Second Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)

The Second Era of Northern Domination refers to the second period of Chinese rule in Vietnamese history, from the 1st century to 6th century AD, during which present-day northern Vietnam (Jiaozhi) was governed by various Chinese dynasties. This period lasted about 500 years.

History

Eastern Han dynasty

After suppressed the Trưng sisters in 44 AD, Ma Yuan continued his crackdown on the Lac Viet resistance and their society. Lac lords whom joined the Trung sisters, who had submitted or surrendered to Ma Yuan would be spared, who disobeyed will be beheaded. Direct imperial government now was imposed on the region for the first time. Some of 20,000 Chinese soldiers had settled in northern Vietnam to help rebuild the Han administration, living along with around 900,000 local people. By the second and third century, local sites and artifacts often contain both Viet and Han styles, include Han-style tomb bricks and Dong Son artifacts such as bronze drums. Chopsticks, paper, writing brushes, the concept of household, tomb,... were introduced into indigenous society (presumably included Vietic speakers) during the Western Han or Eastern Han period. Although had adjusted local cultures, the Chinese didn't force the locals to adopt Chinese life style. From the Han to the Tang, Imperial Chinese had supported for the political alliances with the locally based elite–the local chiefs–which were powerful and wealthy. The Chinese court often gave them official positions in order to obtain profits from them.

In 157, local leader Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels.

In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government.

In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi.

In 178, Wuhu people (烏滸) under Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in Hepu and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam, Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Zhu Juan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed.

Introduced by Indian merchants via sea, by late Han period, Buddhism quickly became the most predominant religion in Northern Vietnam, whereas the Dâu Temple (circa. 2nd century AD) was the first Buddhist temple in Vietnam. In 177, Shi Xie became the prefect of Jiaozhi province.

In 100, Cham people in Xianglin (Tượng Lâm) county (near modern-day Huế) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down the rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two-year tax respite. In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words."

In 192, Cham people in Tượng Lâm led by Khu Liên successful revolted against the Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of Lâm Ấp.

Three Kingdoms era

Sĩ Nhiếp (Shi Xie) was the governor of Jiaozhi at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. When China plunged into civil war, Si Nhiep ruled Jiaozhi as an independent warlord from 187 to 226. He pledged allegiance to Sun Quan forces in 210 and later became a vassal of Eastern Wu, himself received the title "Marquis of Longbian". In 227, Eastern Wu forces killed his son Shi Hui (士徽), ending the Shi rule of Jiaozhi.

When the Eastern Han dynasty split into the Three Kingdoms in 220, Jiaozhi was under the control of the state of Wu. In 226 Sun Quan divided Jiaozhi into two separated provinces, Chiao-chou (included northern Vietnam and small portion of Hepu) and Kuangchou. The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231, people in Jiuzhen revolted but was "pacified" by a Wu general. In 248, Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu (Lady Triệu) led a rebellion against the Wu in the same year, but was suppressed by Lu Yin.

Jin-Wu war

In 263, Lu Hung (呂興), a prefecture in Jiaozhou, gained supports from local people and soldiers, murdered Wu administrators Sun Hsu (孫諝) and Teng Hsun (鄧荀), then sent envoys to Cao Wei