A roll program or tilt maneuver is an aerodynamic maneuver that alters the attitude of a vertically launched

space launch vehicle A launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket designed to carry a payload (spacecraft or satellites) from the Earth's surface to outer space. Most launch vehicles operate from a launch pads, supported by a launch control center and syste ...

. The maneuver is used to place the

spacecraft A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, p ...

on a proper heading toward its intended

orbit In celestial mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as ...

. It often consists of a partial rotation around the vehicle's vertical axis ("roll") followed by tilting the vehicle ("pitch") to follow the proper

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and/or to improve aerodynamics. A roll program is completed shortly after the vehicle clears the

tower A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures. Towers are specifi ...

. In the case of a crewed mission, a crew member (usually the commander) reports the roll to the mission control center which is then acknowledged by the capsule communicator.NASA - STS-117 Lift Off!
''ATLANTIS: "Houston, Atlantis. Roll program." Voice 1: "Roger roll, Atlantis".

Saturn V

The Saturn V's roll program was initiated shortly after launch and was handled by the first stage. It was open-loop: the commands were pre-programmed to occur at a specific time after lift-off, and no closed loop control was used. This made the program simpler to design at the expense of not being able to correct for unforeseen conditions such as high winds. The rocket simply initiated its roll program at the appropriate time after launch, and rolled until an adequate amount of time had passed to ensure that the desired roll angle was achieved. Roll on the Saturn V was initiated by tilting the engines simultaneously using the roll and pitch servos, which served to initiate a rolling torque on the vehicle.

Space Shuttle

During the launch of a

Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program ...

, the roll program was simultaneously accompanied by a pitch maneuver and yaw maneuver. The roll program occurred during a Shuttle launch for the following reasons: * To place the shuttle in a heads down position * Increasing the mass that can be carried into orbit (this was actually the initial reason - a 20% payload increase due to more efficient aerodynamics and moment balancing between the boosters and main engines) * Increasing the orbital

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* Simplifying the trajectory of a possible Return to Launch site abort maneuver * Improving radio line-of-sight propagation * Orienting the shuttle more parallel toward the ground with the nose to the east The RAGMOP computer program (Northrop) in 1971–72 discovered a ~20% payload increase by rolling upside down. It went from ~40,000 lb to ~48,000 lb to a 150 NM equatorial orbit without violating any constraints (max Q, 3 G limit, etc.). So the incentive to roll was initially for the payload increase by minimizing drag losses and moment balancing losses by keeping the main engine thrust vectors more parallel to the SRBs.

References

Spaceflight Rocketry Aerodynamics {{rocketry-stub