was a Japanese ocean-going passenger liner of the ''Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha'' (Japanese Oriental Steamship Co.; TKK) completed in 1908 by the Mitsubishi Dockyard & Engine Works, Nagasaki, Japan. Its sister ships were and . It had accommodation for 275 first-class, 54 second-class, and 800 steerage passengers, and could carry over 8,000 tons of cargo. The steerage class had an

opium den An opium den was an establishment in which opium was sold and smoked. Opium dens were prevalent in many parts of the world in the 19th century, most notably China, Southeast Asia, North America, and France. Throughout the West, opium dens were fr ...

for Chinese passengers. The ship had the following dimensions: length overall 575 ft., between perpendiculars 558 ft., breadth 63 ft., depth to shelter deck 46 ft. 6 in., to upper deck 38 ft. 6 in., gross tonnage 14,700 tons; displacement 21,500 tons at 31 ft. 8 in. draught. The ship's turbines were built by the

Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company was a British engineering company based on the River Tyne at Wallsend, North East England. History Charles Algernon Parsons founded the company in 1897 with £500,000 of capital. It specialised in building ...

, Wallsend, England, in 1907, and were capable of delivering a total 17,000 hp at 270 revolutions per minute. It had three 12-inch hollow-steel shafts, each carrying one propeller, with pitch of 105 inches, diameter of 115 inches. Steam was supplied by 13 cylindrical boilers, working at 180 lb pressure and fired by oil fuel only. The ships attained 21.6 knots on trial and 20 knots on ocean service.

History

''Tenyo Maru'' was designed with shipbuilding ideas of contemporary naval architecture throughout the world; its Japanese engineers visited shipyards internationally and adopted the best ideas they found. It took the place of the ''Nippon Maru'', built in England in 1898. ''Tenyo Maru'' was launched in 1908 from Nagasaki, Japan, as the first

Turbine Steam Ship A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbin ...

built for trans-Pacific passenger service. It first arrived in San Francisco on June 30, 1909, from Manchuria. This was the first of many crossings which brought immigrants from Asia through the

United States Immigration Station, Angel Island Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated. Angel Island is an island in ...

. ''Tenyo Maru'' was the first turbine-driven steamship ever in the port of San Francisco. A model of the ship was on display at the

De Young Museum The de Young Museum, formally the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, is a fine arts museum located in San Francisco, California. Located in Golden Gate Park, it is a component of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, along with the California Pala ...

in San Francisco, where it was that museum's largest steamship scale model. On September 27, 1910, while en route from Hong Kong to San Francisco, via Yokohama and Honolulu, ''Tenyo Maru'' ran aground thirty miles from Shanghai. The ship was floated at high tide with the aid of tugboats, without serious damage, and was able to continue its voyage. In February 1913, ''Tenyo Maru'' weathered a storm which began three days into the voyage and lasted six days; the storm destroyed the ship's gangway and smashed its rails; at times, the waves dashed over the smoke stacks. The 115 first and second class passengers were kept below decks while the captain made the decision to ride out the storm by

heaving to In sailing, heaving to (to heave to and to be hove to) is a way of slowing a sailing vessel's forward progress, as well as fixing the helm and sail positions so that the vessel does not have to be steered. It is commonly used for a "break"; this ...

, which was very unusual in a large steamship. In 1921, the ship was fumigated due to a first-class passenger who became suddenly ill and died June 28 while en route from Nagasaki to Kobe. The passenger had bubonic plague. The cause was determined to be exposure to infected fleas from rats aboard the vessel. ''Tenyo Maru'' carried the

Japanese Friendship Dolls Friendship Dolls were an international gift exchange between Japan and the United States in 1927. or Japanese ambassador dolls and the were sent between Japan and the United States. The dolls were meant to improve the deteriorated relationshi ...

from Yokohama to San Francisco in 1927. It also carried opium and contraband. When ''Tenyo Maru'' arrived in San Francisco on July 9, 1929, passenger Sui'e Ying Kao, wife of the Chinese Vice Consul, requested that her baggage be passed and delivered at once, claiming diplomatic immunity from Customs inspection. The agents did not agree, broke the seals, opened the trunks, and found 2,300 cans of opium (about 1,000 pounds), worth about $600,000, making it a very large seizure by contemporary standards. The ship was scrapped in 1933. The similarly named Japanese fishing vessel ''Tenyo Maru'' which collided with the Chinese freighter ''Tuo Hai'' in Canadian territorial waters on July 22, 1991l, was a different vessel.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tenyo Maru 1908 ships Passenger ships of Japan Steamships of Japan Ocean liners Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries