Sebayt

Sebayt (Egyptian '' sbꜣyt'', Coptic ⲥⲃⲱ "instruction, teaching") is the ancient Egyptian term for a genre of pharaonic literature. ''sbꜣyt'' literally means "teachings" or "instructions" and refers to formally written ethical teachings focused on the "way of living truly". Sebayt is considered an Egyptian form of wisdom literature.

Examples

In ''Eulogy of Dead Writers'', written during the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom, a stanza lists the names of writers famous for their great works, most of whom are authors of noted ''sebayt'' from the Middle Kingdom:

Each of these authors (excepting Imhotep, none of whose works survive) including Ptahemdjehuty, can be attested as authors of various works from the Middle Kingdom. Many of the earliest ''Sebayt'' claim to have been written in the third millennium BCE, during the Old Kingdom, but it is now generally agreed that they were actually composed later, beginning in the Middle Kingdom (c.1991–1786 BCE). This fictitious attribution to authors of a more distant past was perhaps intended to give the texts greater authority.

Perhaps the best-known ''sebayt'' is the one which claims to have been written by Ptahhotep, the vizier to the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who ruled from 2388–2356 BCE. Ptahhotep's ''sebayt'' is often called ''The Maxims of Ptahhotep'' or the ''Maxims of Good Discourse'' (the latter being a phrase used as a self-description in the ''sebayt'' itself). The teaching appears on the Twelfth Dynasty Prisse Papyrus along with the ending of the ''Instructions of Kagemni''. Another well known ''sebayt'' was attributed to the Fourth Dynasty ethicist named Hardjedef. Only a few fragments survive of his ''Instruction''.

Two ''sebayt'' are attributed to Egyptian rulers themselves. The first of these is entitled the ''Teaching for King Merykara'', who lived during the troubled First Intermediate Period (2150–2040 BCE). The document claims to be written by Merykara's father, the preceding monarch. However, since Merykara and his father were kings of the unstable periods of the Ninth through Tenth Dynasties, almost nothing else is known of them, and it is quite likely that the text was composed at a later period.

The other royal teaching is the ''Instructions of Amenemhat''. This ''sebayt'' was reputedly authored by Amenemhat I, the founder of the Twelfth Dynasty, who ruled from 1991–1962 BCE, but was probably composed after his death.Lichtheim, pp.135ff. It should be mentioned that Amenemhat I was the first pharaoh to rule after the First Intermediate Period, and thus the instructions of Amenemhat are connected to his attempt to consolidate power typified by the ''Prophecy of Neferti'', as alluded to in the ''Eulogy.'' Thus both regnal ''sebayt'' are directly connected to the Intermediate Period and its aftermath.

Although not attributed to a pharaoh, the ''Loyalist Teaching'' stress the virtues of remaining obedient and respectful to the ruler of Egypt.

''Sebayt'' were a long-lived genre, with new compositions continuously appearing well into the Roman era. Some individual teachings, such as the ''Teaching of Amenemhat I'' (written c. 1950 BCE) were continuously copied and transmitted for over 1500 years.

Most ''Sebayt'' are preserved on papyrus scrolls that are copies of earlier works. Four important examples of ''sebayt'' are preserved in the Prisse Papyrus, two papyrus scrolls in the British Museum, the Insinger Papyrus and the Carnarvon Tablet 1 in Cairo. This genre has much in common with sapiential literature in other cultures, and is for example comparable with the Old Testament Book of Proverbs which has in part been connected to the ''Instruction of Amenemope''.Lichtheim, p146-163.

Notes

References

*Bruneer, H. ''Die Weisheitbuecher der Aegypter, Artemis, 1991.
*Lichtheim, Miriam. ”Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume II: The New Kingdom”, University of California Press, 1976,
*Shaw, Ian. ''Ancient Egypt'', Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Lichtheim, Miriam, ''Ancient Egyptian Literature'', Volume I, 1973
*Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache'', Berlin 1963
*Parkinson, R.B. (2002). ''Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection''. London: Continuum. .
*Simpson, William Kelly. (1972). ''The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry''. Edited by William Kelly Simpson. Translations by R.O. Faulkner, Edward F. Wente, Jr., and William Kelly Simpson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN, 0-300-01482-1.

External links

The Maxims of Good Discourse or the Wisdom of PtahhotepThe Loyalist Instruction From The Sehetepibre Stele

Ancient Egyptian literature
Ancient Egyptian culture
Ancient Middle Eastern wisdom literature