Robert Kilwardby ( c. 1215 – 11 September 1279) was an

Archbishop of Canterbury The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Just ...

in England and a

cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to: Animals * Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **'' Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae **'' Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, t ...

. Kilwardby was the first member of a mendicant order to attain a high ecclesiastical office in the English Church.

Life

Kilwardby studied at the

University of Paris , image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of Arms , latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis , motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin) , mottoeng = Here and a ...

, then was a teacher of

grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes doma ...

and

logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from prem ...

there. He then joined the

Dominican Order The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of ...

and studied

theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...

,Lawrence "Thirteenth Century" ''English Church and the Papacy'' p. 146 and became regent at

Oxford University Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

before 1261,Knowles ''Evolution of Medieval Thought'' p. 288 probably by 1245.Leff ''Paris and Oxford Universities'' pp. 290–293 He was named provincial

prior Prior (or prioress) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior in some religious orders. The word is derived from the Latin for "earlier" or "first". Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In abbeys, a prior would be low ...

of the Dominicans for England in 1261,Greenway
Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Canterbury: Archbishops
' and in October 1272 Pope Gregory X appointed him as

to end a dispute over the election. Kilwardby was provided to the archbishopric on 11 October 1272, given the temporalities on 12 December 1272, and consecrated on 26 February 1273.Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 233 Kilwardby crowned

Edward I Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vas ...

and his wife

Eleanor Eleanor () is a feminine given name, originally from an Old French adaptation of the Old Provençal name ''Aliénor''. It is the name of a number of women of royalty and nobility in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The name was intro ...

as king and queen of England in August 1274, but otherwise took little part in politics. He instead concentrated on his ecclesiastical duties, including charity to the poor and donating to the Dominicans.Moorman ''Church Life'' p. 371 In 1278

Pope Nicholas III Pope Nicholas III ( la, Nicolaus III; c. 1225 – 22 August 1280), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 November 1277 to his death on 22 August 1280. He was a Roman nobleman who ...

named Kilwardby Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina.Bellenger and Fletcher ''Princes of the Church'' p. 173 He then resigned Canterbury and left England, taking with him papers, registers and documents belonging to the see. He also left the see deep in debt again, after his predecessor had cleared the debt.Moorman ''Church Life'' p. 173 He died in Italy in 1279 and was buried in the Dominican convent in Viterbo, Italy. While in theory this was a promotion, probably it was not, as the pope was unhappy with Kilwardby's support of efforts to resist the payment of papal revenues and with the lack of effort towards the reforms demanded at the

Second Council of Lyon :''The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council, took place in 1245.'' The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arl ...

in 1274.Prestwich ''Edward I'' p. 249 Kilwardby's theological and philosophical views were summed up by David Knowles who said that he was a "conservative eclectic, holding the doctrine of seminal tendencies and opposing...the Aristotelian doctrine of the unity of form in beings, including man."Knowles ''Evolution of Medieval Thought'' p. 249 Some sources state that he was the author of ''Summa Philosophiae'', a history and description of the schools of philosophical thought then current, but the writing style is not similar to his other works, and Knowles, for one, does not believe it was authored by Kilwardby.Knowles ''Evolution of Medieval Thought'' p. 287 It has been alleged that Kilwardby was an opponent of

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, Dominican Order, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino, Italy, Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican Order, Dominican friar and Catholic priest, priest who was an influential List of Catholic philo ...

. In 1277 he prohibited the teaching of thirty theses, some of which have been thought to touch upon Thomas Aquinas' teaching. Recent scholars, however, such as Roland Hissette, have challenged this interpretation.Burton,''Monastic and Religious Orders'' pp. 206–207

Works

Writings on grammar * Commentaria Priscianus minor (A Commentary on the books 17 and 18 of Priscian's ''Institutiones grammaticae'') Writings on logic * Notulae super librum Praedicamentorum * Notulae super librum Perihermeneias * Notule libri Priorum * Notule libri Posteriorum * Comentum super librum Topicorum * Notulae super librum Porphyrii * De natura relationis * Priorum Analyticorum expositio * Notuale super librum Sex Principiorum Writings on natural philosophy * De spiritu fantastico sive de receptione specierum * De tempore Writings on ethics * Quaestiones supra libros Ethicorum * Quaestiones in librum primun Sententiarum * Quaestiones in librum secundum Sententiarum * Quaestiones in librum tertium Sententiarum * Quaestiones in librum quartum Sententiarum * De ortu scientiarum ''De tempore'' has been edited and translated by Alexander Broadie, and published as ''On Time and Imagination, Part 2: Introduction and Translation''. A critical edition of ''De orto scientiarum'' was published by Albert G. Judy, for The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in 1976. The ''Notuel libri Priorum'' (on Aristotle's ''Prior Analytics''), has been edited and translated by Paul Thom and John Scott, Oxford: Published for the British academy by Oxford University Press, 2015 (two volumes). Kilwardby was also the author of a summary of the writings of the Church Fathers, arranged alphabetically, ''Tabulae super Originalia Patrum'', edited by Daniel A. Callus (Bruges: De Tempel, 1948).

Citations

References

* * * * * * * * * *

External links

*
History of Medieval Philosophy
by Jacques Maritain * Kilwardby, Robert
''Tabula in librum sancti Augustini De civitate Dei''
(1464), digitized codex a
Somni
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kilwardby, Robert 1215 births 1279 deaths 13th-century English cardinals Cardinal-bishops of Porto English Dominicans Dominican cardinals Archbishops of Canterbury 13th-century Latin writers Scholastic philosophers English logicians Philosophers of science 13th-century philosophers 13th-century English writers

Life

Works

Citations

References

Further reading

External links