es, República del Acre , conventional_long_name = Republic of Acre , common_name = Acre , status =

Unrecognized state A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have ''de facto'' control of their ...

, era = , government_type =

Presidential republic A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation ...

, event_start = First Republic declared , year_start = , date_start = 14 July 1899 , event_end = Treaty of Petrópolis , year_end = 1903 , date_end = 11 November , life_span = 1899 – 1900
1900 – 1901
1902 – 1903 , p1 = Bolivia , flag_p1 = Flag of Bolivia.svg , p2 = , flag_p2 = , s1 = Peru , flag_s1 = Flag of Peru.svg , s2 = Brazil , flag_s2 = Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg , event1 = Restored to Bolivia , date_event1 = 15 March 1900 , event2 = Second Republic declared , date_event2 = November 1900 , event3 = Second Republic suppressed , date_event3 = 24 December 1900 , event4 = Third Republic declared , date_event4 = 27 January 1903 , image_flag = Bandeira_do_Estado_Independente_do_Acre.svg , image_flag2 = Bandeira da Terceira República do Acre.svg , flag_type = Top: ''1899-1900''; bottom: ''1903''

Flag A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular or quadrilateral) with a distinctive design and colours. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design empl ...

, symbol = , symbol_type = Emblem , image_coat = Emblem of the Republic of Acre.svg , image_map = Brazil State Acre.svg , image_map_caption = Location of Acre in present-day Brazil , capital = Cidade do Acre , national_motto = "''Patria e Liberdade''" , national_anthem = , common_languages =

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

, languages2 =

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

(for native

Peruvians Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; Peruvian p ...

and

Bolivians Bolivians ( es, Bolivianos) are people identified with the country of Bolivia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Bolivians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...

) , languages2_type = Other languages , religion =

Roman Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...

, currency =

Réis The first official currency of Brazil was the real (pronounced ; pl. ''réis''), with the symbol Rs$. As the currency of the Portuguese empire, it was in use in Brazil from the earliest days of the colonial period, and remained in use until 1942 ...

, , leader1 = Gálvez Rodríguez , year_leader1 = 1899–1900 , deputy1 = , year_deputy1 = , leader2 = Plácido de Castro , year_leader2 = 1903 , title_leader =

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...

, today =

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

The Republic of Acre ( pt, República do Acre, es, República del Acre) or the Independent State of Acre ( pt, Estado Independente do Acre, es, Estado Independiente del Acre) were the names of a series of separatist governments in then

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

's Acre region between 1899 and 1903. The region was eventually annexed by

in 1903 and is now the

State of Acre Acre () is a state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and the Amazonia Legal. Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília, Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Am ...

History

For forty years, after around 1860, Acre had been overrun by Brazilians, who made up the vast majority of the population. The territory of Acre was assigned to

in 1867 by the

Treaty of Ayacucho The Treaty of Ayacucho was an agreement between the Empire of Brazil and Bolivia signed in 1867. It assigned the land of Acre (now a state in Brazil) to Bolivia in exchange for 102,400 square kilometers of territory further north then annexed t ...

with Brazil. The

rubber boom The Amazon rubber boom ( pt, Ciclo da borracha, ; es, Fiebre del caucho, , 1879 to 1912) was an important part of the economic and social history of Brazil and Amazonian regions of neighboring countries, being related to the extraction and comm ...

of the late 19th century attracted many Brazilian migrants to the region. In 1899–1900, the Spanish journalist and former diplomat Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias led an expedition that sought to seize control of what is now Acre from

. The expedition was secretly financed by the Amazonas state government and aimed to incorporate Acre into Brazil after its independence from Bolivia. Gálvez declared himself president of the First Republic of Acre on July 14, 1899, and set up his capital at Puerto Alonso, which he renamed Cidade do Acre. That first republic lasted until March 1900, when the Brazilian government sent troops to arrest Gálvez and give Acre back to

. Gálvez was deported to Spain and the inhabitants of Acre found themselves up against both Bolivia and Brazil. In November 1900 an attempt was made at creating a Second Acre Republic with Rodrigo de Carvalho as president. Again the movement was suppressed, and Acre remained part of Bolivia until 1903. Placido1

After the failure of the second attempt of Acre to secede from Bolivia, a veteran soldier from

Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, , ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative_units_of_Brazil#List, fifth-most-populous state and the List of Brazilian st ...

who had fought in the Federalist Revolution of 1893,

José Plácido de Castro José Plácido de Castro (9 September 1873 – 11 August 1908) was a Brazilian soldier, surveyor, rubber producer and politician who led the armed revolt during the Acre War of 1902–3, when the Republic of Acre broke away from Bolivia. He was ...

, was approached by the Acrean Revolution leaders and offered the opportunity to lead the independence movement against the Bolivians. Plácido, who had been working in Acre since 1899 as a chief surveyor of a surveying expedition and was about to go back to

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...

, accepted the offer. He imposed strict military discipline and reorganized the revolutionary army, which reached 30,000 men. The Acrean army won battle after battle and on January 27, 1903, José Plácido de Castro declared the Third Republic of Acre. President

Rodrigues Alves Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, PC (; 7 July 1848 – 16 January 1919) was a Brazilian politician who first served as president of the Province of São Paulo in 1887, then as Treasury minister in the 1890s. Rodrigues Alves was elected the ...

of Brazil ordered Brazilian troops into Northern Acre in order to replace Plácido as the president of Acre. Through

Barão do Rio Branco Barão is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It includes the districts Arroio Canoas, Francesa Alta, General Neto and Francesa Baixa. Barão is 80 km from Porto Alegre. The municipality is bordered by Carlos Barbosa (no ...

's most able ministerial diplomacy, the question was settled. After negotiations, a treaty was signed. The

Treaty of Petrópolis The Treaty of Petrópolis, signed on November 11, 1903, in the Brazilian city of Petrópolis, ended the Acre War between Bolivia and Brazil over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state), a desirable territory in the Bolivia-B ...

, which was signed on November 11, 1903, gave Brazil Acre (191.000 km²) in exchange for lands in

Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP. Neighboring ...

, payment of two million pounds sterling and an undertaking to construct the

Madeira-Mamoré Railroad The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad is an abandoned railroad built in the Brazilian state of Rondônia between 1907 and 1912. The railroad links the cities of Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim. It became known as the "Devil's Railroad" because thousands o ...

that would allow Bolivia access to the outside world. On February 25, 1904, it was officially made a federal territory of Brazil. File:Selorepacre.JPG, 1899 stamp of the ''Independent State of Acre'' File:Mapa do Estado Independente do Acre.tif, Map of the Republic of Acre, it is kept in the national archive

References

* * "New Republic Founded: The Evolution of a South American No Man's Land," ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', Nov 12, 1899, p 7 *"Acre Seeks Recognition: New South American Republic Sends a Minister to This Country," ''The New York Times'', Nov 24, 1900, p 1 *"Acre and Its Rubber: Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic," ''The New York Times'', Nov 25, 1900, p 12 *"A Short-Lived Republic: Acre, the Land of Rubber, No Longer a Separate Country," ''The New York Times'', Nov 30, 1900, p 1 *"Acre Belongs to Brazil: A Settlement of the 'Rubber Republic' Dispute," ''The Kansas City Star'', Aug 12, 1903, p 4

External links

Evolution of the Acrean Flag
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acre, Republic Of

Republic of Acre es, República del Acre , conventional_long_name = Republic of Acre , common_name = Acre , status = Unrecognized state , era = , government_type = Presidential republic , event_start ...

History of Acre (state) Former countries in South America Former republics States and territories established in 1899 1899 establishments in South America 1903 disestablishments in South America

Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imp ...

History

See also

References

External links