Positions
Origin
Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejection of the theological and disciplinary changes implemented following theJustification
While Sedevacantists' arguments often hinge on their interpretation of modernism as being aPositions within sedevacantism
On clergy, Mass, and sacraments
Some sedevacantists accept the consecrations and ordinations of sedevacantist bishops and priests, and the offering of Masses and the administration of sacraments by the said bishops and priests, to be licit because of ''epikea'',Most Rev.On liturgy
Another divisive question among sedevacantists is whether it is permissible to go to "''una cum''" masses (Traditional Latin Masses where the name of the person considered by mainstream Catholics as Pope is spoken in the Roman Canon, specifically in the "''Te igitur''" prayer, where the priest says "''una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro N.''" together with Thy Servant N., our Pope". Such "''una cum''" masses are offered by the priests of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter. Some argue that it is, or may be, permissible, while others argue that it is not permissible, and that such masses are illicit and forbidden to Catholics.Relationship to sedeprivationism
A sizeable portion of sedevacantists affirm the Thesis of Cassiciacum of the Dominican theologian Bishop Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers as being a valid position, which states that John XXIII and his successors are popes ''materialiter sed non formaliter'', that is, " materially but not formally," and that the post-Vatican II popes will become pope if they recant their heresies.Demography
There are estimated to be between several tens of thousands and more than two hundred thousand sedevacantists worldwide, mostly concentrated in the United States, Mexico, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Australia, but the actual size of the sedevacantist movement has never been accurately assessed. It remains extremely difficult to establish the size of the movement for a wide range of reasons, such as the fact that not all sedevacantists identify themselves as such, nor do they necessarily adhere to sedevacantist groups or societies.Early proponents
Early proponents of sedevacantism include: * Patrick Henry Omlor, an American author who, in 1965, expressed the view that Paul VI was not the pope. * Francis Schuckardt, an American who was part of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, until he publicly took the position in 1967 that theBishops and holy orders
Catholic theology holds that any bishop can validlySedevacantist bishops
Consecrated before Vatican II
The only known Catholic bishop consecrated before the Second Vatican Council who publicly became sedevacantist was Vietnamese ArchbishopThục line bishops
The "Thục line" bishops designates bishops who derive theirMéndez-line bishops
On 19 October 1993, in Carlsbad, California, United States, Bishop Méndez-Gonzalez consecrated the sedevacantist Father Clarence Kelly of theWhose lineages derive from earlier movements
A considerable number of sedevacantist bishops are thought to derive their holy orders from BishopGroups
Sedevacantist groups include: * Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI), formed in 1967. It operates in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia; is based inSee also
* Sedeprivationism *References
Further reading
Criticism
* * * * * (concerning strict sedevacantists as well as conclavists) {{Second Vatican Council