Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30
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Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30, formally ''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 12-3'', or ''SPz lg 12-3'' for short (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
for "Infantry-tank, long, Type 12-3"), was a West German
infantry fighting vehicle An infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), also known as a mechanized infantry combat vehicle (MICV), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry infantry into battle and provide direct-fire support. The 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forc ...
developed from 1956 to 1958. It was a
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Hispano-Suiza Hispano-Suiza () is a Spanish automotive–engineering company. It was founded in 1904 by Marc Birkigt and Damian Mateu as an automobile manufacturer and eventually had several factories in Spain and France that produced luxury cars, aircraft en ...
design, with a Rolls-Royce engine. After some early mechanical problems, only 2,176 were built of the 10,680 planned. It was armed with a powerful 20 mm autocannon, a common choice for infantry fighting vehicles of the period. Its design proved to have many flaws and drawbacks, and the construction was followed by a major political scandal in West Germany in the 1960s. 2,176 SPz HS.30 and variants were built until 1962, for which the German government paid 517 million DM; about 238,000 DM per vehicle. The HS.30 first entered service with the '' Panzergrenadier'' battalions in 1960 and was replaced by the
Marder Marder may refer to: German military vehicles * A series of World War II tank destroyers: ** Marder I ** Marder II ** Marder III * Marder (IFV), a modern infantry fighting vehicle * Marder (submarine), a World War II midget submarine People with ...
infantry fighting vehicle from 1971.


Design and doctrine

Rejecting American doctrine that an armored personnel carrier should serve as a "battlefield taxi" and not as an assault vehicle, the Germans developed the HS.30 as a vehicle to fight alongside tanks and from which their mechanized infantry could fight from under cover. The German military came to this decision as a result of its World War II experience with ''Panzergrenadiere'' (armored infantry). German doctrine saw the SPz 12-3 as part of the squad's equipment, and the squad was trained to fight with the vehicle in both offense and defense. Unlike the American M113, the HS.30 could not float, but as German doctrine envisaged the HS.30 as a component in operations combined with main battle tanks that also lacked such a capability, this was not seen as a grave disadvantage. The HS.30 mounted a small turret with a
Hispano-Suiza HS.820 The HS.820 was a 20 mm caliber autocannon developed by Hispano-Suiza primarily for aircraft use, but more widely used in a series of ground-based anti-aircraft guns. After Oerlikon purchased Hispano's armaments division in 1970, the HS.820 becam ...
20-mm
autocannon An autocannon, automatic cannon or machine cannon is a fully automatic gun that is capable of rapid-firing large-caliber ( or more) armour-piercing, explosive or incendiary shells, as opposed to the smaller-caliber kinetic projectiles (bull ...
and a 15×15 periscopic sight. The role of the 20-mm autocannon in German doctrine was to engage helicopters, anti-tank weapons, and light armored vehicles, thus freeing tanks to concentrate their fire against other tanks. Even with the turret, the HS.30 was fully two feet (0.6 m) lower in height than the M113 - making it a smaller target. The vehicle had an onboard supply of 2,000 rounds of 20 mm ammunition. Frontal armor provided protection against 20-mm projectiles, which was better than comparable vehicles of other nations. The additional armor made the HS.30 four tons heavier than the M113, even though it could only carry half as many troops. For the squad members to fire their personal weapons while mounted, roof hatches had to be opened with the soldiers sticking up out of the hatches. The Germans considered this a significant disadvantage as their likely opponent, the Soviet Army, was expected to use chemical agents in any war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Despite the German army's insistence on a true infantry fighting vehicle rather than just an armored personnel carrier, the ''Panzergrenadier'' brigades included an infantry battalion that was carried initially on trucks and later with M113 APCs. This force composition likely resulted as much from cost considerations as it did from doctrine that called for one third of the ''Panzergrenadiere'' to be a motorized force.


The HS.30 and its contemporaries


Politics, service and reliability issues


Political decision making

The acquisition of equipment for the newly formed ''Bundeswehr'' in its early years was driven by military, economical and political factors. The military requirements pointed to a vehicle like the French AMX-13 VTP, but its cost per unit was too high. The US
M59 armored personnel carrier The M59 was an American armored personnel carrier that entered service in the spring of 1954 replacing the M75. It had three key advantages over the M75: it was amphibious, had a lower profile, and was considerably cheaper to produce. Production ...
on the other hand was too heavy and too tall for the envisioned doctrine. Also problematic was West German industry lack of interest in building weapons - as a result of World War II, Germany was still forbidden to export arms, so the investment for developing an AFV, to pay for tooling, or the training of the workforce would not generate any future revenue from exports. So for political considerations, it seemed reasonable to turn to West Germany's allies to order AFVs and support their struggling economies. The
Schützenpanzer SPz 11-2 Kurz The Schützenpanzer SPz 11-2 Kurz armoured infantry fighting and reconnaissance vehicle was developed for the West German army and was a minor modification of a French-designed vehicle (Hotchkiss SP1A). During the period between 1959 and 1967, th ...
(developed from the Hotchkiss SP1A) was ordered from France and, after a deal to acquire the
Centurion A centurion (; la, centurio , . la, centuriones, label=none; grc-gre, κεντυρίων, kentyríōn, or ) was a position in the Roman army during classical antiquity, nominally the commander of a century (), a military unit of around 80 ...
from the United Kingdom became obsolete when the US provided M41 Walker Bulldog and M47 Patton tanks as military aid, forming a
consortium A consortium (plural: consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for ...
, to build the new AFV partially in Britain, as offered by
Hispano-Suiza Hispano-Suiza () is a Spanish automotive–engineering company. It was founded in 1904 by Marc Birkigt and Damian Mateu as an automobile manufacturer and eventually had several factories in Spain and France that produced luxury cars, aircraft en ...
in 1955, seemed appealing."Militärgeschichte - Zeitschrift für politische Bildung" Heft 3, 2004, ISSN 0940-4163, Major Dieter H. Kollmar "Der Schützenpanzer HS 30 - Dichtung und Wahrheit", pages 12-15 The Hispano-Suiza offer matched all the requirements, laid out by the German Federal Ministry of Defence and, with an estimated cost of only 170,000 DM, the price per unit was 30% lower than the AMX VTP. In combination with time pressure, generated by the promise to NATO to form and equip 12 West German divisions until 1960, the German Ministry of Defence opted for the Hispano-Suiza model and placed orders for 10,680 AFVs. Dieter H. Kollmar concludes in his analysis of the acquisition process, that it seems reasonable to assume that the company had learned about the requirements in advance and adjusted their offer accordingly. Hispano-Suiza itself did not have the facilities to build an AFV. It had acquired patents for a 20-mm auto cannon and used them in conjunction with its network of business contacts around Europe to finalize the AFV plans. Lobbyists, often recruited from the ranks of former '' Wehrmacht'' officers, aggressively solicited for Hispano-Suiza with the decision makers in the Ministry of Defence, who often shared the same background. When the Ministry of Defence, under its new secretary
Franz Josef Strauss Franz Josef Strauss ( ; 6 September 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician. He was the long-time chairman of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) from 1961 until 1988, member of the federal cabinet in different positions between ...
, learned from the HS.30 evaluation on the proving grounds in 1958 about multiple shortcomings of the vehicle,"V/1135 - Rüstungsgeschäfte mit Hispano-Suiza"
18 November 1966 German Federal Government, page 3 ff
it became increasingly impatient with Hispano-Suiza and cut the initial order of 10,680 down to 2,800, with 1,089 to be built by Leyland Motors in the United Kingdom, the rest by
Henschel Henschel & Son (german: Henschel und Sohn) was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicle ...
and Hanomag in Germany. A settlement with Hispano-Suiza was reached in 1960, with the German state paying 40 million DM to compensate for investments and lost revenue. Later a series of disclosures by the press, several hearings and an investigation evolved around the acquisition of the HS.30. Witnesses, like the former ambassador of Germany in
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Friedrich Holzapfel, were heard and a story about potential payments made to individuals and political parties was spread, based on claims made by the then lobbyist and 1930s Weimar Republic secretary Gottfried Treviranus and businessman Werner Plappert. According to Dieter H. Kollmar, the progress of the official investigation was hampered by witnesses just craving for recognition and charlatans. Accusations, made in that context against Franz Josef Strauss, later proved to be false. Kollmar saw the problems with the HS.30 in the fraudulent practises of Hispano-Suiza and insufficient controlling processes in the Federal Ministry of Defences procurement plans.


Reliability problems

After a series of substantial upgrades, the HS.30 was stated in the 1960s by the official committee of investigation to fulfill the army's requirements ″conditionally″ („bedingt“). In 1965 some 65 percent of the vehicles were reported to be operational, by 1968 the number had increased to 85 percent. The problems with the early models on the other hand had been so severe, that the Ministry of Defence had to provide its own technical personnel to bring the AFVs to an operational status. The evaluation report quotes expert witnesses and listed some technical problems with the HS.30: *
Transmission Transmission may refer to: Medicine, science and technology * Power transmission ** Electric power transmission ** Propulsion transmission, technology allowing controlled application of power *** Automatic transmission *** Manual transmission *** ...
- the early production models were equipped with a SIDEBI- and later a Wilson-transmission, which both caused problems and were finally replaced on all vehicles with an Allison transmission in 1965/1966.German Federal Government:"V/4527"
pages 70 and 71
* Tracks - the Hispano-Suiza tracks were reported to be an outdated design. A witness told the investigators the tracks were prone to excessive wear, so that elements had to be removed frequently to compensate for track sag. Several witnesses preferred the tracks produced by the Backhaus KG (later a part of
Diehl Metall Diehl Metall is a corporate division of the Diehl Stiftung & Co. KG, a worldwide operating industrial group with its head office in Röthenbach an der Pegnitz near Nuremberg, Germany. The production units of Diehl Metall are situated at 13 locat ...
), which were later put on all HS.30 as upgrades. Other problems were a result of the design: *Speed - The
Rolls-Royce B81 The Rolls-Royce B range was a range of petrol engines first intended to be installed in a car but in 1943 developed into a range to power the British Army's wheeled vehicles.Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings Limited. ''The Times'', Monday, May 07, 1973; ...
was reported to be underpowered, especially compared to the later Leopard 1 tank, but when it was introduced, the HS.30 had a
power-to-weight ratio Power-to-weight ratio (PWR, also called specific power, or power-to-mass ratio) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power-to-weight ratio is a measuremen ...
in theory comparable with the M41 tank it was supposed to work with. But, according to a technical officer heard by the committee, the suspension on the front roadwheels was too weak to compensate the AFVs weight when going cross country and hitting ditches, causing the helical springs to break from the coilovers. As a result, drivers had to drive carefully, limiting the vehicle effectively to some 15–20 km/h (10-12.5 mph) off-road. Hispano-Suiza itself stated in the original requirements, that the Bundeswehr had called for 20 hp per ton, which would have been satisfied by a engine on the initial 10 ton design, but the Ministry of Defence had asked for a thicker armor of 30 mm front and 20 mm on the sides, opted for a heavier armament package of 800 kg instead the original 200 kg and wanted a complete group of Panzergrenadiers as passengers, which made the vehicle longer and heavier. *Engine maintenance - the entire rear section of the HS.30 had to be pulled out of the vehicle to get full access to the engine, including the removal of both tracks, some 64 bolts and all connections, making it a time-consuming work, compared to more modern vehicles.German Federal Government:"V/4527"
page 69
*Disembarking - the infantry could exit the HS.30 using two large hatches on top, an escape hatch in the floor and, based on initial planning, a door on the back. That door did stay on the AFV, but it had become effectively unusable for troops, with the designers blocking the tunnel, between the door and troop compartment with engine related components. The remaining standard way to exit was to climb out on top and jump over the sides. This not only exposed soldiers to potential enemy fire, but was also dangerous because the tracks stood out from the hull.Andre Deinhardt: "Panzergrenadiere – eine Truppengattung im Kalten Krieg: 1960 bis 1970", Oldenburg publishing, 2012, , page 141


Service

The HS.30 AFV was introduced into the ''Bundeswehr'' in late 1959 but suffered from teething problems. The AFV was initially used to equip only individual battalions which co-existed in the 1960s with two other forms of Grenadier formations who were equipped with trucks or APCs. Starting in 1974, the Marder IFV replaced the HS.30 in German armored infantry units. Peru received around 20 SPz HS.30s during the 1970s. Finally, some HS.30's were used as armored targets on gunnery ranges.


Variants

*''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 12-3'', (''SPz lg 12-3'', ''Gruppe'') – Standard IFV variant *''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 12-3, mit 106 mm Leichtgeschütz M40A1'', (''SPz lg 12-3, LGs M40A1'', ''Panzerabwehr'') –
Tank destroyer A tank destroyer, tank hunter, tank killer, or self-propelled anti-tank gun is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, armed with a direct fire artillery gun or missile launcher, designed specifically to engage and destroy enemy tanks, often wi ...
version with a 106 mm M40A1 recoilless rifle mounted on the roof in addition to the 20 mm cannon. Retrofit from 1965. *''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 21-3'', (''SPz lg 21-3'', ''FüFu'') – Radio and command version *''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 51-3'', (''SPz lg 51-3'', ''Panzermörser'') – Self-propelled mortar version with an 81 mm mortar. Retrofit to Type 52–3 in 1966. *''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 52-3'', (''SPz lg 52-3'', ''Panzermörser'') – Self-propelled mortar version with a 120 mm mortar. Retrofit of Type 51-3 from 1966. *''Schützenpanzer, lang, Typ 81-3'', (''SPz lg 81-3'', ''FLtPzArt'') – Artillery forward observer version. *''Jagdpanzer, Typ 1-3'', (''JPz 1-3'', ''Kanonenjagdpanzer'') –
Tank destroyer A tank destroyer, tank hunter, tank killer, or self-propelled anti-tank gun is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, armed with a direct fire artillery gun or missile launcher, designed specifically to engage and destroy enemy tanks, often wi ...
prototype based on the HS.30 chassis. Armed with a 90 mm DEFA cannon. *'' Raketenjagdpanzer, Typ 3-3'', (''RakJPz 3-3'', ''Raketenjagdpanzer'') – Missile armed
tank destroyer A tank destroyer, tank hunter, tank killer, or self-propelled anti-tank gun is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, armed with a direct fire artillery gun or missile launcher, designed specifically to engage and destroy enemy tanks, often wi ...
vehicle based on the HS.30 chassis. Equipped with
wire-guided A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behi ...
Nord SS.11 The SS.11, or AS.11, known as AGM-22 in American service, is a French manual command to line of sight wire-guided anti-tank missile manufactured by Nord Aviation. The missile entered service with the French Army in 1956. Production of the SS. ...
missiles.


Footnotes


References


Notes


Bibliography

* * Haworth, W. Blair. ''The Bradley and How It Got That Way'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. . * Foss, Christopher (ed.) ''Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981-82'', Jane's Publishing Company Limited, 1981. .


External links


SPz lang at Panzerbaer.de


{{DEFAULTSORT:Schutzenpanzer Lang HS.30 Armoured fighting vehicles of Germany Armoured personnel carriers Tracked infantry fighting vehicles Infantry fighting vehicles of the Cold War Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s