Rioplatense Spanish

Rioplatense Spanish (), also known as Rioplatense Castilian, is a variety of Spanish spoken mainly in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay. It is also referred to as River Plate Spanish or Argentine Spanish. It is the most prominent dialect to employ ''voseo'' in both speech and writing. Many features of Rioplatense are also shared with the varieties spoken in south and eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay. This dialect is often spoken with an intonation resembling that of the Neapolitan language of Southern Italy, but there are exceptions.

As Rioplatense is considered a dialect of Spanish and not a distinct language, there are no credible figures for a total number of speakers. The total population of these areas would amount to some 25–30 million, depending on the definition and expanse.

Location

Rioplatense is mainly based in the cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, Santa Fe, La Plata, Mar del Plata and Bahía Blanca in Argentina, the most populated cities in the dialectal area, along with their respective suburbs and the areas in between, and in all of Uruguay. This regional form of Spanish is also found in other areas, not geographically close but culturally influenced by those population centers (e.g., in parts of Paraguay and in all of Patagonia). Rioplatense is the standard in audiovisual media in Argentina and Uruguay. In the northeast of Uruguay there exists a variety of Portuguese influenced by Rioplatense Spanish, known as Riverense Portuñol.

Influences on the language

The Spanish brought their language to the area during the Spanish colonization in the region. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Río de la Plata basin had its status raised to Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776.

Until the massive immigration to the region started in the 1870s, the language of the Río de la Plata had virtually no influence from other languages and varied mainly by localisms. Argentines and Uruguayans often state that their populations, like those of the United States and Canada, comprise people of relatively recent European descent, the largest immigrant groups coming from Italy and Spain.

European immigration

Several languages, especially Italian, influenced the '' criollo'' Spanish of the time, because of the diversity of settlers and immigrants to Argentina and Uruguay:
* 1870–1890: mainly Northern Italian, Spanish, Basque, Galician, Portuguese speakers and some from France, Germany, and other European countries.
* 1910–1945: again from Spain, Southern Italy, Portugal and, in smaller numbers, from across remainder Europe; Jewish immigration—mainly from Russian Empire and Poland from the 1910s until after World War II—was also significant.
* English speakers—from Britain and Ireland—were not as numerous, but were a substantial number as well.

Influence of indigenous populations in Argentina

European settlement decimated Native American populations before 1810, and also during the expansion into Patagonia (after 1870). However, the interaction between Spanish and several of the native languages has left visible traces. Words from Guarani, Quechua and others were incorporated into the local form of Spanish.

Some words of Amerindian origin commonly used in Rioplatense Spanish are:

* From Quechua:
**''guacho'' or ''guacha'' (orig. ''wakcha'' "poor person, vagabond, orphan"); the term for the native cowboys of the Pampas, ''gaucho'', may be related.
**''choclo/pochoclo'' (pop + choclo, from choqllo, corn) -- popcorn in Argentina
* From Guaraní: ''pororó''—popcorn in Uruguay, Paraguay and some Argentine provinces.

:''See Influences on the Spanish language for a more comprehensive review of borrowings into all dialects of Spanish.''

Linguistic features

Phonology

Rioplatense Spanish distinguishes itself from other dialects of Spanish by the pronunciation of certain consonants.

* Like many other dialects, Rioplatense features yeísmo: the sounds represented by ''ll'' (historically the palatal lateral ) and ''y'' (historically the palatal approximant ) have fused into one. Thus, in Rioplatense, ''se cayó'' "he fell down" is homophonous with ''se calló'' "he became silent". This merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative, either voiced (as in English ''measure'' or the French ''j'') in the central and western parts of the dialect region (this phenomenon is called ''zheísmo'') or voiceless (as in English ''shine'' or the French ''ch''), a phenomenon called ''sheísmo'' that originated in and around Buenos Aires but has expanded to the rest of Argentina and Uruguay.
* As in most American dialects, also, Rioplatense Spanish has seseo ( and are not distinguished). That is, ''casa'' ("house") is homophonous with ''caza'' ("hunt"). ''Seseo'' is common to other dialects of Spanish in Latin America, Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish.
* In popular speech, the fricative has a very strong tendency to become 'aspirated' before another consonant or pause (the resulting sound depending on what the consonant is, although stating it is a voiceless glottal fricative, , would give a clear idea of the mechanism). may also be aspirated at the end of a word and before another word beginning in a vowel, though this is less common. Word-final intervocalic s-aspiration is more frequent in northern Argentina. For example, ''esto es lo mismo'' "this is the same" is pronounced something like , but in ''las águilas azules'' "the blue eagles", in ''las'' and ''águilas'' might remain as no consonant follows: , or become : .
*The phoneme (written as before or , and as elsewhere) is never glottalized to in the Atlantic coast. That phenomenon is common to other coastal dialects in Latin American Spanish, but not the Rioplatense dialect. Rioplatense speakers always realize it as .
* In some areas, speakers tend to drop the final sound in verb infinitives and the final in most words. This elision is considered a feature of uneducated speakers in some places, but it is widespread in others, at least in rapid speech.
* Many Argentinians merge into , meaning that "unsociable" and "uranium" are pronounced the same.
* is a relatively common allophone of . Some speakers employ it in emphatic pronunciation, especially when pronouncing words spelled with .

Aspiration of , together with loss of final , tend to produce a noticeable simplification of the syllable structure, giving Rioplatense informal speech a distinct fluid consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel rhythm:

:''Si querés irte, andate. Yo no te voy a parar.''
:"If you want to go, then go. I'm not going to stop you."
:

Intonation

Preliminary research has shown that Rioplatense Spanish, and particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian dialects. This correlates well with immigration patterns. Both Argentina and Uruguay have received large numbers of Italian settlers since the 19th century.

According to a study conducted by National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina Buenos Aires and Rosario residents speak with an intonation most closely resembling Neapolitan. The researchers note this as a relatively recent phenomenon, starting in the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Southern Italian immigration. Before that, the '' porteño'' accent was more like that of Spain, especially Andalusia, and in case of Uruguay, the accent was more like Canarian dialect.

Pronouns and verb conjugation

One of the features of the Argentine and Uruguayan speaking style is the voseo: the usage of the pronoun ''vos'' for the second person singular, instead of ''tú''. In other Spanish-speaking regions where ''voseo'' is used, such as in Chile and Colombia, the use of voseo has at times been considered a nonstandard lower speaking style, whereas in Argentina and Uruguay it is standard.

The second person plural pronoun, which is ''vosotros'' in Spain, is replaced with ''ustedes'' in Rioplatense, as in most other Latin American dialects. While ''usted'' is the formal second person singular pronoun, its plural ''ustedes'' has a neutral connotation and can be used to address friends and acquaintances as well as in more formal occasions (see T-V distinction). ''Ustedes'' takes a grammatically third- person plural verb.

As an example, see the conjugation table for the verb ''amar'' (to love) in the present tense, indicative mode:

Although apparently there is just a stress shift (from '' amas'' to '' amás''), the origin of such a stress is the loss of the diphthong of the ancient ''vos'' inflection from ''vos amáis'' to ''vos amás''. This can be better seen with the verb "to be": from ''vos sois'' to ''vos sos''. In vowel-alternating verbs like ''perder'' and ''morir'', the stress shift also triggers a change of the vowel in the root:

For the ''-ir'' verbs, the Peninsular ''vosotros'' forms end in ''-ís'', so there is no diphthong to simplify, and Rioplatense ''vos'' employs the same form: instead of ''tú vives'', ''vos vivís''; instead of ''tú vienes'', ''vos venís'' (note the alternation).

The imperative forms for ''vos'' are identical to the imperative forms in Peninsular but stressing the last syllable:

*''Hablá más fuerte, por favor.'' "Speak louder, please" (''habla'' in Peninsular)
*''Comé un poco de torta.'' "Eat some cake" (''come'' in Peninsular)
When in Peninsular the imperative has one syllable, a vowel corresponding to the verb's class is added (stress remains the same):
*''Vení para acá.'' "Come over here" (''ven'' in Peninsular)
*''Hacé lo que te dije.'' "Do what I told you" (''haz'' in Peninsular)
Exceptions to this include:

* ''Decime dónde está.'' "Tell me where it is" (''Dime'' in Peninsular). The second syllable is stressed.

The verb ''ir'' (to go) is never used in this form. The corresponding form of the verb ''andar'' (to walk, to go) substitutes for it.

* ''Andá para allá.'' "Go there" (''ve'' in Peninsular)

The plural imperative uses the ''ustedes'' form (i. e. the third person plural subjunctive, as corresponding to ''ellos'').

As for the subjunctive forms of ''vos'' verbs, while they tend to take the ''tú'' conjugation, some speakers do use the classical ''vos'' conjugation, employing the ''vosotros'' form minus the ''i'' in the final diphthong. Many consider only the ''tú'' subjunctive forms to be correct.

*''Espero que veas'' or ''Espero que veás'' "I hope that you see..." (Peninsular ''veáis'')
*''Lo que quieras'' or (less used) ''Lo que quierás/querás'' "Whatever you want" (Peninsular ''queráis'')

In the preterite, an ''s'' is sometimes added, for instance ''(vos) perdistes''. This corresponds to the classical ''vos'' conjugation found in literature. Compare Iberian Spanish form ''vosotros perdisteis''.

Other verb forms coincide with ''tú'' after the ''i'' is omitted (the ''vos'' forms are the same as ''tú'').

*''Si salieras'' "If you went out" (Peninsular ''salierais'')

Usage

In the old times, ''vos'' was used as a respectful term. In Rioplatense, as in most other dialects which employ ''voseo'', this pronoun has become informal, supplanting the use of ''tú'' (compare '' you'' in English, which used to be formal singular but has supplanted the former informal singular pronoun ''thou''). It is used especially for addressing friends and family members (regardless of age), but may also include most acquaintances, such as co-workers, friends of one's friends, etc.

Usage of tenses

Although literary works use the full spectrum of verb inflections, in Rioplatense (as well as many other Spanish dialects), the future tense tends to use a verbal phrase (periphrasis) in the informal language.

This verb phrase is formed by the verb ''ir'' ("to go") followed by the preposition ''a'' ("to") and the main verb in the infinitive. This resembles the English phrase ''to be going to'' + infinitive verb. For example:

*''Creo que descansaré un poco'' → ''Creo que voy a descansar un poco'' (I think I will rest a little → I think I am going to rest a little)
*''Mañana me visitará mi madre'' → ''Mañana me va a visitar mi vieja'' (Tomorrow my mother will visit me → Tomorrow my mother is going to visit me)
*''La visitaré mañana'' → ''La voy a visitar mañana'' (I will visit her tomorrow → I am going to visit her tomorrow)

The present perfect (Spanish: Pretérito perfecto compuesto), just like ''pretérito anterior'', is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. However, the Present Perfect is still used in Northwestern Argentina, particularly in the province of Tucumán.

*''Juan no ha llegado todavía'' → ''Juan no llegó todavía'' (Juan has not arrived yet → Juan did not arrive yet)
*''El torneo ha comenzado'' → ''El torneo empezó'' (The tournament has begun → The tournament began)
*''Ellas no han votado'' → ''Ellas no votaron'' (They have not voted → They did not vote)

But, in the subjunctive mood, the present perfect is still widely used:

*''No creo que lo hayan visto ya'' (I don't believe they have already seen him)
*''Espero que lo hayas hecho ayer'' (I hope you did it yesterday)

In Buenos Aires a reflexive form of verbs is often used - "''se viene''" instead of "''viene', etc.

Influence beyond Argentina

In Chilean Spanish there is plenty of lexical influence from the Argentine dialects suggesting a possible "masked prestige" otherwise not expressed, since the image of Argentine things is usually negative. Influences run across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine tourism in Chile during summer and Chilean tourism in Argentina would influence the speech of the upper class. The middle classes would have Argentine influences by watching football on cable television and by watching Argentine programs in the broadcast television. ''La Cuarta'', a "popular" tabloid, regularly employs lunfardo words and expressions. Usually Chileans do not recognize the Argentine borrowings as such, claiming they are Chilean terms and expressions. The relation between Argentine dialects and Chilean Spanish is one of "asymmetric permeability", with Chilean Spanish adopting sayings of the Argentine variants but usually not the other way around. Despite this, people in Santiago, Chile, value Argentine Spanish poorly in terms of "correctness", far behind Peruvian Spanish, which is considered the most correct form.

Some Argentine words have been adopted in Iberian Spanish such as ''pibe'', ''piba'' "boy, girl", taken into Spanish slang where it produced ''pibón'', "very attractive person".

See also

*'' Diccionario de argentinismos'' (book)
* Immigration to Argentina
* Lunfardo, Buenos Aires slang argot
** Vesre, reversing the order of syllables within a word
* Names given to the Spanish language
* Cocoliche, a pidgin of Italian and Spanish formerly spoken by Italians in Greater Buenos Aires.
* South American Spanish
* Spanish dialects and varieties
* Voseo

References

Further reading

*
*

External links

*
Diccionario argentino-español

Jergas de habla hispana
Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Argentina and Uruguay.

{{Languages of Uruguay

Spanish dialects of South America
Languages of Argentina
Languages of Uruguay
Italian-Argentine culture
Italian-Uruguayan culture