.jpg/460px-Soviet_Union-1964-stamp-Chapayev_(film).jpg)
Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit.[1] Of those, about 1,000 were operational;[2] while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km).[3] A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids,[4] a comet and the Sun. Satellites are used for many purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit. A launch vehicle is a rocket that places a satellite into orbit. Usually, it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit). Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite
Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early conceptions 1.2 Artificial satellites
2 Space Surveillance Network 3 Non-military satellite services
3.1 Fixed satellite services 3.2 Mobile satellite systems 3.3 Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)
4 Types
5
Orbit
Orbit types
5.1 Centric classifications
5.2 Altitude classifications
5.3
Inclination
Inclination classifications
5.4 Eccentricity classifications
5.5 Synchronous classifications
5.6
Special
Special classifications
5.7 Pseudo-orbit classifications
6
Satellite
Satellite subsystems
6.1
Spacecraft
Spacecraft bus or service module
6.1.1 Structural subsystem
6.1.2
Telemetry
Telemetry subsystem
6.1.3 Power subsystem
6.1.4 Thermal control subsystem
6.1.5 Attitude and orbit control subsystem
6.2 Communication payload
7 End of life 8 Launch-capable countries
8.1 Attempted first launches 8.2 Other notes 8.3 Launch capable private entities
9 First satellites of countries
9.1 Attempted first satellites 9.2 Planned first satellites
10 Attacks on satellites
10.1 Jamming
11
Satellite
Satellite services
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Early conceptions[edit]
"Newton's cannonball", presented as a "thought experiment" in A
Treatise of the System of the World, by
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was the first
published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial
satellite.
The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit
was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, The Brick Moon.[5][6] The
idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's
The Begum's Fortune
The Begum's Fortune (1879).
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
In 1903,
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published Exploring
Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices (in Russian:
Исследование мировых пространств
реактивными приборами), which is the first
academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He
calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a
multi-stage rocket fuelled by liquid propellants could achieve this.
In 1928,
Herman Potočnik
Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, The
Problem of Space Travel — The
Rocket
Rocket Motor (German: Das Problem der
Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-Motor). He described the use
of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how
the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific
experiments.
Animation depicting the orbits of GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit.
In a 1945
Wireless World
.jpg/384px-Williamson_home_constructed_amplifier,_c_1949._(9663806448).jpg)
Wireless World article, the English science fiction writer
Arthur C. Clarke
Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008) described in detail the possible use of
communications satellites for mass communications.[7] He suggested
that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the
entire planet.
The US military studied the idea of what was referred to as the "earth
satellite vehicle" when Secretary of Defense
James Forrestal
James Forrestal made a
public announcement on 29 December 1948, that his office was
coordinating that project between the various services.[8]
Artificial satellites[edit]
Sputnik 1: The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet
Union on 4 October 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program,
with
Sergei Korolev
Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the
Space Race
Space Race between the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and the United States.
Sputnik 1
Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers
through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on
radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated
announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the
Sputnik crisis
Sputnik crisis in
the
United States
United States and ignited the so-called
Space Race
Space Race within the Cold
War.
Sputnik 2
Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living
passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.[9]
In May, 1946,
Project RAND
Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an
Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A satellite
vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of
the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."[10] The
United States
United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since
1945 under the
Bureau of Aeronautics of the
United States
United States Navy. The
United States
United States Air Force's
Project RAND
Project RAND eventually released the report,
but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and
propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon. In 1954, the
Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite
program."[11] In February 1954
Project RAND
Project RAND released "Scientific Uses
for a
Satellite
Satellite Vehicle," written by R.R. Carhart.[12] This expanded
on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed
in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite," by
H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.[13]
In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical
Year (1957–58), the
White House
White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the
U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became
known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they
intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.
Following pressure by the American
Rocket
Rocket Society, the National
Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military
interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on
Project Orbiter, two competing programs: the army's which involved
using a
Jupiter
Jupiter C rocket, and the civilian/Navy Vanguard Rocket, to
launch a satellite. At first, they failed: initial preference was
given to the Vanguard program, whose first attempt at orbiting a
satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national
television. But finally, three months after Sputnik 2, the project
succeeded;
Explorer 1
Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial
satellite on 31 January 1958.[14]
In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1,
the Air Force used resources of the
United States
United States Space Surveillance
Network to catalog 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.[15]
Early satellites were constructed as "one-off" designs. With growth in
geosynchronous (GEO) satellite communication, multiple satellites
began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses.
The first standardized satellite bus design was the
HS-333 GEO
commsat, launched in 1972.
Currently the largest artificial satellite ever is the International
Space Station.
1U
CubeSat
CubeSat ESTCube-1, developed mainly by the students from the
University of Tartu, carries out a tether deployment experiment in low
Earth orbit.
Space Surveillance Network[edit]
Main article:
United States
United States Space Surveillance Network
The
United States Space Surveillance Network
United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), a division of the
United States
United States Strategic Command, has been tracking objects in Earth's
orbit since 1957 when the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union opened the
Space Age
Space Age with the
launch of Sputnik I. Since then, the SSN has tracked more than 26,000
objects. The SSN currently tracks more than 8,000 man-made orbiting
objects. The rest have re-entered Earth's atmosphere and
disintegrated, or survived re-entry and impacted the Earth. The SSN
tracks objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter or larger; those
now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to
pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds. About seven
percent are operational satellites (i.e. ~560 satellites), the rest
are space debris.[16] The
United States Strategic Command
United States Strategic Command is primarily
interested in the active satellites, but also tracks space debris
which upon reentry might otherwise be mistaken for incoming missiles.
Non-military satellite services[edit]
There are three basic categories of non-military satellite
services:[17]
Fixed satellite services[edit]
Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data,
and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents
between certain points on the Earth's surface.
Mobile satellite systems[edit]
Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships,
people and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or
stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation
systems.
Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)[edit]
Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information,
land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), Amateur (HAM) Radio, and other
different scientific research applications such as earth science,
marine science, and atmospheric research.
Types[edit]
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant
planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms,
generally for scientific experimentation.
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the
purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites
typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth
orbits.
Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military
uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc.
(See especially Earth Observing System.)
Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals
transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine
their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the
satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving
electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location
to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.
"Killer Satellites" are satellites that are designed to destroy enemy
warheads, satellites, and other space assets.
Crewed spacecraft (spaceships) are large satellites able to put humans
into (and beyond) an orbit, and return them to Earth. Spacecraft
including spaceplanes of reusable systems have major propulsion or
landing facilities. They can be used as transport to and from the
orbital stations.
Miniaturized satellites
Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses and
small sizes.[18] New classifications are used to categorize these
satellites: minisatellite (500–100 kg), microsatellite (below
100 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).[citation needed]
Reconnaissance satellites are
Earth observation satellite
Earth observation satellite or
communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence
applications. Very little is known about the full power of these
satellites, as governments who operate them usually keep information
pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of
reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from
orbit to Earth.
International Space Station
Space stations are artificial orbital structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space. A space station is distinguished from other crewed spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years. Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether. Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate.[19]
Orbit
Orbit types[edit]
Main article: List of orbits
Various earth orbits to scale; cyan represents low earth orbit, yellow
represents medium earth orbit, the black dashed line represents
geosynchronous orbit, the green dash-dot line the orbit of Global
Positioning System (GPS) satellites, and the red dotted line the orbit
of the
International Space Station
International Space Station (ISS).
The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and
was therefore in geocentric orbit. By far this is the most common type
of orbit with approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting
the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their
altitude, inclination and eccentricity.
The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low
Earth orbit (LEO),
Medium Earth orbit
Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit
(HEO).
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km. Medium Earth orbit
is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km.
High Earth orbit
High Earth orbit is any
orbit higher than 35,786 km.
Centric classifications[edit]
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. Currently there are approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In our Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent planet. Areocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Mars, such as by moons or artificial satellites.
The general structure of a satellite is that it is connected to the earth stations that are present on the ground and connected through terrestrial links. Altitude classifications[edit]
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from
180 km - 2,000 km (1,200 mi)
Medium Earth orbit
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from
2,000 km (1,200 mi) - 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Also
known as an intermediate circular orbit.
Geosynchronous orbit
Geosynchronous orbit (GEO): Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude
of 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi). The period of the orbit equals
one sidereal day, coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth.
The speed is approximately 3,000 metres per second (9,800 ft/s).
High Earth orbit
High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of
geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi).
Orbital Altitudes of several significant satellites of earth.
Inclination
Inclination classifications[edit]
Inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial plane is not zero degrees.
Polar orbit: An orbit that passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet on each revolution. Therefore, it has an inclination of (or very close to) 90 degrees. Polar sun synchronous orbit: A nearly polar orbit that passes the equator at the same local time on every pass. Useful for image taking satellites because shadows will be nearly the same on every pass.
Eccentricity classifications[edit]
Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle.
Hohmann transfer orbit: An orbit that moves a spacecraft from one
approximately circular orbit, usually the orbit of a planet, to
another, using two engine impulses. The perihelion of the transfer
orbit is at the same distance from the
Sun
Sun as the radius of one
planet's orbit, and the aphelion is at the other. The two rocket burns
change the spacecraft's path from one circular orbit to the transfer
orbit, and later to the other circular orbit. This maneuver was named
after Walter Hohmann.
Elliptic orbit: An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an ellipse.
Geosynchronous
Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is
at the altitude of a
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the
altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
Geostationary transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is
at the altitude of a
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the
altitude of a geostationary orbit.
Molniya orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and
orbital period of half of a sidereal day (roughly 12 hours). Such a
satellite spends most of its time over two designated areas of the
planet (specifically
Russia
Russia and the United States).
Tundra orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and
orbital period of one sidereal day (roughly 24 hours). Such a
satellite spends most of its time over a single designated area of the
planet.
Synchronous classifications[edit]
Synchronous orbit: An orbit where the satellite has an orbital period
equal to the average rotational period (earth's is: 23 hours, 56
minutes, 4.091 seconds) of the body being orbited and in the same
direction of rotation as that body. To a ground observer such a
satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Semi-synchronous orbit (SSO): An orbit with an altitude of
approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi) and an orbital period
equal to one-half of the average rotational period (Earth's is
approximately 12 hours) of the body being orbited
Geosynchronous orbit
Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with an altitude of approximately
35,786 km (22,236 mi). Such a satellite would trace an
analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Geostationary orbit
Geostationary orbit (GEO): A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination
of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a
fixed point in the sky.[21]
Clarke orbit: Another name for a geostationary orbit. Named after scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke.
Supersynchronous orbit: A disposal / storage orbit above GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift west. Also a synonym for Disposal orbit. Subsynchronous orbit: A drift orbit close to but below GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift east. Graveyard orbit: An orbit a few hundred kilometers above geosynchronous that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation.
Disposal orbit: A synonym for graveyard orbit. Junk orbit: A synonym for disposal orbit.
Areosynchronous orbit: A synchronous orbit around the planet
Mars
Mars with
an orbital period equal in length to Mars' sidereal day, 24.6229
hours.
Areostationary orbit (ASO): A circular areosynchronous orbit on the
equatorial plane and about 17000 km (10557 miles) above the
surface. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a
fixed point in the sky.
Heliosynchronous orbit: A heliocentric orbit about the
Sun
Sun where the
satellite's orbital period matches the Sun's period of rotation. These
orbits occur at a radius of 24,360 Gm (0.1628 AU) around the Sun, a
little less than half of the orbital radius of Mercury.
Special
Special classifications[edit]
Sun-synchronous orbit: An orbit which combines altitude and
inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given
point of the planets' surface at the same local solar time. Such an
orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for
imaging, spy, and weather satellites.
Moon
Moon orbit: The orbital characteristics of Earth's Moon. Average
altitude of 384,403 kilometers (238,857 mi),
elliptical–inclined orbit.
Pseudo-orbit classifications[edit]
Horseshoe orbit: An orbit that appears to a ground observer to be orbiting a certain planet but is actually in co-orbit with the planet. See asteroids 3753 (Cruithne) and 2002 AA29. Exo-orbit: A maneuver where a spacecraft approaches the height of orbit but lacks the velocity to sustain it.
Suborbital spaceflight: A synonym for exo-orbit.
Lunar transfer orbit
Lunar transfer orbit (LTO)
Prograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of less than 90°. Or
rather, an orbit that is in the same direction as the rotation of the
primary.
Retrograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of more than 90°. Or
rather, an orbit counter to the direction of rotation of the planet.
Apart from those in sun-synchronous orbit, few satellites are launched
into retrograde orbit because the quantity of fuel required to launch
them is much greater than for a prograde orbit. This is because when
the rocket starts out on the ground, it already has an eastward
component of velocity equal to the rotational velocity of the planet
at its launch latitude.
Halo orbit
Halo orbit and Lissajous orbit: Orbits "around" Lagrangian points.
Satellite
Satellite subsystems[edit]
The satellite's functional versatility is imbedded within its
technical components and its operations characteristics. Looking at
the "anatomy" of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules.[17]
Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated
spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy.
Spacecraft
Spacecraft bus or service module[edit]
The bus module consists of the following subsystems:
Structural subsystem[edit]
The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with
adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced
during launch, maintain structural integrity and stability while on
station in orbit, and shields the satellite from extreme temperature
changes and micro-meteorite damage.
Telemetry
Telemetry subsystem[edit]
The telemetry subsystem (aka Command and Data Handling, C&DH)
monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment
operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth
control station's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.
Power subsystem[edit]
The power subsystem consists of solar panels to convert solar energy
into electrical power, regulation and distribution functions, and
batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes
into the Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources (Radioisotope
thermoelectric generator) have also been used in several successful
satellite programs including the
Nimbus program
Nimbus program (1964–1978).[22]
Thermal control subsystem[edit]
Main article:
Spacecraft
Spacecraft thermal control
The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from
extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun
exposure on different sides of the satellite's body (e.g. optical
solar reflector)
Attitude and orbit control subsystem[edit]
Main articles:
Attitude control
Attitude control and
Spacecraft
Spacecraft propulsion
The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to
measure vehicle orientation, control laws embedded in the flight
software, and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters). These apply the
torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired
attitude, keep the satellite in the correct orbital position, and keep
antennas pointed in the right directions.
Communication payload[edit]
The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up
of transponders. A transponder is capable of :
Receiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas). Amplifying received radio signals Sorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas).
End of life[edit]
When satellites reach the end of their mission (this normally occurs
within 3 or 4 years after launch), satellite operators have the option
of de-orbiting the satellite, leaving the satellite in its current
orbit or moving the satellite to a graveyard orbit. Historically, due
to budgetary constraints at the beginning of satellite missions,
satellites were rarely designed to be de-orbited. One example of this
practice is the satellite Vanguard 1. Launched in 1958, Vanguard 1,
the 4th manmade satellite put in Geocentric orbit, was still in orbit
as of March 2015[update], as well as the upper stage of its
launch rocket.[23][24]
Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites are either left in their
current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit.[25] As of 2002, the FCC
requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a
graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to
launch.[26] In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting, the major variable
is the solar flux, and the minor variables the components and form
factors of the satellite itself, and the gravitational perturbations
generated by the
Sun
Sun and the
Moon
Moon (as well as those exercised by large
mountain ranges, whether above or below sea level). The nominal
breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is
78 km, with a range between 72 and 84 km. Solar panels,
however, are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between
90 and 95 km.[27]
Launch-capable countries[edit]
Main article: Timeline of first orbital launches by nationality
This list includes countries with an independent capability to place
satellites in orbit, including production of the necessary launch
vehicle. Note: many more countries have the capability to design and
build satellites but are unable to launch them, instead relying on
foreign launch services. This list does not consider those numerous
countries, but only lists those capable of launching satellites
indigenously, and the date this capability was first demonstrated. The
list includes the European Space Agency, a multi-national state
organization, but does not include private consortiums.
First launch by country
Order Country Date of first launch Rocket Satellite(s)
1 Soviet Union 4 October 1957 Sputnik-PS Sputnik 1
2 United States 1 February 1958 Juno I Explorer 1
3 France 26 November 1965 Diamant-A Astérix
4 Japan 11 February 1970 Lambda-4S Ohsumi
5 China 24 April 1970 Long March 1 Dong Fang Hong I
6 United Kingdom 28 October 1971 Black Arrow Prospero
7 India 18 July 1980 SLV Rohini D1
8
Israel
19 September 1988
Shavit
Ofeq
Ofeq 1
- [1] Russia 21 January 1992 Soyuz-U Kosmos 2175
- [1] Ukraine 13 July 1992 Tsyklon-3 Strela
9 Iran 2 February 2009 Safir-1 Omid
10
North Korea
12 December 2012
Unha-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
11
New Zealand
21 January 2018
Electron
Dove Pioneer,
Lemur-2
Lemur-2 (x2), Humanity Star
Attempted first launches[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)
The
United States
United States tried in 1957 to launch the first satellite using
its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1958.
Japan
Japan tried four times in 1966–1969 to launch a satellite with its
own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
China
China tried in 1969 to launch the first satellite using its own
launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
India, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign
launcher in 1975, tried in 1979 to launch the first satellite using
its own launcher before succeeding in 1980.
Iraq
Iraq have claimed an orbital launch of a warhead in 1989, but this
claim was later disproved.[31]
Brazil, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign
launcher in 1985, tried to launch a satellite using its own VLS 1
launcher three times in 1997, 1999, and 2003, but all attempts were
unsuccessful.
North Korea
North Korea claimed a launch of
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 and
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellites in 1998 and 2009, but U.S., Russian and
other officials and weapons experts later reported that the rockets
failed to send a satellite into orbit, if that was the goal. The
United States,
Japan
Japan and
South Korea
South Korea believe this was actually a
ballistic missile test, which was a claim also made after North
Korea's 1998 satellite launch, and later rejected.[by whom?] The first
(April 2012) launch of
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was unsuccessful, a fact
publicly recognized by the DPRK. However, the December 2012 launch of
the "second version" of
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was successful, putting the
DPRK's first confirmed satellite into orbit.
South Korea
South Korea (Korea Aerospace Research Institute), after launching
their first national satellite by foreign launcher in 1992,
unsuccessfully tried to launch its own launcher, the KSLV (Naro)-1,
(created with the assistance of Russia) in 2009 and 2010 until success
was achieved in 2013 by Naro-3.
The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to
make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in
1968–1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures.
Other notes[edit]
^
Russia
Russia and the
Ukraine
.png/440px-Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_(en).png)
Ukraine were parts of the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and thus
inherited their launch capability without the need to develop it
indigenously. Through the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union they are also on the number one
position in this list of accomplishments.
France, the United Kingdom, and
Ukraine
Ukraine launched their first
satellites by own launchers from foreign spaceports.
Some countries such as South Africa, Spain, Italy,[citation needed]
Germany, Canada, Australia, Argentina,
Egypt
Egypt and private companies
such as OTRAG, have developed their own launchers, but have not had a
successful launch.
Only twelve, countries from the list below (USSR, USA, France, Japan,
China, UK, India, Russia, Ukraine, Israel,
Iran
.jpg/600px-Iran_Population_(1880-2016).jpg)
Iran and North Korea) and
one regional organization (the European Space Agency, ESA) have
independently launched satellites on their own indigenously developed
launch vehicles.
Several other countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Pakistan,
Romania, Taiwan, Indonesia, Australia, Malaysia,
Turkey
Turkey and
Switzerland
Switzerland are at various stages of development of their own
small-scale launcher capabilities.
Launch capable private entities[edit]
Private firm Orbital Sciences Corporation, with launches since 1982, continues very successful launches of its Minotaur, Pegasus, Taurus and Antares rocket programs. On 28 September 2008, late comer and private aerospace firm SpaceX successfully launched its Falcon 1 rocket into orbit. This marked the first time that a privately built liquid-fueled booster was able to reach orbit.[32] The rocket carried a prism shaped 1.5 m (5 ft) long payload mass simulator that was set into orbit. The dummy satellite, known as Ratsat, will remain in orbit for between five and ten years before burning up in the atmosphere.[32]
A few other private companies are capable of sub-orbital launches. First satellites of countries[edit] Main article: Timeline of first satellites by country
First satellites of countries including those launched indigenously or with the help of others[33]
Country Year of first launch First satellite Payloads in orbit as of April 2016[34][needs update]
Soviet Union ( Russia) 1957 (1992) Sputnik 1 (Kosmos 2175) 1457
United States 1958 Explorer 1 1252
United Kingdom 1962 Ariel 1 0040
Canada 1962 Alouette 1 0043
Italy 1964 San Marco 1 0022
France 1965 Astérix 0060
Australia 1967 WRESAT 0014
Germany 1969 Azur 0049
Japan 1970 Ohsumi 0153
China 1970 Dong Fang Hong I 0210
Netherlands 1974 ANS 0005
Spain 1974 Intasat 0009
India 1975 Aryabhata 00173
Indonesia 1976 Palapa A1 0013
Czechoslovakia 1978 Magion 1 0005
Bulgaria
1981
Intercosmos
Bulgaria
Bulgaria 1300
0001
Saudi Arabia 1985 Arabsat-1A 0012
Brazil 1985 Brasilsat-A1 0015
Mexico 1985 Morelos 1 0009
Sweden 1986 Viking 0011
Israel
1988
Ofeq
Ofeq 1
00011
Luxembourg 1988 Astra 1A 005
Argentina 1990 Lusat[35] 009
Hong Kong 1990 AsiaSat 1 0009
Pakistan 1990 Badr-1 0003
South Korea 1992 Kitsat A 0011
Portugal 1993 PoSAT-1 0001
Thailand 1993 Thaicom 1 0007
Turkey 1994 Turksat 1B 0008
Czech Republic 1995 Magion 4 0005
Ukraine 1995 Sich-1 0006
Malaysia 1996 MEASAT 0006
Norway 1997 Thor 2 9
Philippines 1997 Mabuhay 1 0002
Egypt 1998 Nilesat 101 0004
Chile 1998 FASat-Bravo 0002
Singapore 1998 ST-1[36][37] 0003
Taiwan 1999 ROCSAT-1 0008
Denmark 1999 Ørsted 0004
South Africa 1999 SUNSAT 0002
United Arab Emirates
2000
Thuraya
Thuraya 1
0006
Morocco 2001 Maroc-Tubsat 0001
Tonga[38] 2002 Esiafi 1 (former Comstar D4) 1
Algeria 2002 Alsat 1 0001
Greece 2003 Hellas Sat 2 0002
Cyprus 2003 Hellas Sat 2 0002
Nigeria 2003 Nigeriasat 1 0004
Iran 2005 Sina-1 0001
Kazakhstan 2006 KazSat 1 0002
Colombia 2007 Libertad 1 0001
Mauritius 2007 Rascom-QAF 1 0002
Vietnam 2008 Vinasat-1 0003
Venezuela 2008 Venesat-1 0002
Switzerland 2009 SwissCube-1[39] 0002
Isle of Man 2011 ViaSat-1 0001
Poland[40] 2012 PW-Sat 00002
Hungary 2012 MaSat-1 0001
Romania 2012 Goliat[41] 0001
Belarus 2012 BKA (BelKA-2)[42] 2
North Korea
2012
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
1
Azerbaijan 2013 Azerspace[43] 1
Austria 2013 TUGSAT-1/UniBRITE[44][45] 2
Bermuda[46] 2013 Bermudasat 1 (former EchoStar VI) 1
Ecuador 2013 NEE-01 Pegaso 1
Estonia 2013 ESTCube-1 1
Jersey 2013 O3b-1, -2, -3, -4 4
Qatar 2013 Es'hailSat1 1
Peru 2013 PUCPSAT-1[47] 1
Bolivia 2013 TKSat-1 1
Lithuania
2014
LituanicaSAT-1
LituanicaSAT-1 and LitSat-1
2
Belgium 2014 QB50P1 and QB50P2 2
Uruguay 2014 Antelsat 1
Iraq 2014 Tigrisat[48] 1
Turkmenistan 2015 TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT 1
Laos 2015 Laosat-1 1
Finland 2017 Aalto-2 1
Bangladesh 2017 BRAC Onnesha 1
Ghana 2017 GhanaSat-1[49] 1
Mongolia 2017 Mazaalai 1
Latvia 2017 Venta-1 1
Slovakia 2017 skCUBE 1
Asgardia 2017 Asgardia-1 1
Angola 2017 AngoSat 1 1
New Zealand 2018 Humanity Star 1
orbital launch and satellite operation satellite operation, launched by foreign supplier satellite in development orbital launch project at advanced stage or indigenous ballistic missiles deployed
While
Canada
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg.png)
Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was
launched into space,[50] it was launched aboard an American rocket
from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, who launched
first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American
support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United
Kingdom.[51] The first Italian satellite
San Marco 1
San Marco 1 launched on 15
December 1964 on a U.S.
Scout rocket
Scout rocket from
Wallops Island
Wallops Island (Virginia,
United States) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA.[52] By
similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites was
launched by foreign rockets.
Attempted first satellites[edit]
United States
United States tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite
in 1957; they were successful in 1958.
China
China tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in
1969; they were successful in 1970.
Iraq
Iraq under
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein fulfilled in 1989 an unconfirmed
launch of warhead on orbit by developed Iraqi vehicle that intended to
put later the 75 kg first national satellite Al-Ta’ir, also
developed.[53][54]
Chile
Chile tried unsuccessfully in 1995 to launch its first satellite
FASat-Alfa by foreign rocket; in 1998 they were successful.†
North Korea
North Korea has tried in 1998, 2009, 2012 to launch satellites,
first successful launch on 12 December 2012.[55]
Libya
Libya since 1996 developed its own national Libsat satellite
project with the goal of providing telecommunication and remote
sensing services[56] that was postponed after the fall of Gaddafi.
Belarus
Belarus tried unsuccessfully in 2006 to launch its first
satellite
BelKA by foreign rocket.†
†-note: Both
Chile
Chile and
Belarus
Belarus used Russian companies as principal
contractors to build their satellites, they used Russian-Ukrainian
manufactured rockets and launched either from
Russia
Russia or Kazakhstan.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)
Planned first satellites[edit]
Afghanistan
Afghanistan announced in April 2012 that it is planning to
launch its first communications satellite to the orbital slot it has
been awarded. The satellite Afghansat 1 was expected to be obtained by
a
Eutelsat
Eutelsat commercial company in 2014.[57][58]
Armenia
Armenia in 2012 founded Armcosmos company[59] and announced an
intention to have the first telecommunication satellite ArmSat. The
investments estimates as $250 million and country selecting the
contractor for building within 4 years the satellite amongst Russia,
China
China and Canada[60][61][62]
Cambodia's Royal Group plans to purchase for
$250–350 million and launch in the beginning of 2013 the
telecommunication satellite.[63]
Cayman Islands's Global IP Cayman private company plans to
launch
GiSAT-1 geostationary communications satellite in 2018.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo ordered at November 2012 in
China
China (Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Great Wall Industry
Corporation (CGWIC)) the first telecommunication satellite CongoSat-1
which will be built on
DFH-4 satellite bus platform and will be
launched in
China
China till the end of 2015.[64]
Croatia
Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 2013–2014.
Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[65]
Ethiopian Space Science Society[66] planning the QB50-family
research
CubeSat
CubeSat ET-SAT by help of Belgian
Von Karman Institute till
2015[67] and the small (20–25 kg) Earth observation and remote
sensing satellite Ethosat 1 by help of Finnish Space Technology and
Science Group till 2019.[68]
Ireland's team of
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin Institute of Technology intends to
launch the first Irish satellite within European University program
CubeSat
CubeSat QB50.[69]
Jordan's first satellite to be the private amateur pocketqube
SunewnewSat.[70][71][72]
Kenyan
University of Nairobi
University of Nairobi has plans to create the
microsatellite KenyaSat by help of UK's University of Surrey.[73]
Moldova's first remote sensing satellite plans to start in 2013
by Space centre at national Technical University.[74]
Myanmar
Myanmar plans to purchase for $200 million the own
telecommunication satellite.[75]
Nepal
Nepal stated that planning to launch of own
telecommunication satellite before 2015 by help of
India
India or
China.[76][77][78]
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ordered for $254 million at November 2013 in
China
China the first telecommunication satellite Nicasat-1 (to be built at
DFH-4 satellite bus platform by CAST and CGWIC), that planning to
launch in
China
China at 2016.[79]
Paraguay
Paraguay under new Aaepa airspace agency plans first Eart
observation satellite.[80][81]
Serbia's first satellite Tesla-1 was designed, developed and
assembled by nongovermental organisations in 2009 but still remains
unlaunched.
Slovenia's Earth observation microsatellite for the Slovenian
Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (Space-SI)
now under development for $2 million since 2010 by University of
Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies – Space Flight Laboratory
(UTIAS – SFL) and planned to launch in 2015–2016.[82][83]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has a goal to construct two satellites beside of rent
the national
SupremeSAT
SupremeSAT payload in Chinese satellites. Sri Lankan
Telecommunications
Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with
Surrey
Satellite
Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources.
Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[84][85]
Syrian Space Research Center developing CubeSat-like small first
national satellite since 2008.[86]
Tunisia
Tunisia is developing its first satellite, ERPSat01. Consisting
of a
CubeSat
CubeSat of 1 kg mass, it will be developed by the Sfax
School of Engineering. ERPSat satellite is planned to be launched into
orbit in 2013.[87]
Uzbekistan's State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) announced
in 2001 about intention of launch in 2002 first remote sensing
satellite.[88] Later in 2004 was stated that two satellites (remote
sensing and telecommunication) will be built by
Russia
Russia for
$60–70 million each[89]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)
Attacks on satellites[edit]
Further information: Anti-satellite weapon
In recent times[timeframe?], satellites have been hacked by militant
organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified
information from military communication networks.[90][91]
For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been
destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from earth. Russia, the
United States
United States and
China
China have demonstrated the ability to eliminate
satellites.[92] In 2007 the Chinese military shot down an aging
weather satellite,[92] followed by the
US Navy
US Navy shooting down a defunct
spy satellite in February 2008.[93]
Jamming[edit]
See also: Radio jamming
Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions,
they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is
limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS
satellites are potential targets for jamming,[94][95] but satellite
phone and television signals have also been subjected to
jamming.[96][97]
Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a
geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of
the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to
transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial
satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the
frequency unusable.
Satellite
Satellite operators now have sophisticated
monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and
manage the transponder space effectively.[citation needed]
Satellite
Satellite services[edit]
Satellite
Satellite crop monitoring
Satellite
Satellite Internet access
Satellite
Satellite navigation
Satellite
Satellite phone
Satellite
Satellite radio
Satellite
Satellite television
See also[edit]
Spaceflight
Spaceflight portal
2009 satellite collision
Atmospheric satellite
Fractionated spacecraft
Imagery intelligence
International Designator
List of communications satellite firsts
List of Earth observation satellites
List of passive satellites
Satellite
Satellite Catalog Number
Satellite
Satellite formation flying
Satellite
Satellite watching
Space exploration
Space probe
Spaceport
Spaceport (including list of spaceports)
Satellites on stamps
USA-193
USA-193 (2008 American anti-satellite missile test)
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External links[edit]
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