Red-winged starling

The red-winged starling (''Onychognathus morio'') is a bird of the starling family Sturnidae native to eastern Africa from Ethiopia to the Cape in South Africa. An omnivorous, generalist species, it prefers cliffs and mountainous areas for nesting, and has moved into cities and towns due to similarity to its original habitat.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-winged starling in his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. He used the French name ''Le merle du Cap de Bonne Espérance'' and the Latin ''Merula Capitis Bonae Spei''. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his '' Systema Naturae'' for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the red-winged starling. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ''Turdus morio'' and cited Brisson's work. The specific name ''morio'' or ''morion'' is Latin for "dark brown stone" or "black quartz". This species is now placed in the genus '' Onychognathus'' that was introduced by the German physician and ornithologist Gustav Hartlaub in 1849.

Two subspecies are recognised:

* ''O. m. rueppellii'' ( Verreaux, J, 1856) – south Sudan to central Ethiopia and north Kenya
* ''O. m. morio'' (Linnaeus, 1766) – Uganda and Kenya to Botswana and south South Africa

Description

The male of this long starling has mainly iridescent black plumage, with chestnut flight feathers, which are particularly noticeable in flight. The female has an ash-grey head and upper breast. The juvenile resembles the male, but is less glossy than the adults, and has brown rather than dark red eyes. The Ethiopian subspecies ''O. m. rupellii'' is longer-tailed than the nominate form and intergrades with it.

This species has a number of whistled calls, but the most familiar is the contact call, ''cher-leeeoo''.

This starling may be confused with other similar starling species, such as its sister species the pale-winged starling. The difference between the two is that the red-winged has rufous primaries while the pale-winged has whitish primaries edged with orange. The pale-winged has a bright red or orange eye, while the red-winged's is dark, almost black. Only the female of the red-winged has a grey head.

Distribution and habitat

The range runs down eastern Africa from Ethiopia to the Cape, Kwa-Zulu Natal and Gauteng in South Africa. This species has a wide habitat tolerance. It may be found in forest, savannah, grassland, wetlands, fynbos, farmlands and commercial plantations, as well as urban centres. It is now common in many urban areas, due to the similarity between the structure of tall buildings and houses as nest sites with the cliffs of its original habitat. It may also nest in residential areas, breeding in roofs and apertures and up house eaves.

Behaviour

Food and feeding

Like other starlings, the red-winged starling is an omnivore, taking a wide range of seeds, berries, nectar from plants such as '' Aloe'' and '' Schotia brachypetala'', and invertebrates, such as the beetle species '' Pachnoda sinuata''. They may take nestlings and adults of certain bird species, such as the African palm swift. It will also scavenge on carrion and human food scrap.

The red-winged starling will obviously only perch on plant structures that will be able to support its weight; therefore when taking nectar it will choose certain species with strong, robust racemes with easily accessible flowers, such as that of ''Aloe ferox'' and '' Aloe marlothii'', and not ''Aloe arborescens''. Large flowers that can support the bird's weight, such as that of '' Strelitzia nicolai'' and certain ''Protea'' species, are also chosen.

Fruit species that this species may feed on include figs, such as the sycamore fig and others, marulas, date palm fruit, berries from species such as wild olive '' Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata'' and ''Euphorbia'', and commercial fruit such as apples, grapes, citruses and others.

In rural areas, red-winged starlings are often spotted perching on livestock and game, such as cattle, klipspringers and giraffes, a trait shared by the pale-winged starling, and may take insects and ectoparasites such as ticks, much in the manner of oxpeckers.

Breeding

The red-winged starling is territorial, aggressive and intolerant when nesting, and will attack other species, including domestic animals and humans. When not breeding, red-winged starlings are highly gregarious and will associate with other members of their species in large flocks.

This starling is a cliff nester, breeding on rocky cliffs, outcrops and gorges. The red-winged starling builds a lined nest of grass and twigs, and with a mud base, on a natural or structural ledge. It lays two to four, usually three, blue eggs, spotted with red-brown. The female incubates the eggs for 13–14 days, with another 22–28 days to fledge. This starling is commonly double-brooded. It may be parasitised by the great spotted cuckoo.

Predators

It is preyed upon by other birds such as peregrine falcons, lanner falcons, tawny eagles, cape eagle-owls,
pied crows, and gymnogene.

Status

The red-winged starling is not endangered and can be a pest in some areas, raiding orchards and attacking people that wander too close to their nests.

Gallery

File:Onychognathus morio 2.jpg, Chestnut-coloured primaries, which are particularly noticeable in flight, help to distinguish this species from the similar pale-winged starling.
Image:Red-winged Starling 2014 02 23 6113.jpg, Male with caterpillar food item
Image:Red-winged Starling male RWD.jpg, Male feeding in a Cape fig
Image:Red-winged Starling female RWD.jpg, Female, showing streaky grey head plumage
Image:Red Winged Starling on Table Mountain Cape Town 016.jpg, Exposed black-tipped, rufous primaries
File:Red-winged starling chick.JPG, A Red-winged starling chick that is almost old enough to leave the nest.

References

*
*Sinclair, Hockey and Tarboton, ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa'',

External links

Species text
- ''The Atlas of Southern African Birds''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1588297

red-winged starling
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
red-winged starling
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus