SMS Kaiser (1858)

SMS ''Kaiser'' was a 92-gun wooden ship of the line of the Austrian Navy, the last vessel of the type, and the only screw-driven example, to be built by the Austrians. She was built by the naval shipyard in Pola; she was laid down in March 1855, was launched in October 1858, and was completed the following year. The ship took part in the Second Schleswig War of 1864, but saw no action during her deployment to the North Sea. ''Kaiser'' did see action during the Seven Weeks' War two years later, during which she took part in the Battle of Lissa as the flagship of Anton von Petz, commander of the Austrian 2nd Division. ''Kaiser'' engaged several Italian ironclads simultaneously, rammed one——and damaged another——with gunfire. In doing so, she became the only wooden ship of the line to engage an ironclad warship in battle.

In 1869, the Austro-Hungarians decided to rebuild ''Kaiser'' into an ironclad casemate ship; the work lasted until 1873, and was delayed significantly by budget shortfalls, which slowed the acquisition of armor plate from British firms. By this time, however, casemate ships were being superseded by turret ships, and as a result, ''Kaiser'' spent the years 1875–1902 in reserve. She was nevertheless modernized periodically throughout the 1870s and 1880s in attempts to improve her performance. In 1901–1902, she was renamed ''Bellona'' and had her armament and engines removed so she could be used as a barracks ship in Pola, a role she filled through World War I. Italy seized the ship as a war prize after the end of the conflict, but her ultimate fate is unknown.

Design

Starting in the early 1850s, the Austrian Empire, faced with a strengthening Kingdom of Sardinia—which unified most of the Italian peninsula in a decade—began to modernize its navy with new steam-driven warships. Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian oversaw the program, which began with the screw frigate laid down in Britain in 1852. Two years later, Ferdinand decided a steam ship of the line should be built next; he originally intended the new ship would be built as a copy of the British 91-gun ship of the line , the plans for which the Royal Navy provided to Austria in exchange for the country remaining neutral during the Crimean War of 1853–1856. The excellent performance of the French ship during the war prompted the Austrians to modify the ''Agamemnon'' design to incorporate features of the French vessel, including a greater size and more powerful machinery. A second vessel of a slightly larger design, to have been named ''Österreich'' and armed with 101 guns, was cancelled in 1859 before she was laid down.

The ''Kaiser'' was designed by Swedish naval engineer Axel Ljungstedt, who was active in Austria between 1850 and 1856. Figures for the ship's original characteristics are unclear. According to the contemporary historian Wilhelm von Rüstow, ''Kaiser'' was long, with a displacement of . But the modern naval historian Andrew Lambert states her length was on . He also provides a beam of . Her crew numbered some 900 officers and men, which included a contingent of naval infantry. She was armed with a battery of ninety-two guns, consisting of sixteen 60-pounder guns, seventy-four 30-pounder smoothbores, and two 24-pounder breech loaders. The ship was powered by a two-cylinder horizontal steam engine, which drove a single screw propeller that was in diameter. Steam was provided by six coal-fired boilers with twenty-six fireboxes. The engine, which was manufactured by Maudslay, Sons and Field, was rated at 800  nominal horsepower. A three- masted ship rig supplemented the steam engine.

Service history

The keel of ''Kaiser'' was laid down on 25 March 1855 at the naval shipyard in Pola; the ship was launched on 4 October 1858, and commissioned into the Austrian Navy in 1859. She began sea trials on 6 December that year, with the first trip under her own power taking place from Muggia to Pola. In February 1864, the Austrian Empire joined Prussia in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark. ''Kaiser'' was sent with the new armored frigate and two smaller vessels under Vice Admiral Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair to reinforce a smaller force consisting of the screw frigates and ''Radetzky'' under then-Captain Wilhelm von Tegetthoff. After the two groups combined in Den Helder, the Netherlands, they proceeded to Cuxhaven on 27 June, arriving three days later. The now outnumbered Danish fleet remained in port for the rest of the war and did not seek battle with the Austro-Prussian squadron. Instead, the Austrian and Prussian naval forces supported operations to capture the islands off the western Danish coast. During the campaign, ''Kaiser'' was commanded by Friedrich von Pöck.

Battle of Lissa

In June 1866, Italy declared war on Austria, as part of the Third Italian War of Independence, which was fought concurrently with the Austro-Prussian War. Tegetthoff, by now promoted to rear admiral and given command of the entire fleet, brought the Austrian fleet to Ancona on 27 June, in an attempt to draw out the Italians, but the Italian commander, Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano, refused to engage Tegetthoff. At the time, ''Kaiser'' served as the flagship of the 2nd Division of the Austrian fleet, under the command of Anton Petz. On 16 July, Persano took the Italian fleet, with twelve ironclads, out of Ancona, bound for the island of Lissa, where they arrived on the 18th. With them, they brought troop transports carrying 3,000 soldiers. Persano then spent the next two days bombarding the Austrian defenses of the island and unsuccessfully attempting to force a landing. Tegetthoff received a series of telegrams between 17 and 19 July notifying him of the Italian attack, which he initially believed to be a feint to draw the Austrian fleet away from its main bases at Pola and Venice. By the morning of the 19th, however, he was convinced that Lissa was in fact the Italian objective, and so he requested permission to attack.

As Tegetthoff's fleet arrived off Lissa on the morning of 20 July, Persano's fleet was arrayed for another landing attempt. The latter's ships were divided into three groups, with only the first two able to concentrate in time to meet the Austrians. Tegetthoff had arranged his ironclad ships into a wedge-shaped formation, with the wooden warships of the 2nd and 3rd Divisions following behind in the same formation. ''Kaiser'' led the 2nd Division at the center of the line. While he was forming up his ships, Persano transferred from his flagship, , to the turret ship . This created a gap in the Italian line, and Tegetthoff seized the opportunity to divide the Italian fleet and create a melee. He made a pass through the gap, but failed to ram any of the Italian ships, forcing him to turn around and make another attempt. In the meantime, Petz took ''Kaiser'' and his division further south, hoping to attack the Italian wooden ships that had not joined the action. Instead, the rear of the Italian ironclad line turned to block Petz from Tegetthoff and attacked ''Kaiser''. Petz in turn reoriented his division to attack the Italian ironclads, leading the charge with ''Kaiser''.

The ironclads , , and circled around ''Kaiser'', trading broadsides with her. In the ensuing melee, the Austrian and Italian vessels repeatedly attempted to ram each other. Persano arrived in ''Affondatore'' and unsuccessfully tried to ram ''Kaiser'', but missed and struck only a glancing blow. Shortly thereafter, ''Kaiser'' rammed the ironclad in an attempt to protect the Austrian unarmored ships and . ''Kaiser'' also struck a glancing blow, however, and inflicted little damage. ''Re di Portogallo'' fired her light guns into the ship in response, starting a fire, and killing or wounding a number of Austrian gunners before ''Kaiser'' could break free. ''Affondatore'' then made a second, unsuccessful attempt to ram ''Kaiser''. Though she missed with her ram, ''Affondatore'' did score a hit with one of her guns, badly damaging ''Kaiser'', killing or wounding twenty of her crew. In return, ''Kaiser''s gunners fired their guns into ''Affondatore''s deck, badly holing it and starting a fire, while riflemen in her fighting tops shot at Italian sailors. In addition, a shot from ''Kaiser'' struck one of ''Affondatore''s turrets, jamming it for the remainder of the battle. ''Kaiser'' had lost her foremast and funnel in the collision with ''Re di Portogallo'', and Petz ordered his damaged ship to put into port at Lissa.

By this time, the Austrian ironclads disengaged from the melee to protect their wooden ships; ''Re d'Italia'' had been rammed and sunk and the coastal defense ship was burning badly, soon to be destroyed by a magazine explosion. Persano made an attempt to follow them with ''Affondatore'', but he broke off the attempt when only one of his other ironclads followed him. His crews were badly demoralized by the loss of ''Re d'Italia'' and ''Palestro'', and his ships were low on ammunition and coal. The Italian fleet began to withdraw, followed by the Austrians; as night began to fall, the opposing fleets disengaged completely, heading for Ancona and Pola, respectively. In the course of the battle, ''Kaiser''s crew had suffered twenty-four killed and thirty-seven wounded. ''Kaiser'' was and is the only ship of the line to have engaged ironclad warships in battle.

Conversion and later career

After returning to Pola, Tegetthoff kept his fleet in the northern Adriatic, where it patrolled against a possible Italian attack. The Italian ships never came, and on 12 August, the two countries signed the Armistice of Cormons; this ended the fighting and led to the Treaty of Vienna. Though Austria had defeated Italy at Lissa and on land at the Battle of Custoza, the Austrian army was decisively defeated by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz. As a result, Austria, which became Austria-Hungary in the ''Ausgleich'' of 1867, was forced to cede the city of Venice to Italy. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the bulk of the Austrian fleet was decommissioned and disarmed.

Chronic budgetary problems confronted the navy of the new Austro-Hungarian Empire; Tegetthoff had great difficulty securing funding for new ships to modernize the fleet. In 1868, he attempted to start a new building program, but the government refused to budget for new warships. Parliament did include funds to modernize ''Kaiser'', however. On 2 February 1869, ''Kaiser'' was taken into drydock and her hull was examined. Found to be in good condition, the ship was rebuilt into an ironclad casemate ship. Old wood planking below the waterline was replaced, but the hull was completely rebuilt with iron above the waterline. Her bow was replaced with a more pronounced ram and she received a new stern as well. This increased her length to at the waterline and increased her beam to . Her draft remained similar, at , though her displacement increased to . Superheaters were added to her original boilers to provide more power, and her engines were rated to produce a speed of from , though in service she was only capable of reaching from . At a cruising speed of , she could steam for .

The ship was rearmed with a battery of ten 23-pounder muzzle-loading guns manufactured by Armstrong in a central, two-story casemate. These were supported by a secondary battery of six 8-pounder Rifled Muzzle Loaders. An armored belt was installed on the waterline; in the central citadel that protected the machinery spaces, the belt was thick. On either end of the ship, the belt was reduced to . Iron plating thick protected the casemate. ''Kaiser'' was re-launched in 1871, but further budgetary problems, particularly payments for the armor plate and iron fittings that were purchased from Britain, delayed completion of the conversion. Work was finally completed in December 1873. She began sea trials on 21 December. By this time, the ship had become obsolescent; the same year, Italy laid down the two s, very powerful turret ships twice the size of ''Kaiser'' and that carried guns.

On 11 February 1874, ''Kaiser'' joined the active squadron of the fleet, and became the flagship of '' Konteradmiral'' (Rear Admiral) Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck the following day. The ship then sailed to Trieste, before departing on 14 February for Spain. While on the way, she stopped in Gravosa for six days due to bad weather. From there, she sailed to Messina, Italy, where she received a warm welcome from the local authorities. From there, she passed through the Strait of Bonifacio before arriving in Barcelona, Spain, on 4 March. She was joined there by the screw corvette , and the two ships then sailed on to Cartagena. ''Kaiser'' then departed from ''Frundsberg'' and visited a number of ports, including Cadiz, Malaga, Valencia, Gibraltar, and Tanger in Alawi Morocco. While in Gibraltar, ''Kaiser'' met the screw corvette , and the two ships returned to Barcelona, were they joined ''Frundsberg'' and the gunboat . The four ships conducted shooting practice together while in the area. During this period, on 16 March, ''Kaiser'' encountered the Italian screw corvette , the captain of which invited ''Kaiser'' to join the Italians for a celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Italian king, Victor Emmanuel II. ''Kaiser'' had a similar encounter on 4 July with the United States' sloop , for a celebration marking the United States' declaration of independence.

The ship did not see further active service. She remained laid up from 1875, spending the first four months of 1876 in the II Reserve, followed by repairs and modifications for the rest of the year. During this period, naval engineers attempted to improve the ship's performance. In 1876, her original screw was replaced with a larger propeller that was in diameter. During speed tests conducted on 7 December, the ship reached , more than a knot increase in speed. She was immediately returned to the II Reserve. In 1880, the ship had her rigging reduced and received new boilers. A new secondary battery that consisted of six 24-caliber (cal.) breech-loading guns, two 15-cal. guns, four 33-cal. quick-firing guns, three 47 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and four machine guns was installed in 1882. In 1885, three torpedo tubes were added, one in the bow and one on each broadside.

A commission examined the ship in 1893 and recommended that the ship was "not suitable for commissioning". The government began negotiations with Venezuela in 1895 to sell ''Kaiser'', but the discussion came to nothing. In 1897, she was stricken from the list of active battleships. The ship was disarmed in 1901, and the following year had her engines removed so she could be used as a barracks ship in Pola. She was formally stricken from the naval register on 4 January 1902, was renamed ''Bellona'', and added to the list of hulks. She served as a barracks ship through World War I. From 1910 to 1917 the staff of the II Reserve was housed aboard the ship, and in 1918 the naval training school staff was brought aboard as well. After the war the ship was seized by Italy as a war prize; her ultimate fate is unknown.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser
Ironclad warships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Ships built in Pola
1858 ships
Victorian-era ships of the line