Sakai Tadakatsu
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was a
Sengoku period The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615. The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...
Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...
samurai were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They ...
, and early
Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...
''
daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominall ...
'' and served in several important positions within the administration of the
Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
. Papinot, Edmund. (2003)
''Nobiliare du Japon''
Sakai. pp. 50–51


Biography

Tadakatsu was born in
Nishio is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 169,984 in 65,553 households, with a population density of 1,054 persons per km². The total area of the city was . It is a regional ...
, Mikawa Province as the son of
Sakai Tadatoshi was a Japanese samurai daimyō of the Edo period. He was head of a cadet branch of the Sakai clan. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)"Sakai" at ''Nobiliare du Japon'', ...
, a hereditary retainer of
Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fello ...
and future ''daimyō'' of
Kawagoe Domain Kawagoe Castle daimyō residence, administrative headquarters of Kawagoe Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Musashi Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Kawagoe Castle, locate ...
. In 1591, he was awarded a 3000 ''
koku The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about . It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō. One ''gō'' is the volume of the "rice cup", the plastic measuring cup that is supplied ...
'' fief in
Shimōsa Province was a province of Japan in the area modern Chiba Prefecture, and Ibaraki Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Shimōsa''" in . It lies to the north of the Bōsō Peninsula (房総半島), whose name takes its first ''kanji'' from ...
. In 1600, he was assigned to the train of
Tokugawa Hidetada was the second ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. He was the third son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate. Early life (1579–1593) Tokugawa Hidetada was bo ...
in the
Battle of Sekigahara The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 ( Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of ...
and participated in Hidetada's failed attempt to defeat the
Sanada clan The is a Japanese clan. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003).html" ;"title="DF 56 of 80">("Sanada," ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 52 DF_56_of_80">("S_...
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at the Siege of Ueda">DF 56 of 80/nowiki>">DF 56 of 80">("S ...
at the Siege of Ueda. He was awarded the court rank of Lower 5th, Junior Grade and the courtesy title of ''Sanuki-no-kami'' in 1607.Beatrice Bodart-Bailey, Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999)
''Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed''
University of Hawaii Press. p. 442. In 1620,
Shōgun , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamaku ...
Tokugawa Hidetada assigned Tadatoshi to the court of his son,
Tokugawa Iemitsu Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光, August 12, 1604 – June 8, 1651) was the third '' shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, w ...
and gained him additional estates with a ''
kokudaka refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'' of 7,000 ''koku'' in Fukaya,
Musashi Province was a province of Japan, which today comprises Tokyo Metropolis, most of Saitama Prefecture and part of Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called . The province encompassed Kawasaki and Yokohama. Musashi bordered on Kai, Kōzuke, Sagami, ...
in 1622. This enabled him to resurrect
Fukaya Domain is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 229,517 in 142,803 households in 60804 households and a population density of 1023 persons per km². The total area of the city is . It is famous for a ...
and to style himself as a ''daimyō''. In 1624, when Iemitsu became Shōgun, Tadakatsu was awarded with an additional 20,000 ''koku'' in holdings scattered throughout the provinces of Kazusa, Shimōsa and Musashi. The same year, together with
Doi Toshikatsu was a top-ranking official in Japan's Tokugawa shogunate during its early decades, and one of the chief advisors to the second Tokugawa shōgun, Hidetada. The adopted son of Doi Toshimasa, Toshikatsu is generally believed to be the biological ...
, he was promoted to the office of ''
rōjū The , usually translated as ''Elder'', was one of the highest-ranking government posts under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The term refers either to individual Elders, or to the Council of Elders as a whole; under the first two ''shō ...
''. On the death of his father, Sakai Tadatoshi in 1627, Tadakatsu inherited the
Kawagoe Domain Kawagoe Castle daimyō residence, administrative headquarters of Kawagoe Domain was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Musashi Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Kawagoe Castle, locate ...
. He added an additional 20,000 ''koku'' to the domain's holdings in Musashi Province in 1632 and his court rank was increased to Lower 4th, Junior Grade, with the additional courtesy title of ''Jijū'' added to his honorifics. In 1634, he was transferred to
Obama Domain The was a '' Fudai'' feudal domain of the Edo period of Japan. It is located in Wakasa Province, in the Hokuriku region of the island Honshū. The domain was centered at Obama Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Oba ...
, whose holdings covered all of Wakasa Province, with additional holdings in Echizen, Ōmi and Awa. This brought his total ''kokudaka'' to 123,500 ''koku''. In 1638 (together with Doi Toshikatsu), he retired from the post of ''rōjū'', with permission to return for important issues. This dispensation later evolved into the official title of ''
tairō ''Tairō'' (, "great elder") was a high-ranking official position in the Tokugawa shogunate government of Japan, roughly comparable to the office of prime minister. The ''tairō'' presided over the governing '' rōjū'' council in the event of an ...
''. In 1643, he was promoted to Upper 4th, Junior Grade court rank and added the courtesy title of ''Sakonoe-gon-shōshō''. Also in 1643, he was involved in the "Nanbu Incident", when ten sailors (including the captain) of the Dutch Ship ''Breskens'' were taken into custody by local Japanese officials. after the ''Breskens'' had sailed unannounced into the Bay of Yamada in Northern
Honshu , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island s ...
. The Dutch ship had visited the bay once before seeking to resupply after a heavy storm, and quickly left after trading with the locals for two days. However, when the ''Breskens'' returned in July the ship and its crew were seized by local authorities for its violation of Japan's national isolation policy. This sparked an international incident, and at the time the ''rōjū'' serving the shogunate were Sakai Tadakatsu, Matsudaira Nobutsuna, and Inoue Masashige. The Shogunal government went to great lengths to use the Nambu incident to pressure the Dutch into sending an embassy to
Edo Edo ( ja, , , "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a ''jōkamachi'' (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the ''de facto'' capital of ...
, by which it attempted to use the incident as means of securing domestic legitimacy. What was for the Dutch merely a cynical gesture aimed at preserving their trade relations with Japan was for the shogunate an opportunity to parade twenty-two Dutchmen in red and white striped uniforms through the streets of Edo, impressing upon a domestic audience the fiction that the shogunate's authority was recognized throughout the world. In 1652, Tadatoshi sponsored the publication of the ''
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran , ', is a 17th-century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings. According to the 1871 edition of the '' American Cyclopaedia'', the 1834 French translation of ...
'' in Kyoto. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834)
''Annales des empereurs du Japon''
Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 406, 412. This book was brought from Japan to Europe by
Isaac Titsingh Isaac Titsingh FRS ( January 1745 – 2 February 1812) was a Dutch diplomat, historian, Japanologist, and merchant.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Isaak Titsingh" in . During a long career in East Asia, Titsingh was a senior official of the ...
in 1796, who translated the text from Japanese and Chinese; and his work was then supplemented for posthumous publication by
Julius Klaproth Heinrich Julius Klaproth (11 October 1783 – 28 August 1835) was a German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, orientalist and explorer. As a scholar, he is credited along with Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, with being instrumental in turni ...
in 1834. In supporting this work, Tadakatsu's motivations appear to spread across a range anticipated consequences; and it becomes likely that his several intentions in seeing that this specific work fell into the hands of an empathetic Western translator were similarly multi-faceted. In 1656, Sakai Tadatoshi retired from public life. He died in 1662 and his grave is at the clan temple of Kuin-ji in Obama. The
Lion dance F Lion dance () is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture and other Asian countries in which performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume to bring good luck and fortune. The lion dance is usually performed during the Chinese New Y ...
(''Shishi-mai'') is a popular folk dance imported to Obama from Kawagoe by Sakai Tadakatsu. Three lions move to the accompaniment of music played on Japanese flutes.Obama Shrine
Festivals in May.
Jonai, Obama-shi. The traditional dance continues to be performed regularly during the ''Hoze Matsuri'' and the ''Osiro Matsuri.''


Further reading

* Sansom, George Bailey. (1963). ''A History of Japan: 1615–1867''. Stanford: Stanford University Press
OCLC 36820228


References

* Papinot, Edmond. (1948). ''Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan''. New York: Overbeck Co. * Hesselink, Reiner H. (2002). ''Prisoners from Nambu: Reality and Make-Believe in Seventeenth-Century Japanese Diplomacy''. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...
.


External links


Obama Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"
(3 November 2007) * Nikko pagod

* Toshogu pagoda in Nikko [http://oldphoto.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/target.php?id=283 – interior vie
--exterior view, Nagasaki University Library Collection
* Tourist photos uploaded to interne

* Wakasa-Obama castl
– details of the construction instructions given by Sakai Tadakatsu
* Kawagoe han in Musashi provinc

* Miyoshino Shrine [https://archive.today/20070927220151/http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1105178088147&SiteID=0 – municipal web site, Kawagoe City] , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Sakai, Tadakatsu Fudai daimyo Sakai clan Tairō Rōjū 1587 births 1662 deaths People of Edo-period Japan