|
ROME (/ˈroʊm/ _ROHM_ ; Italian : _Roma_ (_ listen ), Latin : Rōma_) is the capital of Italy and a special comune (named _ Comune di Roma Capitale_). Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,877,215 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's most populated comune. It is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4.3 million residents. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber . The Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states. Rome\'s history spans more than 2,500 years. While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans and Sabines . Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded as one of the birthplaces of Western civilisation and by some as the first ever metropolis . It was first called _The Eternal City_ ( Latin : _Urbs Aeterna_; Italian : _La Città Eterna_) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy . Rome is also called the " Caput Mundi " (Capital of the World). After the fall of the Western Empire , which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages , Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy , which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD, until in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States , which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the Renaissance , almost all the popes since Nicholas V (1447–55) pursued coherently along four hundred years an architectonic and urbanistic programme aimed to make of the city the world's artistic and cultural centre. Due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance , and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism . Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy , and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic . Rome has the status of a global city . Rome ranked in 2016 as the 13th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union , and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the world's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The city hosts the headquarters of many international business companies, such as Eni , Enel , TIM and national and international banks such as BNL . Its business district, called EUR, is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry, the pharmaceutical industry and financial services. So, Rome plays a leading role in the national economy. The city is also an important fashion and design center thanks to international brands such as Fendi , Bulgari , Renato Balestra , Valentino , Laura Biagiotti . Rome's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award -winning movies. CONTENTS * 1 Etymology * 2 History * 2.1 Earliest history * 2.1.1 Legend of the founding of Rome * 2.2 Monarchy, republic, empire * 2.3 Middle Ages * 2.4 Early modern * 2.5 Late modern and contemporary * 3 Government * 3.1 Local government * 3.1.1 Administrative and historical subdivisions * 3.2 Metropolitan and regional government * 3.3 National government * 4 Geography * 4.1 Location * 4.2 Topography * 5 Climate * 6 Demographics * 6.1 Ethnic groups * 7 Religion * 7.1 Vatican City * 7.2 Pilgrimage * 8 Cityscape * 8.1 Architecture * 8.1.1 Ancient Rome * 8.1.2 Medieval * 8.1.3 Renaissance and Baroque * 8.1.4 Neoclassicism * 8.1.5 Fascist architecture * 8.2 Parks and gardens * 8.3 Fountains and aqueducts * 8.4 Statues * 8.5 Obelisks and columns * 8.6 Bridges * 8.7 Catacombs * 9 Economy * 10 Education * 11 Culture * 11.1 Entertainment and performing arts * 11.2 Tourism * 11.3 Fashion * 11.4 Cuisine * 11.5 Cinema * 11.6 Language * 12 Sports * 13 Transport * 14 International entities, organisations and involvement * 15 International relations * 15.1 Twin towns and sister cities * 15.2 Other relationships * 16 See also * 17 References * 18 Bibliography * 19 Documentaries * 20 External links ETYMOLOGY Roman representation of Tiber as a god , Capitoline Hill in Rome. According to the founding myth of the city by the Ancient Romans themselves, the long-held tradition of the origin of the name "Roma" is believed to have come from the city's founder and first king , Romulus . However, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its uncertain linguistic roots: * From _Rumon_ or _Rumen_, archaic name of the Tiber , which in turn has the same root as the Greek verb ῥέω (rhèo) and the Latin verb _ruo_, which both mean "flow"; * From the Etruscan word _ruma_, whose root is *rum- "teat", with possible reference either to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Remus , or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine Hills ; * From the Greek word ῥώμη (rhōmē), which means _strength_. HISTORY Main articles: History of Rome and Timeline of the city of Rome Historical affiliations Roman Kingdom c. 753–509 BC Roman Republic 509–27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC–285 AD Western Roman Empire 285–476 Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553 Eastern Roman Empire 553–754 Papal States 754–1870 Kingdom of Italy 1870–1946 Italian Republic 1946–present Vatican City 1929-present EARLIEST HISTORY Main article: Founding of Rome Palatine Hill . There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum . Between the end of the bronze age and the beginning of the Iron age , each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village (on the Capitol Hill, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC). However, none of them had yet an urban quality. Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation ("synoecism ") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. This aggregation, signalling the passage from a proto-urban to an urban situation, was allowed by the increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence level , which allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities : in turn, these boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Cumae ). All these happenings, which according to the archeological excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded with an act of will in the middle of the eighth century BC as the legend suggests (the date of the tradition of Romulus), remains a fringe hypothesis. Legend Of The Founding Of Rome Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus . Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth . The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths , is the story of Romulus and Remus , the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf . They decided to build a city, but after an argument, Romulus killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman annalists , this happened on 21 April 753 BC. This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus , the namesake of the Julio-Claudian dynasty . This was accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC. MONARCHY, REPUBLIC, EMPIRE Main articles: Ancient Rome , Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic , and Roman Empire After the legendary foundation by Romulus, Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: Romulus , Numa Pompilius , Tullus Hostilius , Ancus Marcius , Tarquinius Priscus , Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus . Augustus , the first Emperor . In 509 BC the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an oligarchic republic . Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci , Aequi , Marsi . After becoming master of Latium , Rome led several wars (against the Gauls , Osci - Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto , allied with Pyrrhus , king of Epirus ) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula , from the central area up to Magna Graecia . The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the East, through the three Punic Wars (264–146 BC) fought against the city of Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC) against Macedonia . Then were established the first Roman provinces : Sicily , Sardinia and Corsica , Hispania , Macedonia , Greece (Achaia) and Africa . From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the optimates , representing the conservative part of the Senate , and the populares , which relied on the help of the plebs (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates provoked the migration to the city of a large number of people. The continuous warfare made necessary a professional army, which was more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus , and the war against Jugurtha , there was a first civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla . To this followed a major slave revolt under Spartacus , and then the establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar , Pompey and Crassus . Julius Caesar . The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life . His assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark Antony and Lepidus , and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony. The former in 27 BC became _princeps civitatis _ and got the title of Augustus , founding the principate , a diarchy between the _princeps_ and the senate. Rome was established as a de facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan . Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi , i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the Julio-Claudian , Flavian (who also built eponymous amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum ) and Antonine dynasties. This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius ) and popularized by his apostles through the empire and beyond. The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt . The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately 6.5 million square kilometres (2.5 million square miles) of land surface. After the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235 the Empire entered into 50-year period known as the Crisis of the Third Centuryduring which there were numerous putsches by generals who sought to secure the region of the empire they were entrusted with due to the weakness of central authority in Rome. There was the so-called Gallic Empire from 260-274 and the revolts of Zenobia and her father from the mid-260s which sought to fend off Persian incursions. Some regions - Britain, Spain and North Africa - were hardly affected. Instability caused economy deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The Germanic tribes in the along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious, uncoordinated incursions from the 250s-280s that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempt to settle. The Persian Empire in the East invaded several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated. Emperor Diocletian (284) undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced the so-called dominate which tried to give the impression of absolute power. The most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation he imposed price controls which did not last. He or Constantine regionalized the administration of the empire which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses (the consensus seems to have shifted from 297 to 313/14 as the date of creation due to the argument of Constantin Zuckerman in 2002 "Sur la liste de Verone et la province de grande armenie, Melanges Gilber Dagron). The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation. The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. Diocletian ruled the eastern half (with residence in Nicomedia ). In 296 elevated Maximian as _Augustus_ of the western half where he ruled mostly from Milan when not on the move Mediolanum . In 292 he created two 'junior' emeperors, the Caesars, one for each Augustus, Constantius fpr Britain, Gaul and Spain whose see was in Trier and Licinius in Srimium in the Balkans. The appointment of a Caesar was not unknown: Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession. Upon abdication in 305 Caesars succeeded and they in turn appointed to colleagues for themselves. . After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and a series of civil wars between rival claimants ti imperial power during the years 306-313, the Tetrarchy was abandoned. Constantine called the Great undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy not by changing the structure but by rationalizing the competencies of the several ministries during the years 325-330 after he defeated Licinius, emperor in the East at the end of 324.The so-clled Edict of Milan of 313, actually a fragment of a Letter from Licinius to the governors fo the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone including tp Christians and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches, allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but were restored in part much later), He transformed the town of Byzantium into his new residence, which however, was not officially anything more an imperial residence like Milan or Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in May 359 by Constantius II; Constantinople . . The creation of Constantinople would have a profound effect on Europe: it was the bulwark against invasion and conquest from the East for 1000 years. Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380. It was issued in the name of the three emperors - called the Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, was sacked in 410 by the Visigoths led by Alaric I , but very little physical damage was done most of which was repaired. The popes embellished the city with large basilicas such as Santa Maria Maggiore (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of city fell had fallen from 800,000 to 450-500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by Genseric , king of the Vandals . The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, until the deposition of Romulus Augustus on 22 August 476 marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the beginning of the Middle Ages . . The decline of the city's population, the dishabitatio, was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa from 440 and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental center, the palatine and the largest baths which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present, Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp. 160-179. However the city gave an appearance over all of shabbiness and decay. Population at 800,000, declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 A.D. (perhaps larger though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537 to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great. Rome, Profile of a City: 321-1308, Richard Krautheimer, p. 165. However the city gave an appearance of shabbiness. The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the 5th and 6th centuries with few exceptions. Subsidized State grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the 6th century and probably prevent the population from falling in further, p. Rome, Urban History, pp. 184-185. The figure of 500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of 5lbs per person, enough for 145,000 inhabitants, Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III. MIDDLE AGES 15th-century illustration depicting the Sack of Rome (410) The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope , was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter; he being the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War , which devastated the city. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273 to 35,000 after the Gothic War, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens. After the Lombard invasion of Italy , the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the Byzantines , the Franks and the Lombards . In 729, the Lombard king Liutprand donated to the church the north Latium town of Sutri , starting the temporal power of the church. In 756, Pepin the Short , after having defeated the Lombards, gave to the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the Exarchate of Ravenna , thus creating the Papal States . Since this period three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility, together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace; and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius and Emperor. These three parties (theocratic, republican and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages. On the Christmas night of 800, Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III : on that occasion the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for the universal power was to be a constant of the Middle Ages. Detail view on an illustration by Raphael portraying the crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter\'s Basilica , on 25 December 800 In 846, Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city\'s walls , but managed to loot St. Peter 's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall. After the decay of Carolingian power , Rome fell prey to feudal anarchy: several noble families kept fighting against the pope, the emperor and each other. These were the times of Theodora and her daughter Marozia , concubines and mothers of several popes, and of Crescentius , a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors Otto II and III . The scandals of this period pushed the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and a reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk Ildebrando da Soana , who once elected pope under the name of Gregory VII became involved into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor Henry IV . Subsequently, Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans of Robert Guiscard who had entered the city in support of the Pope, who was besieged in Castel S. Angelo. During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a _senatore_ or _patrizio_: in the 12th century. This administration, as often in the Italian cities, evolved into the commune , a new form of social organisation, expression of the new wealthy classes. Pope Lucius II had already to fight against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor pope Eugenius III : then the commune, allied with the nobility, was supported by Arnaldo da Brescia , a monk who was a religious and social reformer. After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by Adrianus IV , which marked the end of the comune's autonomy. Under Pope Innocent III , whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a _Senatore_, who was subject to the pope. In this period the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe , often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers. Statue of Charles of Anjou created by Italian architect and sculpto Arnolfo di Cambio In 1266 Charles of Anjou , who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the Sapienza , the university of Rome. In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in Viterbo , could not agree on his successor: the people of the city, angered, unroofed the building where they had met, imprisoning them until they had nominated the new pope: this happening marked the birth of the conclave . In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights among the noble families: Annibaldi , Caetani , Colonna , Orsini , Conti , nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy. Pope Boniface VIII , born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's universal domain: he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna and in 1300, called for the first Jubilee of Christianity , which brought to Rome millions of pilgrims. However, his hopes were crushed by the French king Philip the Fair , who took him prisoner and slashed him in Anagni , causing his death. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). During this period the city was neglected, until the power fell in the hand of a plebeian man, Cola di Rienzo . An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming the power with the title of _Tribuno _, his reforms were rejected by the populace. Forced to flee, Cola could come back among the suite of cardinal Albornoz , in charge of restoring the church power in Italy. Back in power for a short time, he was lynched by the populace, and Albornoz could take possession of the city, that in 1377 under Gregory XI became again the seat of the papacy. The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the western Schism (1377–1418), and during the next forty years, the city was prey of the fights which shattered the church. EARLY MODERN Main article: Roman Renaissance Ponte Sisto on the Tiber — an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture (built between 1473 and 1479) In 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism , and a Roman pope, Martin V , was elected. This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance . The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V , founder of the Vatican Library , to Pius II , humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV , a warrior pope, to Alexander VI , immoral and nepotist , from Julius II , soldier and patron, to Leo X , who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City, to the power of their stock, and to the patronage of the arts. During those years the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new Saint Peter\'s Basilica , the Sistine Chapel and _ Ponte Sisto _ (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity, although on Roman foundation) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including Michelangelo , Perugino , Raphael , Ghirlandaio , Luca Signorelli , Botticelli , and Cosimo Rosselli . Castel Sant\'Angelo , where Pope Alexander VI secluded himself. The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in nepotism and simony . The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation . Alexander VI , for example, was well known for his decadence, extravagance and immoral life. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture. The Renaissance period changed Rome's face dramatically, with works like the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments . Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII , both members of the Medici family . Michelangelo 's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel painted in 1508. Rome in 1642 Carnival in Rome circa 1650 In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Botticelli and Bramante , who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican . Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina , the Raphael\'s Rooms , plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius II. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi , who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the city in less than five hundred years after the previous sack . In 1527, the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city , putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome. Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. (This loss of confidence then led to major shifts of power away from the Church.) Under the popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V , Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the instalment of new monuments which celebrated the papacy's restored greatness. The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings. This was another nepotistic age: the new noble families (Barberini , Pamphili , Chigi , Rospigliosi , Altieri , Odescalchi ) were protected by their respective popes, who built for their relatives huge baroque buildings. During the Age of Enlightenment , new ideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare. But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time, the most notable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed . LATE MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798–1800), which was built under the influence of the French Revolution . The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during Napoleon 's reign Rome was annexed as a _Département_ of the French Empire : first as _Département du Tibre_ (1808–10) and then as _Département Rome_ (1810–14). After the fall of Napoleon, the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the Congress of Vienna of 1814. In 1849 another Roman Republic arose within the framework of the revolutions of 1848 . Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification , Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi , fought for the short-lived republic. Italian soldiers enter Rome on 20 September 1870. Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification, as the rest of Italy was reunited as the Kingdom of Italy , with a temporary capital at Florence . In 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection, thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III . It was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War , that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia . Afterwards, Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican , and in 1871 the capital of Italy was finally moved from Florence to Rome. Bombardment of Rome by Allied troops, 1943. Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism , led by Benito Mussolini , who marched on the city in 1922, eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany . Mussolini pulled down large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence of classical Rome. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population, which surpassed one million inhabitants. In World War II, due to its art treasuries and the presence of Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943 the San Lorenzo district was bombed by Anglo-American forces , resulting in about 3,000 immediate deaths and 11,000 wounded of which another 1,500 died. After the fall of Mussolini and the Italian Armistice on 8 September 1943, the city was occupied by the Germans and declared an open city until its liberation on 4 June 1944 . Rome developed momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the " Italian economic miracle " of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of _la dolce vita_ ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as _Ben Hur _, _ Gladiator _, _Quo Vadis _, _ Roman Holiday _ and _ La Dolce Vita _ filmed in the city's iconic Cinecittà film studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s, when the _comune_ had more than 2.8 million residents. After that, population started to decline slowly as inhabitants began to move to nearby suburbs of Rome. GOVERNMENT See also: Mayor of Rome and Administrative subdivision of Rome LOCAL GOVERNMENT Palazzo Senatorio with the Rome City Hall Rome constitutes a _comune speciale _, named _"Roma Capitale"_, and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 _comuni_ of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the _comune_ is the _Palazzo Senatorio_ on the Capitoline Hill , the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as _"Campidoglio"_, the Italian name of the hill. Administrative And Historical Subdivisions _ The municipi_ of Rome. Since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas, called _municipi_ (sing. _municipio_) (until 2001 named _circoscrizioni_). They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each _municipio_ is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The _municipi_ frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi where originally 20, then 19. In 2013 their number has been reduced to 15. Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 _rioni _, all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo . These originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome , which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni . In the Renaissance , under Pope Sixtus V , they reached again the number of fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743. A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls . In 1874 a fifteenth rione, Esquilino , was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti . At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created (the last one was Prati – the only one outside the Walls of Pope Urban VIII – in 1921). Afterward, for the new administrative subdivisions of the city the name "quartiere" was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the _historical city_ (_Centro Storico_). METROPOLITAN AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENT Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome , operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old province , which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until Civitavecchia . The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At 5,352 square kilometres (2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria . Moreover, the city is also the capital of the Lazio region. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT The Palazzo del Quirinale , now seat of the President of the Italian Republic . Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government . The official residences of the President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister , the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium. GEOGRAPHY LOCATION Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber (Italian : _Tevere_) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island , the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the Aventine Hill , the Caelian Hill , the Capitoline Hill , the Esquiline Hill , the Palatine Hill , the Quirinal Hill , and the Viminal Hill . Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the Aniene , which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre. Although the city centre is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea , the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 metres (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon ) to 139 metres (456 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario ). The _Comune_ of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 square kilometres (496 sq mi), including many green areas. TOPOGRAPHY Satellite view of Rome Panorama of Rome from the dome of St. Peter\'s Basilica Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city walls. Originally, these consisted of the Servian Wall , which was built twelve years after the Gaulish sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the Servian Wall , but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, Emperor Aurelian began building the Aurelian Walls . These were almost 19 kilometres (12 mi) long, and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom of Italy had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The city's urban area is cut in two by its ring-road, the _ Grande Raccordo Anulare _ ("GRA"), finished in 1962, which circles the city centre at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi). Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it (one of the few exceptions was the former village of Ostia , which lies along the Tyrrhenian coast), in the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to 20 km (12 mi) beyond it. The _comune_ covers an area roughly three times the total area within the _Raccordo_ and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of Milan and Naples , and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development. As a consequence, the density of the _comune_ is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks, nature reserves , and for agricultural use. CLIMATE Main article: Climate of Rome Rome enjoys a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : _Csa_), with cool, humid winters and warm, dry summers. Its average annual temperature is above 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 3 °C (37 °F) at night. In the warmest months – July and August, the average temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and 18 °C (64 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of 8 °C (46 °F).Temperatures during these months generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls once every 20 or 25 years (the last one in 2012). The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of 13 °C (55 °F) in February and March to a high of 24 °C (75 °F) in August. CLIMATE DATA FOR ROME CIAMPINO AIRPORT (ALTITUDE: 105 M SL, 13 KM (8 MI) SOUTH-EAST FROM COLOSSEUM SATELLITE VIEW) MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR AVERAGE HIGH °C (°F) 11.9 (53.4) 13.0 (55.4) 15.2 (59.4) 17.7 (63.9) 22.8 (73) 26.9 (80.4) 30.3 (86.5) 30.6 (87.1) 26.5 (79.7) 21.4 (70.5) 15.9 (60.6) 12.6 (54.7) 20.4 (68.7) DAILY MEAN °C (°F) 7.5 (45.5) 8.2 (46.8) 10.2 (50.4) 12.6 (54.7) 17.2 (63) 21.1 (70) 24.1 (75.4) 24.5 (76.1) 20.8 (69.4) 16.4 (61.5) 11.4 (52.5) 8.4 (47.1) 15.2 (59.4) AVERAGE LOW °C (°F) 3.1 (37.6) 3.5 (38.3) 5.2 (41.4) 7.5 (45.5) 11.6 (52.9) 15.3 (59.5) 18.0 (64.4) 18.3 (64.9) 15.2 (59.4) 11.3 (52.3) 6.9 (44.4) 4.2 (39.6) 10.0 (50) AVERAGE PRECIPITATION MM (INCHES) 66.9 (2.634) 73.3 (2.886) 57.8 (2.276) 80.5 (3.169) 52.8 (2.079) 34.0 (1.339) 19.2 (0.756) 36.8 (1.449) 73.3 (2.886) 113.3 (4.461) 115.4 (4.543) 81.0 (3.189) 804.3 (31.665) AVERAGE PRECIPITATION DAYS (≥ 1 MM) 7.0 7.6 7.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 2.1 3.3 6.2 8.2 9.7 8.0 79.4 MEAN MONTHLY SUNSHINE HOURS 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8 Source: Servizio Meteorologico , data of sunshine hours (1971–2000) DEMOGRAPHICS Main article: Demographics of Italy HISTORICAL POPULATION YEAR POP. ±% 1861 194,500 — 1871 212,432 +9.2% 1881 273,952 +29.0% 1901 422,411 +54.2% 1911 518,917 +22.8% 1921 660,235 +27.2% 1931 930,926 +41.0% 1936 1,150,589 +23.6% 1951 1,651,754 +43.6% 1961 2,188,160 +32.5% 1971 2,781,993 +27.1% 1981 2,840,259 +2.1% 1991 2,775,250 −2.3% 2001 2,663,182 −4.0% 2011 2,617,175 −1.7% Source: ISTAT , 2001 In 550 BC Rome was the second largest city in Italy, with Tarentum being the largest. It had an area of about 285 hectares (700 acres) and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600–500 BC. When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000. The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 in 150 BC. The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city's population declined to less than 50,000 people. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance . When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s. In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800inhab./km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km²). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%. The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million. Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area . ETHNIC GROUPS According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT, approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283). The Esquilino _rione _, off Termini Railway Station , has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians. RELIGION Main article: Religion in Rome Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran , Rome's Cathedral. Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Roman Catholic , and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter , the most high, and Mars , god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus , according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism . Later, after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian , and the Old St. Peter\'s Basilica was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy ), Rome has for centuries been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome , otherwise known as the Pope. Mosque of Rome , the largest mosque in Western Europe. Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran , located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include: the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore , the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , the Basilica di San Clemente , San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesù . There are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the Pontifical Lateran University , Pontifical Biblical Institute , Pontifical Gregorian University , and Pontifical Oriental Institute . In recent years, there has been a significant growth in Rome's Muslim community, mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a result of this increase of the local practitioners of the Islamic faith, the _comune_ promoted the building of the Mosque of Rome , which is the largest mosque in Western Europe , that was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on 21 June 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important Jewish community, which was once based in Trastevere , and later in the Roman Ghetto . There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the _Tempio Maggiore _. VATICAN CITY Main article: Vatican City St. Peter\'s Square in Vatican City. The territory of Vatican City is part of the _Mons Vaticanus_ ( Vatican Hill ), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter\'s Basilica , the Apostolic Palace , the Sistine Chapel , and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber , the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV , later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III /Pius IV /Urban VIII . When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed. The territory includes Saint Peter\'s Square , separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it borders Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione , which runs from the Tiber to St. Peter's. This grand approach was designed by architects Piacentini and Spaccarelli, for want of Benito Mussolini and in accordance with the church, after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty . According to the Lateran Treaty , certain properties of the Holy See located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas , enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies . PILGRIMAGE St. Peter's Basilica at night from Via della Conciliazione in Rome. Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne , who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III . Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages , Rome kept its status as Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within the Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the Pilate\'s stairs : these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem , which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial. The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th Century. For centuries, the _Scala Santa_ has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus. Object of pilgrimage are also several catacombs built in the Roman age, in which Christians prayed, buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution, and various national churches (among them San Luigi dei francesi and Santa Maria dell\'Anima ), or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as the Jesuit Churches of Jesus and Sant'Ignazio. Traditionally, pilgrims in Rome and Roman citizens thanking God for a grace should visit by foot the seven pilgrim churches (Italian : _Le sette chiese_) in 24 hours. This custom, mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages, was codified in the 16th century by Saint Philip Neri . The seven churches are the four major Basilicas (St Peter in Vatican , St Paul outside the Walls , St John in Lateran and Santa Maria Maggiore ), while the other three are San Lorenzo fuori le mura (a palaeochristian Basilica), Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (a church founded by Helena , the mother of Constantine, which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross) and San Sebastiano fuori le mura (which lies on the Appian Way and is built above Roman catacombs ). CITYSCAPE See also: List of tourist attractions in Rome and List of streets in Rome _ View of Rome from the Via San Lucio_ ARCHITECTURE Main article: Architecture of Rome The Pantheon . The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed, especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern Fascist architecture . Rome was for a period one of the world's main epicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as the arch , the dome and the vault . The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance , Baroque and neoclassic architecture. Ancient Rome Main articles: List of ancient monuments in Rome and Ancient Roman architecture One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (70–80 AD), the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for gladiatorial combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum , the Domus Aurea , the Pantheon , Trajan\'s Column , Trajan\'s Market , the Catacombs , the Circus Maximus , the Baths of Caracalla , Castel Sant\'Angelo , the Mausoleum of Augustus , the Ara Pacis , the Arch of Constantine , the Pyramid of Cestius , and the Bocca della Verità . Medieval The middle age boroughs of the city, lying mainly around the Capitol, have been largely pulled down between the end of the 19th century and the fascist period, but many notable buildings still stay. Basilicas dating from the Palaeochristian age include Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere , Santi Quattro Coronati , and Santa Prassede . Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre dei Conti , both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli . Renaissance And Baroque Rome was a major world centre of the Renaissance , second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo . During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the Palazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the President of the Italian Republic ), the Palazzo Venezia , the Palazzo Farnese , the Palazzo Barberini , the Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the Italian Prime Minister ), the Palazzo Spada , the Palazzo della Cancelleria , and the Villa Farnesina . Panoramic view of Piazza del Campidoglio , with the copy of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius . Many of the famous city's squares – some huge, majestic and often adorned with obelisks , some small and picturesque – got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are Piazza Navona , Piazza di Spagna , Campo de\' Fiori , Piazza Venezia , Piazza Farnese , Piazza della Rotonda and Piazza della Minerva . One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi . Other notable 17th-century baroque palaces are the Palazzo Madama , now the seat of the Italian Senate and the Palazzo Montecitorio , now the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy . Neoclassicism The Altare della Patria . In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy . During this time, neoclassicism , a building style influenced by the architecture of antiquity , became a predominant influence in Roman architecture . During this period, many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of the Fatherland", where the Grave of the Unknown Soldier , that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located. Fascist Architecture The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana . See also: Fascist architecture The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 had its showcase in Rome. Mussolini allowed the construction of new roads and piazzas, resulting in the destruction of roads, houses, churches and palaces erected during the papal rule. The main activities during his government were: the "isolation" of the Capitoline Hill ; Via dei Monti, later renamed Via del'Impero, and finally Via dei Fori Imperiali ; Via del Mare, later renamed Via del Teatro di Marcello ; the "isolation" of the Mausoleum of Augustus , with the erection of Piazza Augusto Imperatore; Via della Conciliazione . Architecturally, Fascism favoured the most modern movements, such as the Rationalism . Parallel to this, in the 1920s another style emerged, named "Stile Novecento", characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. One important construction in the latter style is the Foro Mussolini, now Foro Italico , by Enrico Del Debbio . Next to it, the most important Fascist site in Rome is the EUR district, designed in 1938 by Marcello Piacentini . This new quarter emerged as a compromise between Rationalist and Novecento architects, the former being led by Giuseppe Pagano . The EUR was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition , and was called "E.42" (_"Esposizione 42"_). The most representative buildings of EUR are the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum, and the Palazzo dei Congressi , example of Rationalist style. The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, and the realised buildings were partly destroyed in 1943 during the fighting between Italian and German army after the armistice and later abandoned. The quarter was restored in the 1950s, when the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning ( London Docklands and La Défense in Paris). Also the Palazzo della Farnesina , the current seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style. PARKS AND GARDENS The Parco degli Acquedotti located in the southeastern part of Rome Main article: List of parks and gardens in Rome Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals. The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are Villa Borghese , Villa Ada , and Villa Doria Pamphili . Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some 1.8 square kilometres (0.7 sq mi ). Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra , with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees, but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana , close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici . Noteworthy is also the Pine wood of Castelfusano , near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano. FOUNTAINS AND AQUEDUCTS Main articles: List of fountains in Rome and List of aqueducts in the city of Rome The Trevi Fountain Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire , in 98 AD, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus , the Roman consul who was named _curator aquarum_ or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service. During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of Rubens , were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power". STATUES See also: Talking statues of Rome Roman statues at the Piazza Navona Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues of Rome . These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the Marforio , yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino , Madama Lucrezia , il Facchino and Abbot Luigi . Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus , Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus , Marforio represents Oceanus , Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis , and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori. OBELISKS AND COLUMNS Main article: List of obelisks in Rome Obelisk in Piazza del Popolo The city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks , together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome. The city contains some of obelisks in piazzas , such as in Piazza Navona , St Peter\'s Square , Piazza Montecitorio , and Piazza del Popolo , and others in villas , thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa Celimontana , the Baths of Diocletian , and the Pincian Hill . Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan 's and Antonine Column , two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in Piazza Colonna and it was built around 180 AD by Commodus in memory of his parents. The Column of Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan\'s Column at Trajan\'s Forum , which is part of the Imperial Fora BRIDGES Main article: List of bridges in Rome Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset. The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber . The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is Ponte dei Quattro Capi , which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are Ponte Cestio , Ponte Sant\'Angelo and Ponte Milvio . Considering Ponte Nomentano , also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the Aniene , currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city. Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto , the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; Ponte Rotto , actually the only remaining arch of the ancient _Pons Aemilius_, collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II , a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant\'Angelo , which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by Bernini in 1688. CATACOMBS Main article: Catacombs of Rome Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include pagan and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through tuff , a soft volcanic rock , outside the boundaries of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome. ECONOMY Being the capital city of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, like the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously, Rome also hosts, in the Italian part of its territory, the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City, a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones – such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, the German Archaeological Institute – for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City, and specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the FAO . Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP), the NATO Defence College and ICCROM, the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. Rome is currently a beta+ world city , falling down from its alpha- status in 2008, along with Berlin , Bucharest , Athens , Lisbon , Montreal and Budapest . Panoramic view of EUR business district. Rome was also ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, being the highest-ranking city in Italy. With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion), the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities. Rome grows +4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita. Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008, yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509. On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd. The Rome area had a GDP amounting to $167.8 billion , and $38,765 per capita. Rome chamber of commerce in ancient Temple of Hadrian Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by services , high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino , is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel , Eni , and Telecom Italia . Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry , thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the _Torrino_ (further south from the EUR); the _Magliana_; the _Parco de' Medici-Laurentina_ and the so-called _Tiburtina-valley_ along the ancient Via Tiburtina . EDUCATION The Sapienza University of Rome founded in 1303 Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance , along with Florence. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city. Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its first university, La Sapienza (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its _World University Rankings_. and currently ranks among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges. In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISS School of Government, Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies. Rome ISIA was founded in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of industrial design . Biblioteca Casanatense . Rome contains also a large number of pontifical universities and other institutes, including the British School at Rome , the French School in Rome , the Pontifical Gregorian University (the oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), Istituto Europeo di Design , the Scuola Lorenzo de\' Medici , the Link Campus of Malta , and the Università Campus Bio-Medico . Rome is also the location of two American Universities; The American University of Rome and John Cabot University as well as St. John\'s University branch campus, John Felice Rome Center , a campus of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome, a campus of Temple University . The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities. Examples include the Venerable English College , the Pontifical North American College , the Scots College , and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome . National Central Library . Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica , opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Casanatense , opened in 1701; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana ; Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History , a German library located in Rome, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences; the National Central Library , one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important; and the Vatican Library , one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices from throughout history. CULTURE Main article: Culture in Rome ENTERTAINMENT AND PERFORMING ARTS Main articles: Music of Rome and Events in Rome The Teatro dell\'Opera di Roma at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica , one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell\'Opera di Roma , as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004. Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel , though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms. TOURISM Main article: Tourism in Rome HISTORIC CENTRE OF ROME, THE PROPERTIES OF THE HOLY SEE IN THAT CITY ENJOYING EXTRATERRITORIAL RIGHTS AND SAN PAOLO FUORI LE MURA Roma UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE LOCATION Province of Rome , Metropolitan City of Rome , Papal States , Italy COORDINATES 41°53′35″N 12°28′58″E / 41.8931°N 12.4828°E / 41.8931; 12.4828 AREA 1,285 km2 (1.383×1010 sq ft) CRITERIA i, ii, iii, iv, vi REFERENCE 91 INSCRIPTION 1980 (4th Session ) EXTENSIONS 1990 WEBSITE www.comune.roma.it Location of Rome Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – aqueducts , fountains , churches, palaces , historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum , and the Catacombs . Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study. Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of archaeological research . There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome , and The Swedish Institute at Rome. Rome contains numerous ancient sites , including the Forum Romanum , Trajan\'s Market , Trajan\'s Forum , the Colosseum , and the Pantheon , to name but a few. The Colosseum , arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the world . Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture, fountains , mosaics , frescos , and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as architecture , painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work , coin die and gem engraving, ivory carvings , figurine glass, pottery , and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork. Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas , palaces , piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence , and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and Venice . The city was affected greatly by the baroque , and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as Bernini , Caravaggio , Carracci , Borromini and Cortona . In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour , when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture , art, philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto . Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes and museums. Internal view of the Colosseum Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano 's Auditorium Parco della Musica and Massimiliano Fuksas\' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016. The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side. FASHION Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital . Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan , New York and Paris, and beating London. Major luxury fashion houses and jewelry chains, such as Valentino , Bulgari , Fendi , Laura Biagiotti and Brioni , are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Chanel , Prada , Dolce ">_ Spaghetti alla Carbonara _, a typical Roman dish _ Concia di zucchine_, example of Roman- Jewish cuisine Main article: Roman cuisine Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ancient Age . Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. Later, during the Renaissance , Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi , who was a chef, working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook _Opera dell'arte del cucinare_ was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork . In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby Campagna , as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are common). In parallel, Roman Jews -present in the city since the 1st century BC- developed their own cuisine, the _cucina giudaico-romanesca_. Examples of Roman dishes include "_Saltimbocca alla Romana_" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "_Carciofi alla romana _" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "_ Carciofi alla giudia _" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "_ Spaghetti alla carbonara _" – spaghetti with bacon , eggs and pecorino , and "_ Gnocchi di semolino alla romana_" – semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few. CINEMA Main articles: List of films set in Rome and List of films set in ancient Rome Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios, the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema , where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40 ha) studio complex is 9.0 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood , with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like _ The Passion of the Christ _, _Gangs of New York _, HBO\'s _Rome_ , _The Life Aquatic _ and Dino De Laurentiis ' _Decameron _, to such cinema classics as _Ben-Hur _, _Cleopatra _, and the films of Federico Fellini . Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini , the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini . Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film. LANGUAGE Main articles: Roman dialect and Latin Latin inscription, in the National Roman Museum . Although associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity Sabine tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the Italic group of ancient Italian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or Plautia Urgulanilla , wife of Emperor Claudius, is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius. However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants, slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual. Many educated Romans also spoke Greek, and there was a large Greek, Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before the Empire. Latin evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language, the "_volgare_". The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the Tuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the Romanesco . The _Romanesco_ spoken during the Middle Ages was more like a southern Italian dialect, very close to the Neapolitan language in Campania . The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance , and above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two Medici Popes ( Leo X and Clement VII ), caused a major shift in the dialect, which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of Lazio ( Civitavecchia , Latina and others), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to improving transportation systems. As a consequence of education and media like radio and television, Romanesco became more and more similar to standard Italian. Dialectal literature in the traditional form of Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (one of the most important Italian poets altogether), Trilussa and Cesare Pascarella . It is worth remembering though that Romanesco was a "_lingua vernacola_" (vernacular language), meaning that for centuries, it did not have a written form but it was only spoken by the population. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors and actresses, such as Alberto Sordi , Aldo Fabrizi , Anna Magnani . Carlo Verdone , Enrico Montesano , Gigi Proietti and Nino Manfredi . Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the process of Romanization , the peoples of Italy, Gallia , the Iberian Peninsula and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonization and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the Norman Conquest , borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages. Rome has long hosted artistic communities, foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religious students or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city. Today because of mass tourism, many languages are used in servicing tourism, especially English which is widely known in tourist areas, and the city hosts large numbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas. SPORTS Stadio Olimpico , one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000. Association football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup . The latter took place in the Olympic Stadium , which is also the shared home stadium for local Serie A clubs S.S. Lazio , founded in 1900, and A.S. Roma , founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma), and Alessandro Nesta (for S.S. Lazio). Atletico Roma is a minor team that played in First Division until 2012; its home stadium was Stadio Flaminio . Stadio dei Marmi . Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics , with great success, using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990 FIFA World Cup ), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawn before the deadline for applicant files. Further, Rome hosted the 1991 EuroBasket and is home to the internationally recognized basketball team Virtus Roma . Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team , which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (founded in 1930 and winner of five Italian championships, the latter in 1999–2000), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio 1927 (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio ). Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico . Cycling was popular in the post- World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d\'Italia three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Rome is also home to other sports teams, including volleyball ( M. Roma Volley ), handball or waterpolo . TRANSPORT Main article: Transport in Rome Rome– Fiumicino Airport was the tenth busiest airport in Europe in 2016. Port of Civitavecchia . Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the _ Grande Raccordo Anulare _ or _GRA_). Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, Termini , is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, Roma Tiburtina , has been redeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus. Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport is Italy's chief airport, is located within the nearby Fiumicino , south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as " Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside Ciampino , south-east of Rome. A third airport, the Roma-Urbe Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (Lido di Ostia ), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia , located about 62 kilometres (39 miles) northwest of the city. The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities. Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones (_Zona a Traffico Limitato_ (ZTL) in Italian). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere , Testaccio and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts. Roma Metrorail and Underground 2016 Conca d\'Oro metro station A 3-line metro system called the _Metropolitana _ operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi). A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing Termini -Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014. The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis the project has been put on hold. Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus, tram, metro and urban railways network is run by _Atac S.p.A._ (which originally stood for the Municipal Bus and Tramways Company, _Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune_ in Italian). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km (24 mi) of track and 192 stops. There is also one trolleybus line, opened in 2005, and additional trolleybus lines are planned. INTERNATIONAL ENTITIES, ORGANISATIONS AND INVOLVEMENT FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo WFP headquarters in Rome Among the global cities , Rome is unique in having a sovereign state located entirely within its city limits, the Vatican City. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the Holy See which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church . Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italy and the Holy See. Several international Roman Colleges and Pontifical Universities are located in Rome. The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and its official seat is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran (of which the President of the French Republic is _ex officio _ the "first and only honorary canon ", a title held by the heads of the French state since King Henry IV of France ). Another body, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), took refuge in Rome in 1834, due to the conquest of Malta by Napoleon in 1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else, hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status. Rome is the seat of the so-called POLO ROMANO made up by three main international agencies of the United Nations : the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The Treaties of the EU are located in Palazzo della Farnesina , seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , due the fact that the Italian government is the depositary of the treaties. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union ), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense College . The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law). INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TWIN TOWNS AND SISTER CITIES See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian Rome is since 9 April 1956 exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with: * _ Paris , France (in Italian) Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi._ (in French) _Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris._ "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris." OTHER RELATIONSHIPS _ This section NEEDS ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FOR VERIFICATION . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016)_ _(Learn how and when to remove this template message )_ Rome's other partner cities are: * Achacachi , Bolivia * Algiers , Algeria * Beijing , China * Belgrade , Serbia * Brasil , Distrito Federal , Brazil * Cairo , Egypt * Cincinnati , Ohio, USA * Kiev , Ukraine * Kobanî , Rojava, Syria * Kraków , Poland * London , England, United Kingdom * Multan , Pakistan * Mumbai , India * Madrid , Spain * Marbella , Málaga , Andalusia, Spain * Montreal , Quebec , Canada * New York , New York , USA * Plovdiv , Bulgaria * New Delhi , India * Seoul , South Korea * Sydney , New South Wales, Australia * Tirana , Albania * Tehran , Iran * Tokyo , Japan * Tongeren , Belgium * Tunis , Tunisia * Washington, D.C. , USA SEE ALSO * Rome portal * Italy portal * European Union portal * C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group * List of museums in Rome * List of shopping areas and markets in Rome * List of tallest buildings in Rome * List of theatres and opera houses in Rome * Outline of Italy REFERENCES * ^ "Istat official population estimates". Retrieved 16 April 2017. * ^ _A_ _B_ Bilancio demografico Anno 2014 (dati provvisori). Provincia: Roma – Demo.istat.it * ^ "Discorsi del Presidente Ciampi". Presidenza della Repubblica. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. * ^ "Le istituzioni salutano Benedetto XVI". La Repubblica. Retrieved 17 May 2013. * ^ _A_ _B_ Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press. * ^ "Old Age in Ancient Rome – History Today". * ^ Stephanie Malia Hom, "Consuming the View: Tourism, Rome, and the Topos of the Eternal City", _Annali d'Igtalianistica_ 28:91–116 JSTOR 24016389 * ^ Andres Perez, Javier (2010). "APROXIMACIÓN A LA ICONOGRAFÍA DE ROMA AETERNA" (PDF). El Futuro del Pasado. pp. 349–363. Retrieved 28 May 2014. * ^ Giovannoni, Gustavo (1958). _Topografia e urbanistica di Roma_ (in Italian). Rome: Istituto di Studi Romani. pp. 346–47. * ^ "Rome, city, Italy". _Columbia Encyclopedia_ (6th ed.). 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. * ^ _A_ _B_ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2012". Lboro.ac.uk. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014. * ^ "The Global City Competitiveness Index" (PDF). The Economist. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2017. * ^ _A_ _B_ "2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook". Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014. * ^ "World\'s most visited cities". * ^ "Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura". _ UNESCO World Heritage Center_. Retrieved 8 June 2008. * ^ _A_ _B_ Livy (1797). _The history of Rome_. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A.Strahan. * ^ " Romulus and Remus". Brittanica.com. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015. * ^ Claudio Rendina, _Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani_, Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, pg. 17 * ^ This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus . * ^ This hypothesis originates from Plutarch * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ Coarelli (1984) p. 9 * ^ Wilford, John Nobel (12 June 2007). "More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus". _New York Times_. Retrieved 11 August 2008. * ^ _A_ _B_ Hermann & Hilgemann(1964), p.73 * ^ Livy (26 May 2005). _The Early History of Rome_. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-196307-5 . * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.73 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.77 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.79 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.81-83 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.81-85 * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.89 * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.91 * ^ _A_ _B_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.93 * ^ _A_ _B_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.97 * ^ _A_ _B_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.99 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.107 * ^ Parker, Philip, "The Empire Stops Here". p.2. * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.101 * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.103 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.115 * ^ Hermann & Hilgemann (1964), p.117 * ^ Editors, Mandatory (24 January 2013). "travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome". Mandatory. Retrieved 12 March 2013. * ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "_Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective_". PUQ. p.185. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5 * ^ Norman John Greville Pounds. _An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330_. p. 192. * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ Bertarelli (1925), p.19 * ^ Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ Bertarelli (1925), p.20 * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _G_ _H_ Bertarelli (1925), p.21 * ^ Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "_Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico_". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. ISBN 85-15-01750-4 . Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("_Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro_" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("_Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa_" – pág.: 65). * ^ _ Jarrett, Bede (1913). "Papal Arbitration". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia _. New York: Robert Appleton Company. * ^ Such as regulating the colonization of the New World . See Treaty of Tordesillas and Inter caetera . * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _G_ _H_ _I_ _J_ _K_ _L_ _M_ Bertarelli (1925), p.22 * ^ " Pope Alexander VI". Nndb.com. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ " Basilica of St. Peter". _Catholic Encyclopedia_. Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ Bertarelli (1925), p.23 * ^ " Pope Pius IX". _Catholic Encyclopedia_. Newadvent.org. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ Cederna, Antonio (1979). _Mussolini urbanista_ (in Italian). Bari: Laterza. pp. passim. * ^ "Roma diventa Capitale" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 March 2012. * ^ "Territorio" (in Italian). Comune di Roma. Retrieved 5 October 2009. * ^ In 1992 after a referendum the XIX Circoscrizione became the _ Comune _ of Fiumicino * ^ "Roma, sì all\'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15". _Il Messaggero_. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013. * ^ "The "Rioni" of Rome". Romeartlover.it. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ Ravaglioli, Armando (1997). _Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita_ (in Italian). Rome: Tascabili Economici Newton. ISBN 88-8183-670-X . * ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. * ^ "Storia della neve a Roma". Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014. * ^ Rome Climate. Retrieved 9 June 2017 * ^ Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma- Ciampino Ponente dall\'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000 – Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare * ^ "Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino". Retrieved 13 June 2011. * ^ Cornell (1995) 204–5 * ^ Gregory S. Aldrete (30 January 2007). _Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome_. Retrieved 13 July 2014. * ^ P. M. G. Harris. _The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline_. Retrieved 13 July 2014. * ^ Herreros, Francisco. "Size and Virtue". Academia. Retrieved 13 July 2014. * ^ Ward, Lorne H. (1 January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C.". _The American Journal of Philology_. 111 (1): 5–39. JSTOR 295257 . doi :10.2307/295257 . * ^ * ^ Paul Bairoch (18 June 1991). _Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present_. Retrieved 13 July 2014. * ^ N.Morley, _ Metropolis and Hinterland_ (Cambridge, 1996) 33–9 * ^ Duiker, 2001. page 149. * ^ _Abstract of_ The population of ancient Rome. by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. Written 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007. * ^ The Population of Rome by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in _Classical Philology_. Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp 101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007. * ^ P. Llewellyn, _ Rome in the Dark Ages_ ( London 1993), p. 97. * ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ Demographia: World Urban Areas, January 2015 * ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network , Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3), Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007) * ^ Eurostat , Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone, accessed on 23 June 2009. Data for 2009 unless otherwise noted. * ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision), (United Nations, 2010), Table A.12. Data for 2007. * ^ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , _Competitive Cities in the Global Economy_, OECD Territorial Reviews, (OECD Publishing, 2006), Table 1.1 * ^ Thomas Brinkoff, Principal Agglomerations of the World, accessed on 12 March 2009. Data for 1 April 2011. * ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 30 January 2011. * ^ Rome Post – what\'s happening in Rome Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . * ^ Coarelli, p. 308. * ^ Steps Jesus walked to trial restored to glory, _Daily Telegraph_, Malcolm Moore, 14 June 2007 * ^ _A_ _B_ Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg.36–37. * ^ "Green Areas". RomaPerKyoto.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008. * ^ Frontin, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome, translation and commentary by Pierre Grimal, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944. * ^ _Italian Gardens, a Cultural History_, Helen Attlee. Francis Lincoln Limited, London 2006. * ^ "Chasing Obelisks in Rome". Initaly.com. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "7 Free Things To Do In Rome". roundtheworldmagazin.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017. * ^ "The Bridges of Ancient Rome". Citrag.it. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "Sant\'Angelo Bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ "Rapporto Censis 2006". Censis.it. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ Observatoribarcelona.org Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . * ^ _A_ _B_ "La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia". Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 14 June 2010. * ^ "World\'s richest cities in 2009". City Mayors. 22 August 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010. * ^ " Global city GDP 2011". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. * ^ DeCarlo, Scott (30 March 2006). "The World\'s 2000 Largest Public Companies". _Forbes_. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2007. * ^ "Roman Academies". _Catholic Encyclopedia_. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "How the world views its cities" – The Anholt City Brands Index 2006 * ^ Arwu.org Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . * ^ "http://cwur.org/top100.html". Center for World University Rankings. 2013. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013. External link in title= (help ) * ^ Arwu.org Archived 21 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . * ^ "The American University of Rome". The American University of Rome. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013. * ^ "Temple Rome Study Abroad". Temple University. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013. * ^ "About the NAC". Pontifical North American College . Retrieved 1 October 2010. * ^ Max Planck Gesellschaft e.V (17 May 2006). "Max Planck Society – Hanno and Ilse Hahn Prize". Mpg.de. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2010. * ^ Amedeo Benedetti, _La Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana_, "Biblioteche oggi", n. 3, aprile 2009, p. 41. * ^ Vatican Film Library informational pamphlet * ^ ITVnews.tv Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . * ^ "AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture". Romanculture.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "Isvroma.it". Isvroma.it. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ James E. Packer (January–February 1998). "Trajan\'s Glorious Forum". _Archaeology_. Archaeological Institute of America. 51 (1). Retrieved 2 October 2010. * ^ I H Evans (reviser), _Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_ (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), page 1163 * ^ Francis Trevelyan Miller , Woodrow Wilson , William Howard Taft , Theodore Roosevelt . _America, the Land We Love_ (1915), page 201 Google Books Search * ^ Toynbee, J. M. C. (December 1971). "Roman Art". _The Classical Review_. 21 (3): 439–442. JSTOR 708631 . doi :10.1017/S0009840X00221331 . * ^ " Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211)". Trincoll.edu. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ Matt Rosenberg. " Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings". About.com. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History". Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2010. * ^ "Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo". Maxxi.beniculturali.it. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010. * ^ "Auditorium Parco della Musica". Auditorium.com. Retrieved 25 March 2010. * ^ Pelati, Manuela (30 September 2015). "Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016". _Corriere della Sera_ (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2015. * ^ "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion". Languagemonitor.com. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009. * ^ "Fendi". fendi.com. Retrieved 17 October 2009. * ^ (Rolland 2006 , p. 273). * ^ Piras, 291. * ^ Carnacina, Luigi; Buonassisi, Vincenzo (1975). _Roma in Cucina_ (in Italian). Milano: Giunti Martello. * ^ "history of Cinecittà Studios in Rome". Romefile.com. Retrieved 17 October 2009. * ^ Ostler, N. (2007), Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin. London: HarperCollins * ^ "Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome SPOSTARE LA FINALE DA ROMA? NO! GRAZIE". Maspostatevilaregina.com. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2011. * ^ "Football First 11: Do or die derbies". CNN. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2014. * ^ "Media". Olympic.org. Retrieved 15 September 2011. * ^ "Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games". Bladesplace.id.au. Retrieved 17 October 2009. * ^ – Entry on Roma Tiburtina station on the official website of the Italian high-speed rail service (in Italian) * ^ "Porti di Roma". Retrieved 6 March 2015. * ^ Kiefer, Peter (30 November 2007). "Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers". _New York Times_. Retrieved 10 February 2008. * ^ Kington, Tom (14 May 2007). "Roman remains threaten metro". _Guardian _. London. Retrieved 10 August 2008. * ^ "Metro C, apre la Pantano-Centocelle: folla di romani all\'inaugurazione". _Il Messaggero_ (in Italian). 9 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. * ^ The figures are from the ATAC website (in Italian). * ^ and from the information page of the iOS app In Arrivo! (in Italian). * ^ Webb, Mary (ed.) (2009). _Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010_, p. 195. Coulsdon (UK): Jane\'s Information Group . ISBN 978-0-7106-2903-6 . * ^ parlamento.it * ^ "Gemellaggio Roma – Parigi – (1955)" (PDF). _Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali_ (in French). Paris: Commune Roma. 30 January 1956. Retrieved 2016-09-10. * ^ "Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014)" (PDF). _Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali_ (in French). Rome: Commune Roma. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 2016-09-10. * ^ "Twinning with Rome". Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2010. * ^ "Les pactes d\'amitié et de coopération". _Mairie de Paris_. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007. * ^ "International relations: special partners". _Mairie de Paris_. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2007. * ^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 23 June 2009. * ^ "Le jumelage avec Rome" (in French). Municipalité de Paris. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008. * ^ " Rome declares Kobane \'sister city\'". Retrieved 18 December 2016. * ^ " Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie" . _Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków_ (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013. * ^ "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2009. * ^ "NYC\'s Partner Cities". The City of New York. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2012. * ^ "International Cooperation: Sister Cities". _ Seoul Metropolitan Government_. www.seoul.go.kr. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008. * ^ " Seoul -Sister Cities ". _ Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)_. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2013. * ^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). _Municipality of Tirana_. www.tirana.gov.al. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2009. * ^ Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 25 January 2008. * ^ "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2009. * ^ "Visita a Washington del Sindaco". Retrieved 3 October 2011. BIBLIOGRAPHY _See also: Bibliography of Rome (it)_ * Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1925). _Guida d'Italia_ (in Italian). IV. Rome: CTI. * Brilliant, Richard (2006). _Roman Art. An American's View_. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. ISBN 88-8323-085-X . * Coarelli, Filippo (1984). _Guida archeologica di Roma_ (in Italian). Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. * Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1964). _Dtv-atlas zur Weltgeschichte_ (in German). 1. Zürich: Ex Libris. * Hughes, Robert (2011). _Rome_. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. * Lucentini, Mario (2002). _La Grande Guida di Roma_ (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-053-8 . * Rendina, Mario (2007). _Roma ieri, oggi, domani_ (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. * Spoto, Salvatore (1999). _Roma Esoterica_ (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-265-4 . * _ Rome – Eyewitness Travel_. DK. 2006. ISBN 1-4053-1090-1 . * De Muro, P., Monni, S., Tridico, P. (2011), "Knowledge-based economy and social exclusion: shadow and light in the Roman socioeconomic model, in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 35 issue 6, pp. 1212–1238, November.." DOCUMENTARIES * _ Scam City _ – Season 1 (2012) * _The Holy Cities: Rome_ produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006. EXTERNAL LINKS Find more aboutROMEat's sister projects * _Definitions from Wiktionary * Media from Commons * News from Wikinews * Quotations from Wikiquote * Texts from Wikisource * Textbooks from Wikibooks * Travel guide from Wikivoyage * Learning resources from Wikiversity * Rome travel |