Salò

Salò (; la, Salodium) is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy (northern Italy) on the banks of Lake Garda, on which it has the longest promenade. The city was the seat of government of the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, with the ISR often being referred to as the "Salò Republic" (''Repubblica di Salò'' in Italian).

History

Roman period

Although legend has it that Salò has Etruscan origins, recorded history starts with the founding by ancient Romans of the colony of ''Pagus Salodium''. There are numerous ruins of the Roman settlement, as shown by the Lugone necropolis (in via Sant’Jago) and the findings (vase-flasks and funeral steles) in the Civic Archaeological Museum located at the ''Loggia della Magnifica Patria''.

Middle Ages

During the high Middle Ages, the city shared the same history as that of Lombardy.

The origins of the municipality of Salò are barely known: its autonomy from Brescia can be dated towards the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the next one, and the most ancient statues conserved by the city authorities are dated 1397.

Prior to 1334, the town was part of a sort of federation of town councils of the territory along the western lakeshore of Lake Garda (from Limone down to Desenzano) and the Valsabbia areas, called ''Riperia Lacus Gardae Brixiensis'' with the chef-lieu of Maderno.

The federation did not want to form an alliance with Brescia nor with Verona deciding instead to request the help of Venice. Due to the distance of Venice, this strategy did not guarantee the independence of the area and, after a short protectorate under the rule of Venice (from 1336 to 1349), Salò became a stronghold of the Milanese Visconti family. In 1377 Beatrice della Scala, the wife of Bernabò Visconti, wanted Salò to be the capital of the area, reducing the influence of Maderno: the city was provided with solid walls and the castle was built.

The ''Magnifica Patria''

On 13 May 1426, after a long period of war, the towns of western bank of the lake spontaneously joined the Venetian Republic, where they remained for the following three centuries: in the main square a column with the Lion of St Mark, symbol of Venice, can be found still today.

Over the years, Venice gave large autonomy to this province of its ''Stato da Tera'', that remained a ''de facto'' independent area and was given both the titles of ''Magnifica Patria'' (Magnificent Homeland) and ''Figlia primogenita della Serenissima'' (firstborn daughter of the Serenissima).

The general council of the ''Patria'' and its other institutions remained all centred in Salò (which gained importance and influence), although a governor was sent by the capital, who was given the titles of ''Provveditore'' (Superintendent) and ''Capitano della Riviera'' (Captain of the Riviera) and the power to act as penal judge for the whole Riviera (whilst civil justice was entrusted to a Brescian podestà who also resided in Salò). Besides farming and trade, the linen industry developed in this period.

Napoleonic era and Risorgimento

In 1796 Napoleons troops fought with Austrian troops in Northern Italy during the First Italian campaign. The end of the Venetian republic (Treaty of Campo Formio) ended Salò's position as the capital of the western riviera: on 1 January 1797, the provisional Brescian government instituted the Canton of Benaco with the capital of Benaco, "aforesaid Salò": the town joined the Cisalpine Republic and then the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814).

After the Napoleonic Era, Salò became part of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1815 to 1859.

In 1848 Salò joined the Milan revolution against the Habsburg rule and during the Second Italian War of Independence, there were many volunteers that fought with Garibaldi serving in the Piedmontese Army. On 18 June 1859, Garibaldi entered Salò and was welcomed by a happy crowd. Salò received the honorary title of ''Città'' (City) with a royal decree on 15 December 1860.

In 1866 the town was the headquarters of the Italian navy during the war with Austria. After the battle of Custoza the Austrians temporarily retook control of the town, but despite their victory and a naval defeat of the Italians at Lissa, the Austrians surrendered to the Prussians a month later and were forced to cede Venetia after the Treaty of Vienna.

Italian Social Republic

From 1943 to 1945 Salò was the ''de facto'' capital ( seat of government) of Benito Mussolini's Nazi-backed puppet state, the Italian Social Republic, also known as the Republic of Salò: Villa Castagna was the seat of the police headquarters, Villa Amedei was the head office of the Ministry of Popular Culture, Villa Simonini (nowadays Hotel Laurin) was the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Stefani Agency, which distributed official press releases, was located in Via Brunati

Main sights

File:Salò 08.jpg, Salò main square
File:Porta dell'orologio Salò.jpg, ''Porta dell'Orologio'' (Clock's Town Gate)
File:Chiesa di S Maria Annunciata - Salò (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg, Façade of the Duomo
File:Abside e Cristo Duomo di Salò.jpg, The interior of the Duomo
File:Museo di Salò MUSA lato Ovest Salò sul Lago di Garda.jpg, The local museum ''MUSA''

*The '' Duomo di Santa Maria Annunziata'' (cathedral of the Annunciation to Saint Mary), rebuilt in late Gothic style in the 15th century. It has a noteworthy Renaissance portal by Gasparo Cairano and Antonio Mangiacavalli, paintings by Zenone Veronese (16th century), a Polyptych of Paolo Veneziano's school and a ''Madonna and Saints'' by Romanino.
*The ''Palazzo della Magnifica Patria'' ("Palace of the Magnificent Fatherland", 16th century). The palace is home to the Historical Museum of the Azure Ribbon, an exhibition of documents on Renaissance history, on Italy's colonial wars, the Spanish Civil War and the Resistance against Fascism.
*The Communal Palace is the seat of the Civic Archaeological Museum, with findings from the ancient ''Salodium''.
*The local museum ''MUSA'', opened in 2015.

Seismicity

The area around the lake is a seismic zone. In 1877 a meteorological observatory was established under the supervision Prof. Pio Bettoni, to whom it was later dedicated. In 1889, a geophysical observatory (seismic station) was added, which became an important scientific research centre after the 1901 earthquake (5.5 M_w, intensity VII–VIII, no fatalities, buildings damaged). Another earthquake occurred in 2004 (5.1 M_w, intensity VII–VIII, nine injuries, many buildings damaged).

Education

Schools include:
* Sezione Primavera "Paola di Rosa"
* Preschools:
** Scuola dell’Infanzia Trivero
** Scuola dell’Infanzia Montessori
** Scuola dell’Infanzia Paola di Rosa
* Elementary schools:
** Scuola Primaria T. Olivelli
** Scuola Primaria S. Giuseppe
* Junior high schools:
** Scuola Secondaria 1º Grado D'Annunzio
** Scuola Secondaria 1º Grado E. Medi
* Liceo Scientifico E. Fermi – Senior high school

The commune has a library, the Biblioteca Civica di Salò.Biblioteca
" Salò. Retrieved on 26 February 2017.

Sports

Salò is home to the football team Feralpisalò, which was formed in 2009 after the merger of A.C. Salò and A.C. Feralpi Lonato.

Municipal government

Salò is headed by a mayor (') assisted by a legislative body, the ', and an executive body, the '. Since 1995 the mayor and members of the ' are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1945 to 1995 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The ' is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called '. The offices of the ' are housed in a building usually called the ' or '.

Since 1995 the mayor of Salò is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Gianpietro Cipani ( FI), re-elected on 26 May 2019 with the 48.3% of the votes.

List of notable residents

* Gasparo da Salò, one of the earliest violin makers
*Pietro Bellotto, late-Baroque painter born in Volciano
*Ferdinando Bertoni, Italian composer and organist
*Marco Enrico Bossi, Italian composer and organist
*Sante Cattaneo, 19th century Painter
*Luigi Comencini

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