Rules of court

Procedural law, adjective law, in some jurisdictions referred to as remedial law, or rules of court, comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil, lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings. The rules are designed to ensure a fair and consistent application of due process (in the U.S.) or fundamental justice (in other common law countries) to all cases that come before a court.

Substantive law, which refers to the actual claim and defense whose validity is tested through the procedures of procedural law, is different from procedural law.

In the context of procedural law, procedural rights may also refer not exhaustively to rights to information, access to justice, and right to counsel, rights to public participation, right to confront accusers as well as the basic presumption of innocence (meaning the prosecution regularly must meet the burden of proof, though different jurisdictions have various exceptions), with those rights encompassing general civil and political rights. In environmental law, these procedural rights have been reflected within the UNECE Convention on "Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters" known as the Aarhus Convention (1998).

Legal procedure

Although different legal processes aim to resolve many kinds of legal disputes, the legal procedures share some common features. All legal procedure, for example, is concerned with due process. Absent very special conditions, a court can not impose a penalty — civil or criminal — against an individual who has not received
notice of a lawsuit being brought against them, or who has not received a fair opportunity to present evidence for themselves.

The standardization for the means by which cases are brought, parties are informed, evidence is presented, and facts are determined is intended to maximize the fairness of any proceeding. Nevertheless, strict procedural rules have certain drawbacks. For example, they impose specific time limitations upon the parties that may either hasten or (more frequently) slow down the pace of proceedings. Furthermore, a party who is unfamiliar with procedural rules may run afoul of guidelines that have nothing to do with the merits of the case, and yet the failure to follow these guidelines may severely damage the party's chances. Procedural systems are constantly torn between arguments that judges should have greater discretion in order to avoid the rigidity of the rules, and arguments that judges should have less discretion in order to avoid an outcome based more on the personal preferences of the judge than on the law or the facts.

Legal procedure, in a larger sense, is also designed to effect the best distribution of judicial resources. For example, in most courts of general jurisdiction in the United States, criminal cases are given priority over civil cases, because criminal defendants stand to lose their freedom, and should therefore be accorded the first opportunity to have their case heard.

European history and concepts

"Procedural law" and "substantive law" in various languages

"Procedural law" in contrast to "substantive law" is a concept available in various legal systems and languages. Similar to the English expressions are the Spanish words ''derecho adjetivo'' and ''derecho material'' or ''derecho sustantivo'', as well as the Portuguese terms for them, ''direito adjetivo'' and ''direito substantivo''. Other ideas are behind the German expressions ''formelles Recht'' (or ''Verfahrensrecht'') and ''materielles Recht'' as well as the French ''droit formel/droit matériel'', the Italian ''diritto formale/diritto materiale'' and the Swedish ''formell rätt/materiell rätt''; all of which, taken literally, mean "formal" and "material" law. The same opposition can be found in the Russian legal vocabulary, with ''материальное право'' for substantive law and ''процессуальное право'' for procedural. Similar to Russian, in Bulgarian "материално право" means substantive law and ''процесуално право'' is used for procedural. In Chinese, "procedural law" and "substantive law" are represented by these characters: "程序法" and "实体法".

In Germany, the expressions ''formelles Recht'' and ''materielles Recht'' were developed in the 19th century, because only during that time was the Roman ''actio'' split into procedural and substantive components.

The substance of "procedural law"/"substantive law" in Europe

In the European legal systems the Roman law had been of great influence. In ancient times the Roman civil procedure applied to many countries. One of the main issues of the procedure has been the ''actio'' (similar to the English word "act"). In the procedure of the ''legis actiones'' the ''actio'' included both procedural and substantive elements. Because during this procedure the ''praetor'' had granted, or denied, litigation by granting or denying, respectively, an ''actio''. By granting the ''actio'' the ''praetor'' in the end has created claims. I.e. a procedural act caused substantive claims to exist. Such priority (procedure over substance) is contrary to what we think of the relationship nowadays. But it has not only been an issue of priority and whether the one serves the other. Since the ''actio'' had been composed of elements of procedure and substance it was difficult to separate both parts again.

Even the scientific handling of law, which developed during medieval times in the new universities in Italy (in particular in Bologna, Mantua), did not come to a full and clear separation. (The English system of "writs" in the Middle Ages had a similar problem to the Roman tradition with the ''actio''.)

In Germany the unity of procedure and substance in the ''actio'' definitely was brought to an end with the codification of the ''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (BGB) which came into force on January 1, 1900. The expression ''Anspruch'' (§ 194 of BGB) - meaning "claim" - has been "cleared" from procedural elements. And this was the time for "founding" the terms ''formelles / materielles Recht''. However, after World War II the expression ''formelles Recht'' obviously was found to be "contaminated" and to a broad extent has been replaced by ''Prozessrecht'', narrowing the idea behind it to "law of litigation" (thereby excluding e.g. the law of other procedures and the law on competences).

See also

*Civil procedure
*Criminal procedure
*Hearing (law)
*Legal technicality
* Vyavahara

Further reading

*Andreas Kollmann: ''Begriffs- und Problemgeschichte des Verhältnisses von formellem und materiellem Recht'', edition: Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, ''Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte'' no. 68, 1996.
*Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998). ''The Nature of the Judicial Process''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
*Frank, Jerome (1985). ''Law and the Modern Mind''. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.
*Levi, Edward H. (1949) ''An Introduction to Legal Reasoning''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*Marshall, Thurgood (2001). ''Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences''. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
*Miller, Arthur S. (1985). ''Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
*Tribe, Laurence (1985). ''God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History''. New York: Random House.
*Zelermyer, William (1977). ''The Legal System in Operation''. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law

External links

US Federal Court Rules

{{Authority control

Legal procedure