mycology Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogen ...

, a sanctioned name is a name that was adopted (but not necessarily coined) in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries, which are considered major points in

fungal A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from th ...

taxonomy.

Definition and effects

Sanctioned names are those, regardless of their authorship, that were used by Persoon in his '' Synopsis Methodica Fungorum'' (1801) for rusts, smuts and

gasteromycetes The gasteroid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota. Species were formerly placed in the obsolete class Gasteromycetes Fr. (literally "stomach fungi"), or the equally obsolete order Gasteromycetales Rea, because they produce spores insi ...

, and in Fries's '' Systema Mycologicum'' (three volumes, published 1821–32) and '' Elenchus fungorum'' for all other fungi. A sanctioned name, as defined under article 15 of the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (previously, the ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature'') is automatically treated as if conserved against all earlier synonyms or

homonym In linguistics, homonyms are words which are homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of pronunciation), or homophones ( equivocal words, that share the same pronunciation, regardless of spelling), or both. Using this definiti ...

s. It can still, however, be conserved or rejected normally.

History

Because of the imprecision associated with assigning starting dates for fungi sanctioned in Fries' three ''Systema'' volumes, the Stockholm 1950

International Botanical Congress International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotati ...

defined arbitrary or actual publication dates for the starting points to improve the stability of nomenclature. These dates were 1 May 1753 for ''Species Plantarum'' (vascular plants), 31 December 1801 for ''Synopsis Methodica Fungorum'', 31 December 1820 for ''Flora der Vorweldt'' (fossil plants), and 1 Jan 1821 for the first volume of ''Systema''. Because fungi defined in the second and third volumes lacked a starting-point book for reference, the Congress declared that these species, in addition to species defined in Fries' 1828 ''Elenchus Fungorum'' (a two-volume supplement to his ''System''), had "privileged status". According to Korf, the term "sanctioned" was first used to indicate these privileged names by the Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk in 1961. In 1982, changes in the ''International Code for Botanical Nomenclature'' (the Sydney Code) restored Linnaeus' 1753 ''Species Plantarum'' as the starting point for fungal nomenclature; however, protected status was given to all names adopted by Persoon in his 1801 ''Synopsis'', and by Fries in both the ''Systema'' and the ''Elenchus''. Soon after, in 1983, Richard P. Korf proposed the now widely accepted "colon-author indication", whereby sanctioned names are indicated by including ": Pers." or ": Fr." when fully citing the species author.

References

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanctioned Name Botanical nomenclature Mycology