Robert Sikol
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Robert Murray Bohn Sikol is a Vanuatuan politician. A former U.S. citizen by birth, he is one of very few naturalised citizens to become members of the
Parliament of Vanuatu The Parliament of Vanuatu ( bi, Palamen blong Vanuatu; french: Parlement du Vanuatu) is the unicameral legislative body of the Republic of Vanuatu. It was established by chapter 4 of the 1980 Constitution, upon Vanuatu's independence from Franc ...
.


Early life

Sikol was born Robert Murray Bohn in California. He came to Vanuatu (then New Hebrides) in 1978 with his family, and bought a plantation on Epi Island. He naturalised as a citizen of the country in 1997, and was adopted by the Mowa family of
Lamen Island Lamen Island is an inhabited island in Shefa Province of Vanuatu in the Pacific Ocean. The island is a part of Shepherd Islands archipelago. Geography Lamen lies 1 km west of the Epi Island. Lamen spans 1.6 km from the north to the sout ...
, part of the Epi parliamentary constituency. They gave him the traditional name "Sikol", meaning "bridge" in the Epi languages. As Vanuatu did not permit
multiple citizenship Multiple/dual citizenship (or multiple/dual nationality) is a legal status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a national or citizen of more than one country under the laws of those countries. Conceptually, citizenship is focused on t ...
at the time, he relinquished his U.S. citizenship in order to naturalise. His loss of U.S. citizenship was confirmed by a notice in the ''
Federal Register The ''Federal Register'' (FR or sometimes Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices. It is published every weekday, except on feder ...
'' as required by the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA or the Kennedy– Kassebaum Act) is a United States Act of Congress enacted by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1 ...
in March 2000. Sikol went on to become a director of the Vanuatu-based European Bank, and a chairman of the Vanuatu Finance Centre.


IDM Direct Marketing

In May 2002, Sikol was indicted by a Memphis
grand jury A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a pe ...
on charges of racketeering, conspiracy, money laundering, and mail fraud for his role in IDM, a company which sold non-U.S. lottery tickets to elderly U.S. citizens, and was arrested in December that year. Sikol's colleague Tom Bayer, also a naturalised citizen of Vanuatu, was initially confident that the charges would be thrown out, stating in January 2003 that the charge of money laundering was being applied to actions that were nothing more than "normal banking business". The National Right Wing Movement of Vanuatu was unconvinced, and urged the government to hand Bayer over to the United States government as well. In a 2005 case before Judge
Bernice B. Donald Bernice Bouie Donald (born September 17, 1951) is an American lawyer and former judge who served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from 2011 to 2023. She previously served as a United Sta ...
of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, Sikol was convicted on all counts. In a 2008 ruling in the Sixth Circuit, Judges
Richard Fred Suhrheinrich Richard Fred Suhrheinrich (born August 15, 1936) is a Senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit serving in Lansing, Michigan He had been a United States district judge of the United States Dis ...
, John M. Rogers, and Robert Holmes Bell upheld Sikol's conviction, but reversed the asset forfeiture order against him and remanded the issue to the district court for further proceedings. In a later interview with
Radio Australia ABC Radio Australia, also known as Radio Australia, is the international broadcasting and online service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Australia's public broadcaster. Most programming is in English, with some in Tok ...
, Sikol stated that a decade after the matter first went to court, it was resolved with "a hundred dollars for the charges laid and some court costs".


In politics

In May 2011, Sikol and Peter Mowa announced the formation of the Vanuatu Progressive Development Party, with Mowa as its secretary-general and Sikol as the party's candidate in the
2012 elections The following elections occurred in the year 2012. International * 2012 United Nations Security Council election Africa Egypt * 2012 Egyptian presidential election Mali * 2012 Malian presidential election * 2012 Malian parliamentary electio ...
. In an interview on
Television Blong Vanuatu Television Blong Vanuatu (TBV) is a digital service that is now a joint business venture between BTC and Guilin CEKE Communication Equipment Co Ltd, a Chinese private company that is specialized in digital television. Their studios and offices ...
, Sikol stated that the party hoped to promote rural development and decrease dependence on the national government. Sikol emerged victorious in the elections in November the following year: with a voter turnout of 3,118 (77%) in the Epi constituency, he garnered 634 votes, the highest out of all candidates in the constituency, and was thus elected along with Isaac Hamariliu. His election provoked some backlash from political opponents. In December 2012, Morking Steven Iatika of Tanna Constituency proposed a constitutional amendment to bar non-indigenous citizens from election, stating that "the people of Vanuatu in the rural constituencies are not safe from people with money who can brainwash voters and rob the honesty of a ni-Vanuatu". In February 2013, Sikol faced an election petition regarding whether he was eligible to be elected under Section 23A of the Representation of the Peoples Act, and in response filed a constitutional case. In April 2013, Chief Justice
Vincent Lunabek Vincent Lunabek is a Vanuatuan legal and political figure. Lunabek was appointed a Supreme Court of Vanuatu justice Justice, in its broadest sense, is the principle that people receive that which they deserve, with the interpretation of w ...
of the
Supreme Court of Vanuatu Supreme Court of Vanuatu is the superior court of Vanuatu and is based in Port Vila. The Court consists of the Chief Justice and three puisne judges. Appeals from the Supreme Court are heard by the Court of Appeal of Vanuatu, which is the supr ...
affirmed the validity of Sikol's election, ruling that regardless of whether Sikol's adoption qualified him as "a native or a person originating from that rural constituency ... who has been adopted by law or custom into a family originating from that rural constituency" as required by Section 23A, that section itself violated the guarantee in Article 5(1) of the
Constitution of Vanuatu The Constitution of Vanuatu is the supreme law of the Republic of Vanuatu. It was enacted in 1979, and came into force upon the country's independence on 30 July 1980. The Constitution asserts Vanuatu to be a "sovereign democratic state", with ...
against discrimination, and did not fall within the exceptions to that article for "legitimate public interest".


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikol, Robert Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American emigrants to Vanuatu Members of the Parliament of Vanuatu Naturalised citizens of Vanuatu Former United States citizens