The Royal Observatory,
Greenwich

Greenwich (ROG;[1] known as the Old Royal
Observatory

Observatory from 1957 to 1998, when the working Royal Greenwich
Observatory, RGO, moved from
Greenwich

Greenwich to Herstmonceux) is an
observatory situated on a hill in
Greenwich

Greenwich Park, overlooking the
River Thames. It played a major role in the history of astronomy and
navigation, and is best known as the location of the prime meridian,
and thereby gave its name to
Greenwich

Greenwich Mean Time. The ROG has the IAU
observatory code of 000, the first in the list.[2] ROG, the National
Maritime Museum, the
Queen's House

Queen's House and
Cutty Sark
.jpg/600px-Cutty_Sark_(16719233476).jpg)
Cutty Sark are collectively
designated Royal Museums Greenwich.[1]
The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the
foundation stone being laid on 10 August. The site was chosen by Sir
Christopher Wren.[3] At that time the king also created the position
of Astronomer Royal, to serve as the director of the observatory and
to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the
rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places
of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of
places for the perfecting of the art of navigation." He appointed John
Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. The building was completed in
the summer of 1676.[4] The building was often called "Flamsteed
House", in reference to its first occupant.
The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in
stages in the first half of the 20th century, and the
Greenwich

Greenwich site
is now maintained as a museum.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Chronology
1.2 Site
1.3 Establishment
1.4
Greenwich

Greenwich Meridian
1.5
Greenwich

Greenwich Mean Time and the time ball
1.6 Bomb attack of 1894
1.7 Early 20th century
1.8
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux Castle
2
Observatory

Observatory museum
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
History[edit]
Chronology[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to
remove this template message)
1675 – 22 June, Royal
Observatory

Observatory founded.
1675 – 10 August, construction began.
1714
Longitude

Longitude Act established the
Board of Longitude

Board of Longitude and Longitude
rewards. The
Astronomer Royal
.jpg)
Astronomer Royal was, until the Board was dissolved in
1828, always an ex officio Commissioner of Longitude.
1767
Astronomer Royal
.jpg)
Astronomer Royal
Nevil Maskelyne

Nevil Maskelyne began publication of the
Nautical Almanac, based on observations made at the Observatory.
1818 Oversight of the Royal
Observatory

Observatory was transferred from the Board
of Ordnance to the Board of Admiralty; at that time the observatory
was charged with maintaining the Royal Navy's Marine chronometers.
1833 Daily time signals began, marked by dropping a Time ball.
1899 The New Physical
Observatory

Observatory (now known as the South Building)
was completed.
1924 Hourly time signals (
Greenwich

Greenwich Time Signal) from the Royal
Observatory

Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February.
1948 Office of the
Astronomer Royal
.jpg)
Astronomer Royal was moved to Herstmonceux.
1957 Royal
Observatory

Observatory completed its move to Herstmonceux, becoming
the Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory (RGO). The
Greenwich

Greenwich site is renamed
the Old Royal Observatory.
1990 RGO moved to Cambridge.
1998 RGO closed.
Greenwich

Greenwich site is returned to its original name, the
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, is made part of the National Maritime
Museum.
2011 The
Greenwich

Greenwich museums, including the ROG, become collectively the
Royal Museums Greenwich.
Former Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, East Sussex
Site[edit]
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory (Latinized as "Observatorium Anglicanum Hoc
Grenovici prope Londinum"), as illustrated in Doppelmayr's map of the
southern celestial hemisphere, ca. 1730
There had been significant buildings on this land since the reign of
William I.[5]
Greenwich

Greenwich Palace, on the site of the present-day
Maritime Museum, was the birthplace of both
Henry VIII

Henry VIII and his
daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I; the Tudors used
Greenwich

Greenwich Castle,
which stood on the hilltop that the
Observatory

Observatory presently occupies, as
a hunting lodge.
Greenwich

Greenwich Castle was reportedly a favourite place for
Henry VIII

Henry VIII to house his mistresses, so that he could easily travel
from the Palace to see them.[6]
Establishment[edit]
Laser

Laser projected from the observatory marking the
Prime Meridian

Prime Meridian line
Laser

Laser at night
The establishment of a Royal
Observatory

Observatory was proposed in 1674 by Sir
Jonas Moore

Jonas Moore who, in his role as Surveyor General at the Ordnance
Office, persuaded King Charles II to create the observatory, with John
Flamsteed installed as its director.[7] The Ordnance Office was given
responsibility for building the Observatory, with Moore providing the
key instruments and equipment for the observatory at his own personal
cost. Flamsteed House, the original part of the Observatory, was
designed by Sir Christopher Wren, probably assisted by Robert Hooke,
and was the first purpose-built scientific research facility in
Britain. It was built for a cost of £520 (£20 over budget) out of
largely recycled materials on the foundations of Duke Humphrey's
Tower, the forerunner of
Greenwich

Greenwich Castle, which resulted in the
alignment being 13 degrees away from true North, somewhat to
Flamsteed's chagrin.
The original observatory at first housed the scientific instruments to
be used by Flamsteed in his work on stellar tables, and over time also
incorporated additional responsibilities such as marking the official
time of day, and housing Her Majesty's
Nautical Almanac

Nautical Almanac Office.
Moore donated two clocks, built by Thomas Tompion, which were
installed in the 20 foot high Octagon Room, the principal room of
the building. They were of unusual design, each with a pendulum
13 feet (3.96 metres) in length mounted above the clock face,
giving a period of four seconds and an accuracy, then unparalleled, of
seven seconds per day.
Greenwich

Greenwich Meridian[edit]
Main article:
Greenwich

Greenwich Meridian
The 24-hour Shepherd Gate Clock
Telescope and tree
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
One of the hyper-accurate timekeepers at the observatory
British astronomers have long used the Royal
Observatory

Observatory as a basis
for measurement. Four separate meridians have passed through the
buildings, defined by successive instruments.[8] The basis of
longitude, the meridian that passes through the Airy transit circle,
first used in 1851, was adopted as the world's
Prime Meridian

Prime Meridian at the
International Meridian Conference
.gif/440px-Time_Zones_(2012).gif)
International Meridian Conference on 22 October 1884 (voting took
place on 13 October).[9] Subsequently, nations across the world used
it as their standard for mapping and timekeeping. The Prime Meridian
was marked by a brass (later replaced by stainless steel) strip in the
Observatory's courtyard once the buildings became a museum in 1960,
and, since 16 December 1999, has been marked by a powerful green laser
shining north across the London night sky.
Since the first triangulation of Great Britain in the period
1783–1853,
Ordnance Survey

Ordnance Survey maps have been based on an earlier
version of the
Greenwich

Greenwich meridian, defined by the transit instrument
of James Bradley. When the Airy circle (5.79 m to the east) became the
reference for the meridian, the difference resulting from the change
was considered small enough to be neglected. When a new triangulation
was done between 1936 and 1962, scientists determined that in the
Ordnance Survey

Ordnance Survey system the longitude of the international Greenwich
meridian was not 0° but 0°00'00.417" (about 8 m) East.[10]
Besides the change of the reference line, imperfections of the
surveying system added another discrepancy to the definition of the
origin, so that the Bradley line itself is now 0°00'00.12" East of
the
Ordnance Survey

Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian (about 2.3m).[11]
This old astronomical prime meridian has been replaced by a more
precise prime meridian. When
Greenwich

Greenwich was an active observatory,
geographical coordinates were referred to a local oblate spheroid
called a datum known as a geoid, whose surface closely matched local
mean sea level. Several datums were in use around the world, all using
different spheroids, because mean sea level undulates by as much as
100 metres worldwide. Modern geodetic reference systems, such as the
World Geodetic System

World Geodetic System and the International Terrestrial Reference
Frame, use a single oblate spheroid, fixed to the Earth's
gravitational centre. The shift from several local spheroids to one
worldwide spheroid caused all geographical coordinates to shift by
many metres, sometimes as much as several hundred metres. The Prime
Meridian of these modern reference systems is 102.5 metres east of the
Greenwich

Greenwich astronomical meridian represented by the stainless steel
strip, which is now 5.31 arcseconds West. The modern location of
the Airy Transit is 51°28′40.1″N 0°0′5.3″W /
51.477806°N 0.001472°W / 51.477806; -0.001472 (Airy
Transit)[12]
International time from the end of the 19th century until
UT1

UT1 was
based on Simon Newcomb's equations, giving a mean sun about 0.18
seconds behind
UT1

UT1 (the equivalent of 2.7 arcseconds) as of 2013; it
coincided in 2013 with a meridian halfway between Airy's circle and
the IERS origin: 51°28′40.1247″N 0°0′2.61″W /
51.477812417°N 0.0007250°W / 51.477812417; -0.0007250.[13]
Greenwich

Greenwich Mean Time and the time ball[edit]
Main article:
Greenwich

Greenwich Mean Time
Greenwich

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was until 1954 based on celestial
observations made at Greenwich, and later on observations made at
other observatories. GMT was formally renamed as
Universal Time

Universal Time in
1935, but is still commonly referred to as GMT. It is now calculated
from observations of extra-galactic radio sources.
To help mariners at the port and others in line of sight of the
observatory to synchronise their clocks to GMT,
Astronomer Royal
.jpg)
Astronomer Royal John
Pond installed a very visible time ball that drops precisely at
1 p.m. (13:00) every day atop the observatory in 1833. Initially
it was dropped by an operator; from 1852 it was released automatically
via an electric impulse from the Shepherd Master Clock.[14] The ball
is still dropped daily at 13:00 (GMT in winter, BST in summer).[15]
Bomb attack of 1894[edit]
The
Observatory

Observatory underwent an attempted bombing on 15 February 1894.
This was possibly the first "international terrorist" incident in
Britain.[citation needed] The bomb was accidentally detonated while
being held by 26-year-old French anarchist
Martial Bourdin

Martial Bourdin in
Greenwich

Greenwich Park, near the
Observatory

Observatory building. Bourdin died about 30
minutes later. It is not known why he chose the observatory, or
whether the detonation was intended to occur elsewhere. Novelist
Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad used the incident in his novel The Secret Agent.[16]
Early 20th century[edit]
Standard lengths on the wall of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,
London – 1 yard (3 feet), 2 feet, 1 foot, 6 inches (1/2 foot), and 3
inches. The separation of the inside faces of the marks is exact at an
ambient temperature of 60 °F (16 °C) and a rod of the
correct measure, resting on the pins, will fit snugly between
them.[17][18]
During most of the twentieth century, the Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich Observatory
was not at Greenwich. The last time that all departments were there
was 1924: in that year electrification of the railways affected the
readings of the Magnetic and Meteorological Departments, and the
Magnetic
Observatory

Observatory moved to Abinger. Prior to this, the observatory
had had to insist that the electric trams in the vicinity could not
use an earth return for the traction current.[19]
After the onset of
World War II

World War II in 1939, many departments were
temporarily evacuated out of range of German bombers, to Abinger,
Bradford on Avon, Bristol,[20] and Bath,[21] and activities in
Greenwich

Greenwich were reduced to the bare minimum.
On 15 October 1940, during the Blitz, the Courtyard gates were
destroyed by a direct bomb hit. The wall above the Gate Clock
collapsed, and the clock's dial was damaged. The damage was repaired
after the war.[22]
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux Castle[edit]
After the Second World War, in 1947, the decision was made to move to
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux Castle[23] and 320 adjacent acres (1.3 km²),
70 km south-southeast of
Greenwich

Greenwich near
Hailsham

Hailsham in East Sussex,
due to light pollution in London. The
Observatory

Observatory was officially known
as The Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux. Although the
Astronomer Royal
.jpg)
Astronomer Royal
Harold Spencer Jones moved to the castle in 1948, the
scientific staff did not move until the observatory buildings were
completed, in 1957. Shortly thereafter, other previously dispersed
departments were reintegrated at Herstmonceux.
The
Isaac Newton Telescope

Isaac Newton Telescope was built at
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux in 1967, but was
moved to Roque de los Muchachos
Observatory

Observatory in Spain's Canary Islands
in 1979. In 1990 the RGO moved again, to Cambridge.[24] Following a
decision of the Particle Physics and
Astronomy

Astronomy Research Council, it
closed in 1998. Her Majesty's
Nautical Almanac

Nautical Almanac Office was transferred
to the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, on the Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus,
Chilton, Oxfordshire

Chilton, Oxfordshire after the closure. Other work
went to the UK
Astronomy

Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh. The castle
grounds became the home of the International Study Centre of Queen's
University, Kingston, Canada and The
Observatory

Observatory Science Centre,[25]
which is operated by an educational charity Science Project.
The
Queen's House

Queen's House at Greenwich, showing the Royal
Observatory

Observatory in the
far distance, 2017.
Observatory

Observatory museum[edit]
The observatory buildings at
Greenwich

Greenwich became a museum of astronomical
and navigational tools, which is part of the Royal Museums
Greenwich.[26] Notable exhibits include John Harrison's sea watch, the
H4, which received a large reward from the Board of Longitude, and his
three earlier marine timekeepers; all four are the property of the
Ministry of Defence. Many additional horological artefacts are
displayed, documenting the history of precision timekeeping for
navigational and astronomical purposes, including the mid-20th-century
Russian-made F.M. Fedchenko clock (the most accurate pendulum clock
ever built in multiple copies). It also houses the astronomical
instruments used to make meridian observations and the 28-inch
equatorial Grubb refracting telescope of 1893, the largest of its kind
in the UK. The Shepherd Clock outside the observatory gate is an early
example of an electric slave clock.
In February 2005 a £16 million redevelopment comprising a new
planetarium and additional display galleries and educational
facilities was started; the ROG reopened on 25 May 2007 with the new
120-seat Peter Harrison Planetarium.[27]
References[edit]
^ a b Rebekah Higgitt (6 September 2012). "Royal Observatory
Greenwich, London". BSHS Travel Guide - A Travel Guide to Scientific
Sites. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ "List of
Observatory

Observatory Codes". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 28 April
2017.
^ "
Greenwich

Greenwich and the Millennium". 2015. Retrieved 6 September
2015.
^ Robert Chambers, Book of Days
^ John Timbs' Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England and Wales
^ Hart, Kelly (2010), The Mistresses of Henry VIII, The History Press,
p. 73, ISBN 978-0-7524-5496-2
^ Willmoth, Frances (2004). "Moore, Sir Jonas (1617–1679)". Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University
Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19137. (Subscription or UK public
library membership required.)
^ Dolan, Graham. "The
Greenwich

Greenwich Meridian before the Airy Transit
Circle". The
Greenwich

Greenwich Meridian. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ Howse, Derek (1997).
Greenwich

Greenwich time and the longitude. London:
Phillip Wilson. pp. 12, 137. ISBN 0-85667-468-0.
^ Howse, Derek (1980). "
Greenwich

Greenwich time and the discovery of the
longitude". p. 171.
^ Adams, Brian (1994). "Charles Close Society" (PDF).
pp. 14–15.
^ Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P.
Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015). "Why the Greenwich
meridian moved". Journal of Geodesy.
doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-6.
^ Seago, John H.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth. "The mean-solar-time origin
of
Universal Time

Universal Time and UTC" (PDF). Paper presented at the AAS/AIAA
Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting, Kauai, HI, USA, March 2013. Reprinted
from Advances in the Astronomical Sciences v. 148. pp. 1789, 1801,
1805.
^ "From The Royal Observatory: The
Greenwich

Greenwich Time Ball".
Londonist.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "
Greenwich

Greenwich Time Ball".
^ "Propaganda by Deed – the
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory Bomb of 1894".
Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ Bennett, Keith (2004), Bucher, Jay L., ed., The Metrology Handbook,
Milwaukee, WI: American Society for Quality Measurement, p. 8,
ISBN 978-0-87389-620-7 .
^ Walford, Edward (1878), Old and New London, VI .
^ "
Abinger

Abinger Magnetic
Observatory

Observatory (1923-1957)". The Royal Observatory
Greenwich. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "
Bristol

Bristol &
Bradford on Avon

Bradford on Avon (1939-1948)". The Royal Observatory
Greenwich. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "Bath (1939-1949)". The Royal
Observatory

Observatory Greenwich. Retrieved 3 May
2017.
^ "The Royal
Observatory

Observatory
Greenwich

Greenwich - The Shepherd Gate Clock". Royal
Observatory

Observatory Greenwich. Retrieved 3 May 2017. A very detailed
history of the Shepherd Gate Clock.
^ "The
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux years... 1948-1990". The Royal Observatory
Greenwich. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "A Personal History Of The Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory at
Herstmonceux

Herstmonceux Castle, 1948-1990 by G.A. Wilkins".
^ the-observatory.org
^ "Royal Museums Greenwich : Sea, Ships, Time and the
Stars : RMG".
^ "Press Release: Reopening of the new Royal Observatory, Greenwich".
Royal Museums Greenwich. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Greenwich

Greenwich Observatory: ... the Royal
Observatory

Observatory at
Greenwich

Greenwich and
Herstmonceux, 1675–1975. London: Taylor & Francis, 1975 3v.
(Vol. 1. Origins and early history (1675–1835), by Eric G. Forbes.
ISBN 0-85066-093-9; Vol. 2. Recent history (1836–1975), by A.J.
Meadows. ISBN 0-85066-094-7; Vol. 3. The buildings and
instruments by Derek Howse. ISBN 0-85066-095-5)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
Wikisource

Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article
Greenwich

Greenwich Observatory.
Royal Museums
Greenwich

Greenwich (RMG) Web site - includes section on Royal
Observatory

Observatory
Greenwich

Greenwich (ROG)
ROG on RMG Web site
Online catalogue of the Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory Archives (held at
Cambridge

Cambridge University Library)
"Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", Popular Mechanics,
December 1930
HM
Nautical Almanac

Nautical Almanac Office
Aerial View of The Royal Observatory,
Greenwich

Greenwich at Google Maps
Castle in the sky – The story of the Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory at
Herstmonceux
A Personal History of the Royal
Greenwich

Greenwich
Observatory

Observatory at Herstmonceux
Castle, 1948–1990 by George Wilkins, a former staff member
The
Observatory

Observatory Science Centre
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers
v
t
e
Museums and galleries in London
List of museums in London
National museums
British Library
British Museum
Geffrye Museum
Horniman Museum
National Army Museum
National Gallery
National Portrait Gallery
Natural History Museum
Royal Air Force Museum
Sir John Soane's Museum
Wallace Collection
Imperial War Museums
Churchill War Rooms
HMS Belfast
Imperial War Museum

Imperial War Museum London
Royal Museums Greenwich
Cutty Sark
National Maritime Museum
Queen's House
Royal Observatory
Science Museum Group
Science Museum
Tate
Tate

Tate Britain
Tate

Tate Modern
Victoria and Albert Museum
V&A Museum of Childhood
Designated collections
Courtauld Gallery
Dulwich Picture Gallery
Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum
Hunterian Museum
Jewish Museum
Library and Museum of Freemasonry
London Transport Museum
Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture
Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology
Royal Academy of Arts
Museum of London
Museum of London

Museum of London Docklands
Royal Collection Trust
Queen's Gallery
Royal Mews
Historic Royal Palaces
Banqueting House, Whitehall
Hampton Court Palace
Kensington Palace
Kew Palace
Tower of London
National Trust
2 Willow Road
575 Wandsworth Road
Blewcoat School
Carlyle's House
Eastbury Manor House
Fenton House
George Inn
Lindsey House
restricted
Morden Hall Park
Osterley Park
Rainham Hall
Red House
Roman Baths
Sutton House
English Heritage
Apsley House
Chiswick House
Down House
Eltham Palace
Jewel Tower
Kenwood House

Kenwood House (Iveagh Bequest)
London Wall
Marble Hill House
Ranger's House

Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)
Winchester Palace
The London Museums of
Health & Medicine (selected)
Florence Nightingale Museum
Foundling Museum
Freud Museum
Museum of the Order of St John
Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret
Wellcome Collection
Other
Arsenal Football Club Museum
Bank of England

Bank of England Museum
Barbican Art Gallery
Benjamin Franklin House
Bruce Castle
Charles Dickens Museum
David Zwirner Gallery
Dennis Severs' House
Design Museum
Dr Johnson's House
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art
Fashion and Textile Museum
Flowers Gallery
Garden Museum
Guildhall Art Gallery
Handel & Hendrix in London
Hayward Gallery
Hogarth's House
Institute of Contemporary Arts
Leighton House Museum
London Museum of Water & Steam
Marlborough Gallery
Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising
Museum of Croydon
Museum of Immigration and Diversity
Museum of Richmond
Orleans House

Orleans House Gallery
The Redfern Gallery
Royal Academy of Music Museum
Saatchi Gallery
Serpentine Galleries
Sherlock Holmes Museum
Two Temple Place
Twickenham Museum
Whitechapel Gallery
White Cube
William Morris Gallery
Victoria Miro Gallery
Category
v
t
e
London landmarks
Buildings and
structures
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges
Lambeth Bridge
London Bridge
Millennium Footbridge
Southwark Bridge
Tower Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Entertainment
venues
Cinemas
Empire, Leicester Square
BFI IMAX
Odeon, Leicester Square
Football stadia
Wembley Stadium

Wembley Stadium (national stadium)
Craven Cottage

Craven Cottage (Fulham)
The Den

The Den (Millwall)
Emirates Stadium

Emirates Stadium (Arsenal)
Loftus Road

Loftus Road (Queens Park Rangers)
London Stadium

London Stadium (West Ham United)
Selhurst Park

Selhurst Park (Crystal Palace)
Stamford Bridge (Chelsea)
The Valley (Charlton Athletic)
White Hart Lane

White Hart Lane (Tottenham Hotspur)
Other major
sports venues
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
The Championship Course

The Championship Course (rowing)
Crystal Palace National Sports Centre
Lord's

Lord's (cricket)
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
The Oval

The Oval (cricket)
Twickenham Stadium

Twickenham Stadium (rugby)
Theatres
Adelphi
Apollo Victoria
Coliseum
Criterion
Dominion
Lyceum
Old Vic
Palladium
Royal National Theatre
Royal Opera House
Shakespeare's Globe
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
Theatre Royal Haymarket
Vaudeville
Other
Alexandra Palace
Brixton Academy
ExCeL
Hammersmith Apollo
O2 Arena
Royal Albert Hall
Royal Festival Hall
Wembley Arena
Government
10 Downing Street
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Arch
Bank of England
City Hall
County Hall
Guildhall
Horse Guards
Mansion House
National Archives
Old Bailey
Palace of Westminster
Royal Courts of Justice
Scotland Yard
SIS Building
Museums and
galleries
British Museum
Cutty Sark
Golden Hinde
HMS Belfast
Imperial War Museum
Madame Tussauds
Museum of London
National Gallery
National Maritime Museum
Natural History Museum
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Observatory
Science Museum
Tate

Tate Britain
Tate

Tate Modern
Tower of London
Victoria and Albert Museum
Places of worship
All Hallows-by-the-Tower
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
Bevis Marks Synagogue
Methodist Central Hall
Regent's Park

Regent's Park Mosque
St Martin-in-the-Fields
St Mary-le-Bow
St Paul's Cathedral
Southwark Cathedral
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Cathedral
Retailing
Shops
Fortnum & Mason
Hamleys
Harrods
Liberty
Peter Jones
Selfridges
Shopping centres
and markets
Borough Market
Brent Cross
Burlington Arcade
Kensington Arcade
Leadenhall Market
The Mall Wood Green
One New Change
Petticoat Lane Market
Royal Exchange
Westfield London
Westfield Stratford City
Royal buildings
Partly occupied by
the Royal Family
Buckingham Palace
Clarence House
Kensington Palace
St James's Palace
Unoccupied
Banqueting House
Hampton Court Palace
Kew Palace
The Queen's Gallery
Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace
Skyscrapers
Broadgate Tower
1 Canada Square
8 Canada Square
25 Canada Square
1 Churchill Place
20 Fenchurch Street
Heron Tower
Leadenhall Building
The Shard
St George Wharf Tower
30 St Mary Axe
Tower 42
Structures
Albert Memorial
ArcelorMittal Orbit
Big Ben
Cleopatra's Needle
Crystal Palace transmitting station
London Eye
London Wall
Marble Arch
The Monument
Nelson's Column
Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain

Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")
Thames Barrier
Wellington Arch
Transport
City Airport
Heathrow Airport
Charing Cross station
Clapham Junction station
Euston station
King's Cross station
Liverpool Street station
London Bridge

London Bridge station
Paddington station
St Pancras station
Stratford station
Victoria station
Waterloo station
Victoria Coach Station
Emirates Air Line cable car
Other
Barbican Estate
Battersea Power Station
British Library
BT Tower
Kew Gardens
Lambeth Palace
Lloyd's building
London Zoo
Oxo Tower
St Bartholomew's Hospital
Smithfield Market
Somerset House
Parks
Royal Parks
Bushy Park
Green Park
Greenwich

Greenwich Park
Hampton Court Park
Hyde Park
Kensington Gardens
Regent's Park
Richmond Park
St. James's Park
Other
Battersea Park
Burgess Park
Clapham Common
College Green
Epping Forest
Finsbury Park
Gunnersbury Park
Hampstead Heath
Holland Park
Mitcham Common
Osterley Park
Trent Park
Victoria Park
Wandsworth Common
Wimbledon Common
Squares and
public spaces
Covent Garden
Horse Guards Parade
Leicester Square
Oxford Circus
Parliament Square
Piccadilly

Piccadilly Circus
Sloane Square
Trafalgar Square
Streets
Aldwych
Baker Street
Bishopsgate
Bond Street
Carnaby Street
Chancery Lane
Charing Cross Road
Cheapside
Cornhill
Denmark Street
Fenchurch Street
Fleet Street
Haymarket
Jermyn Street
Kensington High Street
King's Road
Lombard Street
The Mall
Oxford Street
Park Lane
Piccadilly
Portobello Road
Regent Street
Shaftesbury Avenue
Sloane Street
Strand
Tottenham Court Road
Victoria Embankment
Whitehall
v
t
e
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Department
Direction and control
of
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty and Naval affairs
Office of First Lord of the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty and President of the Board of
Admiralty
Lord High Admirals Council
Boards and offices under
the First Lord
Board of Admiralty
Navy Board
Office of the Naval Secretary
Office of the First Naval Lord
Office of the First Sea Lord
Office of the Senior Naval Lord
Office of the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty
Office of the Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty
Office of the Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty
Direction of
Admirals
Naval/Sea Lords
War and Naval Staff
Office of the Senior Naval Lord
Office of the First Naval Lord
Office of the First Sea Lord
Secretariat and staff under
the First Sea Lord
Office of the Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord
Office of the Additional Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord
Office of the Hydrographer of the Navy
Offices of the Sea Lords
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Navy War Council
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty War Staff
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Naval Staff
Operational planning, policy
strategy, tactical doctrine
requirements
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Navy War Council
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty War Staff
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Naval Staff
Divisions and sections
under the War and
Naval Staff
Administrative Planning Division
Air Division
Anti-Submarine Division
Anti-Submarine and Warfare Division
Anti-U-boat Division
Air Warfare Division
Air Warfare and Fly Training Division
Air Warfare and Training Division
Communications Division
Convoy Section
Economic Warfare Division
Gunnery and Anti-Aircraft Warfare Division
Gunnery Division
Gunnery and Torpedo Division
Historical Section
Local Defence Division Division
Mercantile Movements Division
Naval Air Division
Naval Air Organisation and Training Division
Naval Artillery and Torpedos Division
Navigation

Navigation Division
Navigation

Navigation and Direction Division
Minesweeping Division
Mobilisation Division
Naval Intelligence Division
Operations Division
Operations Division

Operations Division (Home)
Operations Division

Operations Division (Foreign)
Operations Division

Operations Division (Mining)
Plans Division
Plans Division Q
Press Division
Requirements and Organisation (Combined Operations) Division
Service Conditions and Fleet Supply Duties Division
Signal Division
Signal Section
Standardisation Division
Tactical Division
Tactical and Weapons Policy Division
Torpedo Division
Torpedo, Anti-Submarine and Minewarfare Division
Trade Division
Trade and Operations Division
Training Division
Training and Staff Duties Division
Tactical and Staff Duties Division
Undersurface Warfare Division
Offices of the Sea Lords
Office of the Second Sea Lord
Office of the Third Sea Lord
Office of the Fourth Sea Lord
Office of the Fifth Sea Lord
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty civil units
under the Sea Lords
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Area Cash Offices
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Central Dockyard Laboratory
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Central Metallurgical Laboratory
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Civilian Shore Wireless Service
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Compass Observatory
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Constabulary
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Experiment Works
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Gunnery Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Interview Board
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Labour Department
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Mine Design Department
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Mining Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Naval Aircraft Materials Laboratory
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Regional Offices
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Research Laboratory
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Signal Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Surveying Service
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Torpedo Experimental Establishment
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment
Architectural and Engineering Works Department
Air Equipment and Naval Photography Department
Air Department
Air Materiel Department
Air Personnel Department
Amphibious Warfare Headquarters
Armament Supply Department
Board of Invention and Research
Board of Longitude
Boom Defence Department
Boom Defence and Marine Salvage Department
Britannia Royal Naval College
Chemical Board
Chemical Department
Civil Catering Department
Civil Engineer in Chiefs Department
Coastguard and Reserves Branch
Combined Operations Headquarters
Commissioner for Property and Income-tax for the Naval Department
Compass Department
Contract and Purchase Department
Council of Naval Education
Dental Examining Board
Department of Radio Equipment
Department of the Accountant-General of the Navy
Department of Aeronautical and Engineering Research
Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development
Department of Naval Assistant (Foreign) to Second Sea Lord
Department of Naval Education
Operational Research
Department of Personal Services and Officer Appointments
Department of Physical Research
Department of Physical Training & Sports
Department of Radio Equipment
Department of Research Programmes and Planning
Department of Superintendent of de-magnetisation
Department of the Admiral of the Training Service
Department of the Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance
Department of the Chief of Naval Information
Department of the Chief Scientist
Department of the Civil Engineer-in-Chief
Department of the Comptroller of Steam Machinery
Department of the Comptroller for Victualling and Transport Services
Department of the Controller of the Navy
Department of the Controller-General of Merchant Shipbuilding
Department of the Controller for Navy Pay
Department of the Deputy Controller for Auxiliary Shipbuilding
Department of the Deputy Controller for Dockyards and Shipbuilding
Department of the Director Contract-Built Ships
Department of the Director-General Aircraft
Department of the Director-General of Manpower
Department of the Director-General, Supply and Secretariat Branch
Department of the Director of Aircraft Maintenance and Repair
Department of the Director of Contract Labour
Department of the Director of Dockyards
Department of the Director of Electrical Engineering
Department of the Director of Manning
Department of the Director of Merchant Shipbuilding
Department of the Director of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs
Department of the Director of Merchant Ship Repairs
Department of the Director of Naval Construction
Department of the Director of Naval Equipment
Department of the Director of Naval Recruiting
Department of the Director of Naval Weather Service
Department of the Director of Personal Services
Department of the Director of Physical Training and Sports
Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining
Department of the Director of Transports
Department of the Director of Underwater Weapons
Department of the Director of Unexploded Bombs
Department of the Director of Warship Production
Department of the Director of Welfare and Service Conditions
Department of the Director of Wreck Dispersal
Department of the Flag Officer Sea Training
Department of the Engineer in Chief
Department of the Paymaster Director-General
Department of the Inspector of Anti-Aircraft Weapons
Department of the Inspector of Dockyard Expense Accounts
Department of the Inspector-General of Naval Hospitals and Fleets
Department of the Medical Director-General of the Navy
Department of the Physician of the Navy
Department of the Physician General of the Navy
Department of the Storekeeper-General of the Navy
Department of the Surveyor of Buildings
Department of the Surveyor of Dockyards
Dockyards and Fleet Maintenance Department
Dockyards Branch
Dockyard Expense Accounts Department
Dockyard Schools
Electrical Engineering Department
Engineer Branch
Engineering Department
Experimental Department
Fire Control Group
Greenwich

Greenwich Hospital Department
Inspector of Telegraphs
Inspector of Repairs
Medical Consultative Board
Medical Examining Board
Historical Section
Hydrographic Department
Marine Pay Office
Materials and Priority Department
Medical Consultative Board
Medical Department
Medical Examining Board
Movements Department
Nautical Almanac

Nautical Almanac Office
Naval Artillery and Torpedo Department
Naval Engineering College
Naval Equipment Department
Naval Historical Branch
Naval Construction Department
Naval Intelligence Department
Naval Medical Service
Naval Law Division
Naval Mobilisation Department
Naval Ordnance Department
Naval Ordnance Inspection Department
Naval Ordnance Stores Department
Naval Publicity Department
Naval Reserve Department
Naval Security Department
Naval Stores Department
Naval Training Department
Naval Works Department
Navy, Army and Air Force Institute
Navy and Army Canteen Board
Navy Works Department
Navigation

Navigation Department
Observatory

Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope
Office of the Admiral Commanding Coast Guard and Reserves
Office of the Admiral Commanding, Reserves
Office of the Admiral Superintendent, Chatham
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Devonport
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Malta
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent of Naval Reserves
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Pembroke
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Plymouth
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Portsmouth
Office of the Admiral-Superintendent, Rosyth
Office of the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Chemist
Office of the Adviser on the Naval Construction to the Board of
Admiralty
Office of the Assistant Controller
Office of the Assistant Controller Research and Development
Office of the Clerk of the Journals
Office of the Deputy Controller of Navy
Office of the Deputy Controller Production
Office of the Director Woman’s Royal Naval Nursing Service
Office of Extra Naval Assistant to Second Sea Lord
Office of the Inspector Gun Mountings
Office of the Keeper of Records
Office of the Senior Psychologist of the Navy
Office of the Translator of French and Spanish Languages
Office of the Vice Controller Air
Office of the Vice Controller of the Navy
Organisation and Methods Department
Packet Service
Regional Organisation for Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs
Royal Corps of Naval Constructors
Royal Flying Corps
Royal Marines

Royal Marines Office
Royal Marines

Royal Marines Pay Office
Office of the Chaplain of the Fleet
Royal Naval Academy
Royal Naval Aircraft Workshops
Royal Naval Air Service
Royal Naval Air Stations
Royal Naval Armaments Depot
Royal Naval Cordite Factories
Royal Naval Propellant Factory
Royal Naval College, Dartmouth
Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Royal Naval College, Keyham
Royal Naval College, Osborne
Royal Naval Engineering College
Royal Naval Film Corporation
Royal Naval Hospital
Royal Naval Medical Depot
Royal Naval Minewatching Service
Royal Naval Mine Depot
Royal Naval Patrol Service
Royal Naval Scientific Service
Royal Naval Sick Quarters
Royal Naval Torpedo Depot
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Royal Naval War College
Royal Naval War College, Portsmouth
Royal Navy Dockyard
Royal Navy Medical Service
Royal Navy Shore Signal Service
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Royal School of Naval Architecture
Salvage Department
School of Mathematics and Naval Construction
Scientific Research and Experiment Department
Sea Transport Department
Ship Department
Ship Design Department
Signal Department
Signal School
Statistics Department
Steam Department
Superintendent of De-magnetisation
Torpedoes and Mining Department
Transport Department
Undersurface Warfare Department
Victualling Department
Volunteer Boys and Cadet Corps
Weapons Department
Wireless Telegraphy Board
Distribution of the Fleet
Office of the Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty
Office of the First Naval Lord
Office of the First Sea Lord
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Naval Staff
Military units
distributed under
the Admiralty
1st Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
Africa Station
Atlantic Fleet
Australia Station
Cape of Good Hope Station
Cape and West Africa Station
Battle Cruiser Fleet
Battle Cruiser Force
Caspian Flotilla
Channel Fleet
Channel Squadron
Coastal Forces
Coast of Ireland Station
Cork Station
Coast of Scotland Command
China Command
Dover Command
Downs Station
East Indies Fleet
East Indies Station
East Indies and China Station
Eastern Fleet
Far Eastern Fleet
Grand Fleet
Gibraltar Command
Gibraltar and Mediterranean Approaches Command
Harwich Force
Home Fleet
Jamaica Station
Leeward Islands Station
Lisbon Station
Mediterranean Fleet
Newfoundland Station
New Zealand Division
New Zealand Naval Forces
Nore Command
North America and West Indies Station
North Atlantic Command
North Sea Fleet
Orkneys and Shetlands Command
Pacific Fleet
Pacific Station
Patrols Command
Plymouth Command
Portsmouth Command
Queenstown Station
Royal East African Navy
Royal Indian Navy
Royal Navy Submarine Service
Rosyth Command
Reserve Fleet
Scotland and Northern Ireland
South Atlantic Command
South Atlantic and Pacific Station
South America Station
South East Coast of America Station
West Africa Squadron
West Africa Station
Western Approaches Command
West Indies Station
Western Squadron
Direction of Naval Finance
Department of the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the
Admiralty
Departments under
Secretary
Department of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty
Accountant-General's Department
Comptroller of the Navy
Department of the Surveyor of the Navy
Direction of Naval Administration
and the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Secretariat
Department of the Permanent Secretary
Branches and offices under
Permanent Secretary
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Central Copying Branch
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Central Registry Branch
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Record Office
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Library
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Secretariat
Air Branch
Civil Branch
Legal Branch
Military Branch
Naval Branch
Ship Branch
Civil Administration
Department of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty, Department of the
Additional Civil Lord of the Admiralty
Departments under
Civil Administration
Accountant-General's Department
Contract and Purchase Department
Department of the Director of Contract Labour
Department of the Surveyor of Buildings
Director of Works' Department
Greenwich

Greenwich Hospital Department
Works Loan Department
Legal
Judicial Department
Legal under
Judicial Department
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty court
High Court of Admiralty
Office of the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty
High Court of Justice
Office of the Judge Advocate of the Fleet
Office of the Chief Naval Judge Advocate
Office of the Marshall High Court of the Admiralty
Office of the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Advocate
Office of the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Proctor
Office of the Receiver of Droits High Court of Admiralty
Office of the Registrar High Court of the Admiralty
Office of the Solicitor for the Affairs of the Admiralty
Office of the Solicitor to the
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty and Navy
Office of the Counsel to the Admiralty
Court of
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty for the Cinque Ports
King's Bench Division (Admiralty)
Queens's Bench Division (Admiralty)
Probate, Divorce and
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty Division
Vice
Admiralty
.svg/440px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government).svg.png)
Admiralty courts
Colonial C