The Russian class Х (''Kh'') was an early type of Russian steam locomotive. Between 1895 and 1900, 235 were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

. Some locomotives were modernized in the early 1900s, fitted with superheaters and compound cylinders.

Russian Railways Russian Railways (russian: link=no, ОАО «Российские железные дороги» (ОАО «РЖД»), OAO Rossiyskie zheleznye dorogi (OAO RZhD)) is a Russian fully state-owned vertically integrated railway company, both manag ...

designated them Х^п class. ( ru) Engines of the Х^м (

Murmansk Murmansk (Russian: ''Мурманск'' lit. "Norwegian coast"; Finnish: ''Murmansk'', sometimes ''Muurmanski'', previously ''Muurmanni''; Norwegian: ''Norskekysten;'' Northern Sámi: ''Murmánska;'' Kildin Sámi: ''Мурман ланнҍ'') ...

) sub-class were built and sent to Russia during the

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War or Allied Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions which began in 1918. The Allies first had the goal of helping the Czechoslovak Leg ...

between 1915 and 1916, and transferred to the Murmansk Railway after the war. These engines were of the same wheel arrangement as the class X, and also built in the U.S. However, they were built by H.K. Porter, Inc. rather than Baldwin and were otherwise very different from the X class. In 1923, there were still 127 steam locomotives of the Х series (including the Х^м) still in service. By 1940, the number was reduced to 26 engines, and the last of the class was retired in 1955.

CER class Х and MNR ソリA (SoriA) class

The

Chinese Eastern Railway The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (, russian: Китайско-Восточная железная дорога, or , ''Kitaysko-Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga'' or ''KVZhD''), is the historical name for a railway system in Northeast China (als ...

also bought Baldwin-built locomotives identical to those of the Russian Railways' Х class; Baldwin's works designation for these locomotives was 10.22/42E. Originally designated class Б (''B'') by the CER, Baldwin in Philadelphia built fifty in 1898 (Б151-Б200), forty in 1899 (Б201-Б240), and a final batch of 31 in 1900 (Б241-Б271).В.А. Раков. Паровозы серии Х // Локомотивы отечественных железных дорог 1845-1955. — 2-е, переработанное и дополненное. — Москва: «Транспорт», 1995. — С. 160-162. — . They were redesignated class Х (''Kh'') in 1921 and numbered Х151 through Х271. After the Japanese established the

puppet state A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sove ...

of Manchukuo, the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

sold its share of the North Manchuria Railway, as the CER had been renamed in 1932, to the new state's government on 23 March 1935,Chinese Eastern Railway, China
'Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 11 December 2016. It was then merged into the state-owned Manchukuo National Railway, which designated these locomotives ソリA (''SoriA'') class. Not all of the CER's Х-class engines went to the MNR; some ended up in service in the USSR around

Vladivostok Vladivostok ( rus, Владивосто́к, a=Владивосток.ogg, p=vɫədʲɪvɐˈstok) is the largest city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The city is located around the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan, c ...

. In 2005, an X Locomotive was found buried in Lalin River,

Jilin Province Jilin (; alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea ( Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Prim ...

, China. This engine, no. 180, was excavated, restored, and is on display outside the Museum of the Imperial Palace of the Manchu State, Changchun.

References

{{Rolling stock of Russia 2-8-0 locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1895 Steam locomotives of China Standard gauge locomotives of China Rolling stock of Manchukuo Х Baldwin locomotives Х 5 ft gauge locomotives Freight locomotives Vauclain compound locomotives