Senator

A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate

Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning "the elder" or "old man") and therefore allegedly wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class. Thus, the literal meaning of the word "senate" is Assembly of Elders. Many countries have an assembly named a senate, composed of senators who may be elected, appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.

Contents

1 Overview 2 Alternative meanings 3 National senates in the world 4 Defunct and unestablished senates 5 References 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Overview[edit] The modern word Senate
Senate is derived from the [Latin] word senātus (senate), which comes from senex, “old man”.[1] The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until at least AD 603,[2] although various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome). In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade, circa 1202–1204. Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house, known variously as the “House of Representatives”, “House of Commons”, “Chamber of Deputies”, “National Assembly”, “Legislative Assembly”, or "House of Assembly", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or majoritarian or plurality system, and an electoral basis or collegium. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the United States
United States all states with the exception of Nebraska
Nebraska (whose legislature is a unicameral body called the “Legislature” but whose members refer to themselves as “senators”) have a state senate. There is also the US Senate
US Senate at the federal level. Similarly in Argentina, in addition to the Senate at federal level, eight of the country's provinces, Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe, have bicameral legislatures with a Senate. Córdoba and Tucumán changed to unicameral systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively. In Australia
Australia and Canada, only the upper house of the federal parliament is known as the Senate. All Australian states other than Queensland
Queensland have an upper house known as a Legislative council. Several Canadian provinces also once had a Legislative Council, but these have all been abolished, the last being Quebec's Legislative council in 1968. In Germany, the last Senate
Senate of a State parliament, the Senate
Senate of Bavaria, was abolished in 1999. Senate
Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Senate
Senate of the Philippines, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75. Alternative meanings[edit] The terms Senate
Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:

The Senate of Finland
Senate of Finland was, until 1919, the executive branch and the supreme court. The Senate
Senate of Latvia (lv) fulfilled a similar judicial function during the interbellum (1918-1940). In German politics:

In the Bundesländer (Federated States) of Germany
Germany which form a City State (in German: Stadtstaat), i.e. Berlin
Berlin ( Senate
Senate of Berlin), Bremen ( Senate
Senate of Bremen) and Hamburg
Hamburg ( Senate
Senate of Hamburg), the Senates (Senat in German) are the executive branch, with Senator (Senator) being the holders of ministerial portfolios.[3] In a number of cities which were former members of the Hanse (a medieval confederacy of port cities mainly at the shores of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea), such as Greifswald, Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, or Wismar, the city government is also called a Senate. However, in Bavaria, the Senate
Senate was a second legislative chamber until its abolition in 1999.

In German jurisdiction:

The term Senat (senate) in higher courts of appeal refers to the "bench" in its broader metonymy meaning, describing members of the judiciary collectively (usually five judges), often occupied with a particular subject-matter jurisdiction. However, the judges are not called "senators". The German term Strafsenat (literally "Penal Senate") in a German court translates to Bench of penal-law jurisdiction and Zivilsenat (literally "Civil Senate") to Bench of private-law jurisdiction. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany consists of two senates of eight judges each. In its case the division is mostly of an organizational nature, as a matter of dividing the work load; both senates handle the same kind of constitutional cases. At some points in the past, one senate was considered more conservative and the other more liberal, but that is not the case as of 2011.

In Scotland, judges of the High Court of Justiciary
High Court of Justiciary are called Senators of the College of Justice. In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called Senators. In federal countries, such Senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with St. Kitts and Nevis, Comoros
Comoros and Micronesia. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term Senator marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case with the States of Jersey, Dominica's House of Assembly and the Saint Vincent House of Assembly. In Wales, the National Assembly for Wales
Wales debating chamber is called the Senedd, pronounced 'Seneth'. An academic senate is the governing body of some universities. In Greece
Greece during the early stages of the Greek War of Independence, various local legislative and executive bodies were established by the Greek rebels. Two of them were styled "senate": the Peloponnesian Senate
Senate and the Senate
Senate of Western Continental Greece.

National senates in the world[edit]

Afghanistan Argentina Austria Australia Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Brazil Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic France Gabon Grenada Haiti India Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kazakhstan Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Nigeria Palau Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Lucia South Africa Spain Swaziland Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago United States Uzbekistan Uruguay Zimbabwe

Defunct and unestablished senates[edit] See also: List of abolished upper houses Abolished in favor of unicameral system

1863 Greece[Note 1] 1958 Sudan 1966 Kenya (restored in 2013)[Note 2] 1971 Ceylon
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 1990 Tucumán Province, Argentina 1981 South Africa[Note 3] 2000 Bavaria, Germany 2001 Córdoba Province, Argentina 2005 Chad 2017 Mauritania

Legislature
Legislature disbanded

603 Roman Republic/Empire 1204 Byzantine Empire 1865 Confederate States of America 1831-1879 Montenegro 1931-1941 Yugoslavia 1939 Czechoslovakia 1947 British Burma 1952 Egypt 1958 Cuba 1959 Iraq 1961 South Korea 1969 Libya 1972 Northern Ireland 1972 Philippines (restored in 1987)[Note 4] 1974 Ethiopia 1975 South Vietnam

New constitution adopted

1847 Costa Rica[Note 5] 1871 Costa Rica[Note 5] 1886 El Salvador[Note 6] 1890 Japan 1901–1903 Serbia 1917 Russia 1919 Costa Rica[Note 5] 1919 Finland 1926 Portugal 1928 Albania 1930 Bahia, Brazil 1930 Ceará, Brazil 1930 Pernambuco, Brazil 1930 São Paulo, Brazil 1935 Philippines (restored in 1945)[Note 4] 1949 Malta 1950 Indonesia (restored in 2001 as DPD) 1964 British Guiana (now Guyana) 1970 Ceylon 1978 Ecuador 1978 Philippines (restored in 1987)[Note 4] 1979 Iran 1979 Nicaragua 1982 Turkey 1993 Peru 2000 Venezuela 2012 Senegal 2013 Fiji 2014 Thailand

Senate
Senate unestablished, though foreseen by the Constitution

1989 Lebanon 1994 Malawi 1995 Georgia 2004 Iraq 2017 Thailand

References[edit]

^ A Greek Senate
Greek Senate was reestablished in 1927, and abolished again in 1935. ^ The Kenyan Senate
Senate and House of Representatives were combined into a single National Assembly, under the 2010 Constitution, the Senate
Senate is the upper house, with the National Assembly becoming the lower house. ^ A South African Senate
Senate was reconvened between 1994 and 1997, before being replaced by the National Council of Provinces. ^ a b c The Philippine Senate
Senate was abolished and restored twice. A new constitution in 1935 abolished the Senate
Senate but an amendment in 1941 restored it in 1945. In 1972, the legislature was closed, and a passage of a new constitution in 1978 confirmed the abolition of the Senate; an approval of a new constitution in 1987 restored it. ^ a b c The 1844 Constitution
Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica
Costa Rica Archived 2011-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. provided for a Senate; the Constitution
Constitution of 1847 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine., which replaced it, established a unicameral legislature. The Senate was reestablished by the Constitution
Constitution of 1859 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.; the country reverted to unicameralism with the adoption of the 1871 Constitution
Constitution Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.. Costa Rica
Costa Rica briefly restored the Senate
Senate and bicameralism with the adoption of the 1917 Constitution
Constitution Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine., but that constitution was abrogated in 1919, whereupon the 1871 Constitution
Constitution was restored; it remained in effect until 1949, when Costa Rica
Costa Rica adopted its present Constitution, which provides for a unicameral legislature. ^ The 1841 Constitution
Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador
El Salvador established a bicameral legislature with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The 1886 constitution replaced the bicameral legislature with a unicameral one.[4]