Raoping Hakka (;
Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System: ngiau pin kagˋ gaˇ faˋ), also known as Shangrao Hakka (), is a dialect of
Hakka Chinese
Hakka (, , ) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people throughout Southern China and Taiwan and throughout the diaspora areas of East Asia, Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities aroun ...
spoken in
Raoping
Raoping County ( postal: Jaoping; ) is a county in eastern Guangdong Province, bordering Fujian Province to the east, and facing the South China Sea to the south. The city with the same name has 135,600 inhabitants (1990).
It is under the jurisdic ...
,
Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, as well as
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
.
Distribution
In Raoping County, Hakka is spoken in the north, including the towns of Shangshan, Shangrao, Raoyang, Jiucun, Jianrao, and Xinfeng, as well as some villages in Hanjiang Forest Farm. As of 2005, there are 190,000 Hakka speakers in Raoping County (19% of the county's population).
The distribution of Raoping Hakka in Taiwan is scattered. It is mainly spoken in
Taoyuan City
Taoyuan () is a special municipality of the Republic of China (Taiwan) located in northwestern Taiwan, neighboring New Taipei City to the north-east, Yilan County to the south-east, and Hsinchu County to the south-west. Taoyuan Distr ...
(
Zhongli Locations
* Zhongli District (), Taoyuan, Taiwan
* Zhongli Township (), Gangbei District, Guigang, Guangxi, China
People
* Zhongli Quan ()
* Zhongli Mo ()
Other uses
* Zhongli (state) (), ancient state in China
*" Growing Pears" (), a shor ...
,
Pingzhen,
Xinwu,
Guanyin
Guanyin () is a Bodhisattva associated with compassion. She is the East Asian representation of Avalokiteśvara ( sa, अवलोकितेश्वर) and has been adopted by other Eastern religions, including Chinese folk religion. She ...
,
Bade),
Hsinchu County (
Zhubei
Zhubei ( Wade-Giles: ''Chupei''; Hakka PFS: ''Chuk-pet''; Hokkien POJ: ''Tek-pak'') is a city in the nation of Taiwan. It is one of the fastest-growing settlements in Taiwan, with a population gain of 51,000 between 2010 and 2019, the highest ...
,
Qionglin
Qionglin Township is a rural township in central Hsinchu County, Taiwan. Its population was estimated at 20,158 in January 2017.
Administrative divisions
The township comprises 12 villages: Hualong, Qionglin, Shangshan, Shitan, Shuikeng, Wenli ...
),
Miaoli County (
Zhuolan), and
Taichung City
Taichung (, Wade–Giles: ''Tʻai²-chung¹'', pinyin: ''Táizhōng''), officially Taichung City, is a special municipality located in central Taiwan. Taichung has approximately 2.8 million residents and is the second most populous city of Tai ...
(
Dongshi). In 2013, only 1.6% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Raoping dialect.
Contact with surrounding varieties
Raoping Hakka has some phonological and lexical features that appear to come from contact with
Teochew. Some nasalized vowels come from Teochew, such as 'nose' (Teochew ), 'to like' (Teochew ). Some characters that were pronounced with a initial () in
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the '' Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The ...
but with or in the
Meixian dialect Meixian may refer to the following places in China:
* Meixian District, a district in Meizhou, Guangdong
** Meixian dialect, the local dialect of Hakka spoken there
* Mei County, also known as Meixian, a county in Shaanxi
* Meixian, Fujian (), t ...
are pronounced with , just like in Teochew, such as 'bitter' (Meixian , Teochew ), 'to go' (Meixian , Teochew ). There is also many shared lexical items with Teochew:
In Taiwan, Raoping Hakka is in contact with other varieties of Hakka, notably
Sixian and
Hailu dialect
The Hailu dialect (; Hailu Hakka Romanization System: hoi´ liug` kiong`), also known as the Hoiluk dialect or Hailu Hakka (), is a dialect of Hakka Chinese that originated in Shanwei, Guangdong. It is also the second most common dialect of Hak ...
s. There are some phonological and morphological features that appear to originate in these surrounding varieties. For example, in Taoyuan near Sixian-speaking areas, the diminutive suffix is pronounced as it is pronounced in Sixian, while in Hailu-dominant Hsinchu, the suffix is pronounced as the Hailu .
See also
*
Taiwanese Hakka
Taiwanese Hakka is a language group consisting of Hakka dialects spoken in Taiwan, and mainly used by people of Hakka ancestry. Taiwanese Hakka is divided into five main dialects: Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhao'an. The most widely ...
Notes
References
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Hakka Chinese
Languages of Taiwan
{{SinoTibetan-lang-stub