SMS Wien

SMS ''Wien''  ("His Majesty's Ship Vienna") was one of three s built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the 1890s. After her commissioning, the ship participated in an international blockade of Crete during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. ''Wien'' and the two other ''Monarch''-class ships made several training cruises in the Mediterranean Sea in the early 1900s. They formed the 1st Capital Ship Division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy until they were replaced by the newly commissioned predreadnought battleships at the turn of the century. In 1906 the three Monarchs were placed in reserve and only recommissioned for annual summer training exercises. After the start of World War I, ''Wien'' was recommissioned and assigned to 5th Division together with her sisters.

The division was sent to Cattaro in August 1914 to attack Montenegrin and French artillery that was bombarding the port and they remained there until mid-1917. ''Wien'' and her sister were sent to Trieste in August 1917 and bombarded Italian fortifications in the Gulf of Trieste. On the night of 9–10 December, while ''Wien'' and ''Budapest'' were at anchor in Trieste, two Italian torpedo boats managed to penetrate the harbor defenses undetected and fired several torpedoes at the two ships. ''Budapest'' was not hit, but ''Wien'' was struck by two torpedoes and sank in less than five minutes with the loss of 46 of her crew. The wreck was salvaged sometime during the 1920s by the Italians.

Description and construction

At only maximum displacement, the ''Monarch'' class was less than half the size of the battleships of other major navies at the time and were officially designated as coast defense ships. The Austro-Hungarian government believed that the role of its navy was solely to defend her coast.

''Wien'' had an overall length of , a beam of and a draft of . Her two 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines produced a total of using steam from five cylindrical boilers. These gave the ship a maximum speed of . ''Wien''s maximum load of of coal gave her a range of at a speed of . She was manned by 26 officers and 397 enlisted men, a total of 423 personnel.

The armament of the ''Monarch'' class consisted of four Krupp K/94 guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. The ships carried 80 rounds for each gun. Their secondary armament was six Škoda guns located in casemates in the superstructure. Defense against torpedo boats was provided by ten quick-firing (QF) Škoda guns and four 47-millimeter QF Hotchkiss guns. The ships also mounted two torpedo tubes, one on each broadside. Each torpedo tube was provided with two torpedoes. In 1917 a Škoda 7 cm K10 anti-aircraft gun was installed.

The ship's nickel-steel waterline armor belt was thick and the gun turrets were protected by of armor. The casemates had thick sides while the conning tower had of armor. ''Wien''s deck armor was thick.

The ''Monarch''-class ships were ordered in May 1892 with ''Budapest'' and ''Wien'' to be built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste. Both ships were laid down on 16 February 1893, the first ships in the class to be laid down. ''Wien'' was launched on 7 July 1895 by Countess Kielmannsegg, wife of the Governor of Lower Austria, and commissioned on 13 May 1897.

Service history

Peace time

After her commissioning, ''Wien'' took part in Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee International Fleet Review at Spithead on 26 June 1897, as well as an international blockade of Crete during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. She was back at Pola on 16 April 1898. ''Wien'' and her sisters formed the Navy's 1st Capital Ship Division (''I. Schwere Division'') in 1899 and the division made a training cruise to the Eastern Mediterranean where they made port visits in Greece, Lebanon, Turkey and Malta later that year. In early 1902 they made another training cruise to the Western Mediterranean with port visits in Algeria, Spain, France, Italy, Corfu, and Albania. The ship was fitted with a Siemens-Braun radio early the following year. The ships of the division were inspected by Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne, in March 1903 at Gravosa. Shortly afterwards, ''Wien'', ''Budapest'', the battleship and the destroyer made a cruise to the Eastern Mediterranean. ''Wien'' served as flagship of the division until she was posted at Salonica, Greece on 13 May to support Austro-Hungarian interests there after several terrorist acts against Austro-Hungarian citizens. She returned to Pola on 10 June and resumed her assignment as flagship. In 1904, the ''Monarch''-class ships formed the 2nd Capital Ship Division and they took part in the 1904 cruise of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas as well as training exercises in which the three s engaged the ''Budapest'' and her sisters in simulated combat. Those maneuvers marked the first time two homogeneous squadrons consisting of modern battleships operated in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. In 1905, ''Wien'' made a cruise of the Levant and visited ports in Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Albania. Later that summer, the ship ran aground during a night exercise off Meleda Island; it took two tries by ''Budapest'' and ''Habsburg'' to pull her off. She had to be dry-docked for repairs.

The ''Monarch''s were relegated to the newly formed Reserve Squadron on 1 January 1906 and were only recommissioned for the annual summer exercises. They participated in a fleet review by Archduke Franz Ferdinand in September conducted in the Koločepski Channel near Šipan. The ships were briefly recommissioned at the beginning of 1913 as the 4th Division after the start of the Second Balkan War, but were decommissioned again on 10 March.

World War I

With the beginning of World War I the three ''Monarch''s were recommissioned as the 5th Division. They were sent down to the Cattaro in August 1914 to attack Montenegrin artillery batteries on Mount Lovćen bombarding the Austro-Hungarian naval base at Cattaro and the fortifications defending it. ''Budapest'' and her sisters arrived on 13 August, but their guns could not elevate sufficiently enough to engage all of the enemy artillery, which was reinforced by eight French guns on 19 October. The battleship was summoned to deal with the guns two days later and she managed to knock out several French guns and forced the others to be withdrawn by 27 October. The ''Monarch''s remained at Cattaro until mid-1917 to deter any further attacks. In August, ''Budapest'' and ''Wien'' were transferred to Trieste to serve as guard ships against Italian commando raids. Each ship was fitted with an anti-aircraft gun after their arrival on 26 August to counter constant Italian air attacks. ''Wien'' was damaged by a near miss on 5 September and both ships withdrew to Pola on 12 September.

They returned to Trieste on 30 October and sortied into the Gulf of Trieste on 16 November to attack Italian coastal defenses at Cortellazzo, near the mouth of the Piave River. ''Budapest'' and ''Wien'' opened fire at 10:35 at a range of about and knocked out most of the Italian guns after about a half-hour. Their bombardment was interrupted by several unsuccessful Italian air attacks before a more coordinated attack was made by five MAS torpedo boats and five aircraft around 13:30. This was also unsuccessful and the last Italian coast defense gun was knocked out an hour later. ''Wien'' was hit seven times in the superstructure and only lightly damaged; none of her crewmen were wounded.

Anxious to avenge themselves against the Austro-Hungarians, the ''Regia Marina'' (Royal Italian Navy) made plans for a sneak attack on the two ships in their berths in the Bay of Muggia, near Trieste, by MAS launches. On the night of 9/10 December, two MAS boats managed to penetrate the harbor defenses undetected, and fired torpedoes at ''Wien'' and ''Budapest'' at 02:32. The torpedoes fired at ''Budapest'' missed, but ''Wien'' was hit by two torpedoes fired by MAS 9, commanded by Lieutenant (''tenente di vascello'') Luigi Rizzo, that blew a hole wide abreast the boiler rooms. All of the watertight doors were open on board the ''Wien'' and the ship capsized in five minutes despite an attempt to counter her growing list by flooding the trim tanks on the opposite side. The attack killed 46 members of the crew. Both Italian boats escaped without being detected and Rizzo was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

''Wien'' was buried in the mud of the harbor bottom at a depth of and salvage of the ship was ordered on 14 December. That same day the navy convened a court-martial of Vice Admiral Alfred Freiherr von Koudelka, commander of the naval district, the captains of both ships, and the commander of the naval defenses of Trieste. On 16 January 1918, the court convicted all four individuals for failing to take all possible precautions to protect the ships and failing to ensure that the precautions were taken. As punishment the court recommended that Koudelka and the two ship captains be retired and the commander of the naval defenses of Trieste to be returned to his former reserve status. Emperor Karl approved the recommendations on 23 January.

The navy ordered that the salvage of ''Wien'' be stopped on 7 June and the wreck was ultimately salvaged by the Italians sometime during the 1920s. A section of the ship's stern is on display at the Museo Storico Navale in Venice.

Citations

Explanatory notes

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External links

The Monarch Class (1895/1898)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wien
Monarch-class coastal defense ships
1895 ships
Ships built in Trieste
Maritime incidents in 1917
World War I shipwrecks in the Adriatic Sea