SS Umona

SS ''Umona'' was a British cargo liner. She was built at Sunderland on the River Wear in 1910, survived the First World War and was sunk by enemy action off Sierra Leone, West Africa in 1941.

''Umona'' spent her entire 31-year career with Bullard, King and Company. She was the second of the company's ships of that name. The first was a cargo liner that had been built at Sunderland in 1890 and wrecked off the Maldives in the Indian Ocean in 1903.

Bullard, King gave all its ships African names to highlight its Natal Direct line, which had linked Middlesbrough and London with Durban in Natal Province since 1879 and later with ports in Portuguese Mozambique and elsewhere in the Indian Ocean.

Building

Sir John Laing and Son built ''Umona'' in 1910, completing her that October. She had nine corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of that heated three single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of . These fed steam at 180 lb_f/in² to a three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine built by George Clark Ltd of Sunderland.

The engine was rated at 497 NHP and drove a single screw, giving the ship a speed of only . Despite carrying passengers on a regular route, ''Umona'' was no faster than many cargo ships of her period. She was built for economy, not speed.

Second World War service

When the Second World War broke out, convoys protected only part of ''Umona''s long route between Britain and the Indian Ocean. There were many outbound convoys that gave merchant ships only a few days' escort out of home waters. Three weeks after the UK entered the war, ''Umona'' joined Convoy OA 8 off Southend on Sea, which left on 21 September. The convoy was escorted by the Royal Navy destroyers and and Polish destroyer . It dispersed at sea on 24 September, and ''Umona'' continued to Mauritius unescorted.

Inbound ships could call at Freetown, Sierra Leone to join a convoy to Britain. ''Umona'', returning with general cargo, was one of 16 merchant ships that formed Convoy SL 14 at Christmas 1939. The Convoy Commodore, Rear Admiral Sir Cecil Reyne KBE, travelled on ''Umona''. SL 14 left Freetown on Boxing Day escorted only by two sloops, and , but safely reached Liverpool on 15 January.

In February 1940 ''Umona'' joined Convoy FS 100, which left the Tyne Estuary on 19 February and arrived off Southend two days later. The next month she joined Convoy OA 105G off Southend, which left on 7 March, formed Convoy OG 21 at sea on the 11th and reached Gibraltar on the 17th. ''Umona'' continued to Cape Town, South Africa unescorted.

''Umona'' returned with general cargo and in May 1940 joined Convoy SL 33 at Freetown. Initially SL 33's only escort was an armed merchant cruiser (AMC), the converted Australian passenger liner . Again ''Umona'' carried the Convoy Commodore, this time Rear-Admiral John Casement, CB. On 6 June SL 33 was joined at sea by two additional escorts: the corvette and sloop ''Leith''. SL33 reached Liverpool on 9 June.

On 22 June 1940 France surrendered to Germany, Germany occupied France's entire Atlantic and English Channel coasts and the French Navy was neutralised. The English Channel became more dangerous to Allied shipping, and convoy movements were modified. In July ''Umona'', carrying general cargo, joined Convoy FN 214, which formed off Southend, left on 5 July and went north, arriving in the Firth of Forth off Methil, Fife two days later. There ''Umona'' and many other ships from FN 214 joined Convoy OA 179, which left on 8 July and dispersed at sea on 13 July. Once again ''Umona'' continued to Cape Town unescorted.

In autumn 1940 ''Umona'' returned with a cargo of sugar, calling at Freetown where she joined Convoy SL 50. This time she did not carry the Convoy Commodore but her Master was made Vice-Commodore. SL 50 left Freetown on 3 October escorted by two AMCs: the converted passenger liners and . On 21 October the convoy was joined at sea by the destroyer HMS ''Clare'' and ''Flower''-class corvettes and . In home waters the convoy was joined by the light cruiser on 25 October and reached Liverpool the next day.

On 14 November 1940 ''Umona'' sailed in ballast from the Firth of Clyde with Convoy WN 38, which sailed north around Cape Wrath and on 17 November arrived off Methil. There several ships from WN 38 joined Convoy FS 338, which left on 18 November and arrived off Southend on 20 November.

At the beginning of 1941 ''Umona'' loaded general cargo and joined Convoy EN 57, which left Methil on 15 January, rounded Cape Wrath and arrived off Oban two days later. ''Umona'' continued south, joining Convoy OB 276 which left Liverpool on 20 January and dispersed at sea on the 25th.

Final voyage and loss

In March 1941 ''Umona'' sailed from Durban for London, laden with 1,549 tons of maize, 50 tons of pulses and 47 tons of jam. She called at Walvis Bay in South-West Africa on 20 March and headed unescorted for Freetown to join an inbound convoy. ''Umona''s complement was typical of many British merchant ships: her officers and stewards were British, her crew were Muslim Lascars and her carpenter was Chinese. By the time she left Walvis Bay she was carrying 14 passengers including seven distressed British seamen (DBS), ''i.e.'' British mariners who had survived the sinking of their ships and were going home.

Late of the evening of 30 March ''Umona'' was about southwest of Freetown when the attacked her, hitting her with one torpedo at 2301 hours and another two minutes later. She quickly sank, killing her Master Frederick Peckham, 81 crew, seven DEMS gunners and 13 passengers. The radio officer on duty (''Umona'' had three radio officers sharing duties in a watch system) stayed at his post as long as possible transmitting a distress message, then leapt into the sea.

''Umona'' had managed to launch only one of her six lifeboats before she sank. It was commanded by her fourth officer, 20-year-old Edwin Clarke, but ''U-124'' surfaced, captured Clarke and submerged. After sinking Allied ships '' Kriegsmarine'' vessels often sought to obtain intelligence from survivors, and particularly from officers.

Three other survivors managed to board a small liferaft. One was the duty radio officer who had sent the distress message. The others were a badly wounded DEMS gunner, EG Elliot RN, and a passenger called Frank Brothers. After they had drifted for four days they sighted a submarine and used the reflective surface of a tobacco tin as a heliograph to attract her attention. The submarine, which may have been ''U-124'', came and gave them fresh water. The next day the weather worsened, and in the afternoon the radio officer died.

On 7 April, while escorting Convoy WS 7, the destroyer , rescued three Lascar crewmen, apparently from the lifeboat from which Clarke had been captured. ''Foxhound'' did not see the raft, which continued to drift. On 12 April the British cargo ship sighted the raft and rescued Brothers and Elliot. ''Foxhound'' and ''Lorca'' each landed their survivors at Freetown.

In all, 99 men and two women from ''Umona'' died, Edwin Clarke was unaccounted for after being captured and was presumed dead, and only five survivors were rescued.

Awards and monuments

Gunner Elliot was awarded the British Empire Medal and Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea.

Members of ''Umona''s crew who were killed are commemorated in the Second World War section of the Merchant Navy War Memorial at Tower Hill in London. Her Lascar seamen are commemorated in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission monuments at Chittagong and Mumbai.

References

Sources

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Umona, SS
1910 ships
Maritime incidents in March 1941
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Wear
World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean