wageningen : PROTA Foundation; Leiden : Backhuys; Wageningen : CTA, 2007. - 236 p. - p.182-187. and eaten raw, dried or fried.

Composition of shea butter

Shea butter extract is a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable components (substances that cannot be fully converted into soap by treatment with alkali) contains the following fatty acids: oleic acid (40–60%), stearic acid (20–50%), linoleic acid (3–11%), palmitic acid (2–9%), linolenic acid (<1%) and arachidic acid (<1%). It also contains the vitamins A, E and F.

Etymology

The common name is ''shíyiri'' (in N'Ko: ) or ''shísu'' (, lit. "shea tree") in the Bambara language of Mali. This is the origin of the English word, whose primary pronunciation is (rhyming with "tea"), although the pronunciation (rhyming with "day") is common and is listed second in major dictionaries. The tree is called ''ghariti'' in the Wolof language of Senegal, which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter, ''karité''.

In Hausa language the tree is called ''Kaɗe'' or ''Kaɗanya''. Indeed, the shea tree is so indispensable in Mole-Dagbang culinary and ethno-botanical practices that the Northern Ghanaian city of Tamale etymologically derives its name from the more traditional Dagomba name 'Tama-yile' (meaning 'Home of Shea nuts').

The tree was formerly classified in the genus ''Butyrospermum'', meaning "butter seed". The species name ''parkii'' honors Scottish explorer Mungo Park, who learned of the tree while exploring Senegal. Park's Scottish origin is reflected in the English word shea, with a final -ea.

References

External links

Vitellaria paradoxa.
In: Brunken, U., et al. 2008. ''West African Plants — A Photo Guide''. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.

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Crops originating from Africa
Flora of Ivory Coast
Trees of Africa
Cosmetics chemicals
Sapotoideae
Monotypic Ericales genera
Sapotaceae genera
Taxa named by Karl Friedrich von Gaertner