The Russian Democratic Reform Movement (RDDR, , ''Rossiyskoye dvizheniye demokraticheskikh reform'') was a political party in

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

History

The party was established in 1991 by Alexander Yakovlev,

Arkady Volsky Arkady Volsky (15 May 1932 – 9 September 2006) was a Soviet politician and businessman. He served as a senior aide to three Soviet General Secretaries, including Mikhail Gorbachev, and was one of three Deputy Prime Ministers in the last go ...

, Anatoly Sobchak, Eduard Shevardnadze and

Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov (russian: Гаврии́л Харито́нович Попо́в; born 31 October 1936) is a Russian politician and economist. He served as the mayor of Moscow from 1991 until he resigned in 1992. Biograph ...

. In the 1993 parliamentary elections it received 4.1% of the proportional representation vote,

Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expe ...

& Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1650 failing to cross the

electoral threshold The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of the primary vote that a candidate or political party requires to achieve before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature. This limit can ...

. However, it won eight constituency seats in the

State Duma The State Duma (russian: Госуда́рственная ду́ма, r=Gosudárstvennaja dúma), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Gosduma ( rus, Госду́ма), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house ...

. It did not contest any further elections.Nohlen & Stöver, p1645

References

{{Defunct Russian political parties Defunct political parties in Russia Political parties established in 1991 1991 establishments in Russia