Early life and career
Romolo Polacchini was born in La Spezia in 1897 and attended the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno from November 6, 1911 to June 7, 1914, graduating as an Ensign (rank), Ensign. His first assignment was on the protected cruiser Italian cruiser Etna, ''Etna''; he then served on the battleships ''Italian battleship Dante Alighieri, Dante Alighieri'' and ''Italian battleship Andrea Doria, Andrea Doria'' during World War I, receiving his first a War Merit Cross. In 1918, with the rank of sub-lieutenant, he became the executive officer of the submarine ''H 3'', taking part in some missions in the Adriatic Sea.Erminio Bagnasco, Maurizio Brescia, ''I sommergibili italiani 1940–1943. Parte 1ª-Mediterraneo'', in ''Storia Militare Dossier'', nº 11, Parma, Ermanno Albertelli Editore, November–December 2013, p. 62. He remained in the submarine branch after the war; in 1923 he received his first command, the submarine ''N 3''. In 1924 he was assigned for a year to the La Maddalena naval base; then, as a lieutenant, he was the commanding officer of the submarine ''H 1'' and then (for four months) of the coastal torpedo boat ''69 PN''. In the following year, after promotion to Lieutenant Commander, he was given command of the minelaying submarine ''X 2''; in 1929 he commanded the submarine ''F 19''. Between 1930 and 1931 Polacchini was the commanding officer of the submarine ''Tito Speri''; in 1931 he was awarded the title of Order of Ismail, Officer of the Order of Ismail by the King of Egypt Fuad I of Egypt, Fuad I, and in 1932 he was promoted to Commander. For some time he was given shore assignments in the Taranto Naval Department and the Castellammare di Stabia Naval Command. In 1933 he served as deputy chief of staff on the light cruiser ''Italian cruiser Alberto di Giussano, Alberto di Giussano'' and then on its sistership ''Italian cruiser Giovanni delle Bande Nere, Giovanni delle Bande Nere''. He then commanded the submarines ''Argonauta'', ''Otaria'' and the Taranto Submarine Group, after which he participated in some clandestine missions during the Spanish Civil War in command of the submarines ''Des Geneys'' and ''Santorre Santarosa''. In 1936 he was promoted to captain and appointed commander of the Venice Naval Base.World War II and later years
In 1940 Polacchini was given command of the light cruiser ''Italian cruiser Luigi Cadorna, Luigi Cadorna'', and in this role he participated in the Battle of Calabria after Italy entered World War II. For his behaviour in the battle, he was awarded a War Cross for Military Valor. He was then made commander of the High Command for the Traffic with Albania (Maritrafalba, with headquarters in Brindisi) during the Greco-Italian War, after which he was given command of the Submarine School in Pula, Pola. On April 15, 1941, Polacchini became chief of staff of the Italian BETASOM Atlantic submarine base in Bordeaux, replacing Captain Aldo Cocchia. After promotion to rear admiral, on 18 September 1941, he replaced Vice Admiral Angelo Parona as the commanding officer of BETASOM. During Polacchini's command, BETASOM submarines saw the peak in their activity, successfully participating in Operation Neuland and obtaining their greatest successes. During this period, Polacchini was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy by Italy, and the Iron Cross first class and second class by Germany. Probably as a result of his vocal skepticism concerning the claimed sinking of two American battleships by submarine commander Enzo Grossi, on 29 December 1942 Polacchini was called back to Italy, with Grossi replacing him as the commander of BETASOM. In January 1943 Polacchini was given command of the Palermo Naval Command; he participated in the organization of supply convoys to North Africa during the Tunisian campaign, receiving a Silver Medal of Military Valor for his efforts while Palermo was subjected to heavy Allied Strategic bombing, bombings. In June 1943 Polacchini was appointed commander of the Livorno Naval Command. After the armistice of Cassibile, when German troops enacting Operation Achse approached Livorno, he gave orders for resistance against any German offensive action; then, as the German forces were preponderant and his men inadequately armed (there were about 200 rifles for a garrison of 1,000 men, and many of them lacked ammunition), he ordered his men to save themselves. He also ordered some coastal battery, coastal batteries to open fire on German vessels that were attacking the auxiliary cruiser Italian ship Piero Foscari, ''Piero Foscari'' and the steamer ''Valverde'', in order to help them. He narrowly escaped capture by a German motorized unit sent to his house,Giuseppe Fioravanzo, ''La Marina dall’8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto'', p. 127. and then took refuge in the house of friends in Castiglioncello for some time, before joining his family in Venice in January 1944. In May 1944, in order to avoid being deported to Germany, Polacchini took a formal oath to the Italian Social Republic, but at the same time he began to work secretly with the Northern Italy National Liberation Committee. On August 8, 1944, he was arrested by the fascists and imprisoned in Venice with accusations of "subversive activities against Fascism" and "intelligence with the enemy". He remained in prison for five months; after the intercession of Cardinal (Catholic Church), Cardinal Giovanni Urbani, the future Patriarch of Venice and uncle to his brother's wife, he was released with the obligation of signing to the police station every evening. At the end of Italian Campaign (World War II), war in Italy, with the fall of the fascism, on May 6, 1945 he assumed command of the Navy services in Venice, but he was placed in the reserve on February 20, 1946. On May 5 of the same year he was promoted to vice admiral. On February 19, 1950, having contracted serious illness to the lungs during the period spent in prison, he was forced to leave the service on health grounds and was placed in an absolute discharge and enrolled to the Role of Honour of the Navy. He was promoted to full admiral on June 27, 1958. He then retired to live in Venice Lido, where he died in 1968.Notes