Ramadan
Ramadan (/ˌræməˈdɑːn/; Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān,
IPA: [ramaˈdˤaːn];[note 1] also romanized as Ramzan, Ramadhan,
or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,[3] and is
observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to
commemorate the first revelation of the
Quran
Quran to Muhammad according to
Islamic belief.[4][5] This annual observance is regarded as one of the
Five Pillars of Islam.[6] The month lasts 29–30 days based on the
visual sightings of the crescent moon, according to numerous
biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths.[7][8]
The word
Ramadan
Ramadan comes from the
Arabic
Arabic root ramiḍa or ar-ramaḍ,
which means scorching heat or dryness.[9]
Fasting
Fasting is fard (obligatory)
for adult Muslims, except those who are suffering from an illness,
travelling, are elderly, pregnant, breastfeeding, diabetic,
chronically ill or menstruating.[10]
Fasting
Fasting the month of
Ramadan
Ramadan was
made obligatory (wājib) during the month of Sha'ban, in the second
year after the Muslims migrated from
Mecca
Mecca to Medina. Fatwas have been
issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a natural
phenomenon such as the midnight sun or polar night should follow the
timetable of Mecca,[11] but the more commonly accepted opinion is that
Muslims in those areas should follow the timetable of the closest
country to them in which night can be distinguished from
day.[12][13][14]
While fasting from dawn until sunset, Muslims refrain from consuming
food, drinking liquids, smoking, and engaging in sexual relations.
Muslims are also instructed to refrain from sinful behavior that may
negate the reward of fasting, such as false speech (insulting,
backbiting, cursing, lying, etc.) and fighting except in
self-defense.[15][16] Food and drinks are served daily, before dawn
and after sunset, referred to as Suhoor and Iftar
respectively.[17][18] Spiritual rewards (thawab) for fasting are also
believed to be multiplied within the month of Ramadan.[19]
Fasting
Fasting for
Muslims during
Ramadan
Ramadan typically includes the increased offering of
salat (prayers), recitation of the Quran[20][21] and an increase of
doing good deeds and charity.
Contents
1 History
2 Important dates
2.1 Beginning
2.2 Night of Power
2.3 End
3 Religious practices
3.1 Fasting
3.1.1 Suhur
3.1.2 Iftar
3.2 Charity
3.3 Nightly prayers
3.4 Recitation of the Quran
4 Cultural practices
5 Observance rates
6 Penalties for infraction
6.1 Other legal issues
7 Education
8 Health
8.1 Renal disease
9
Crime
Crime rates
10
Ramadan
Ramadan in polar regions
11 Employment during Ramadan
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Chapter 2, Verse 185, of the
Quran
Quran states:
The month of
Ramadan
Ramadan is that in which was revealed the Quran; a
guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the
criterion (of right and wrong). And whosoever of you is present, let
him fast the month, and whosoever of you is sick or on a journey, a
number of other days.
Allah
Allah desires for you ease; He desires not
hardship for you; and that you should complete the period, and that
you should magnify
Allah
Allah for having guided you, and that perhaps you
may be thankful.[Quran 2:185]
It is believed that the
Quran
Quran was first revealed to Muhammad during
the month of
Ramadan
Ramadan which has been referred to as the "best of
times". The first revelation was sent down on
Laylat al-Qadr
Laylat al-Qadr (The
night of Power) which is one of the five odd nights of the last ten
days of Ramadan.[22] According to hadith, all holy scriptures were
sent down during Ramadan. The tablets of Ibrahim, the Torah, the
Psalms, the
Gospel
Gospel and the
Quran
Quran were sent down on 1st, 6th, 12th,
13th[note 2] and 24th
Ramadan
Ramadan respectively.[23]
According to the Quran, fasting was also obligatory for prior nations,
and is a way to attain taqwa, fear of God.[24][Quran 2:183] God
proclaimed to Muhammad that fasting for His sake was not a new
innovation in monotheism, but rather an obligation practiced by those
truly devoted to the oneness of God.[25] The pagans of
Mecca
Mecca also
fasted, but only on tenth day of
Muharram
Muharram to expiate sins and avoid
droughts.[26]
The ruling to observe fasting during
Ramadan
Ramadan was sent down 18 months
after Hijra, during the month of
Sha'ban in the second year of Hijra
in 624 CE.[23]
Abu Zanad, an
Arabic
Arabic writer from
Iraq
Iraq who lived after the founding of
Islam, in around 747 CE, wrote that at least one Mandaean community
located in al-Jazira (modern northern Iraq) observed
Ramadan
Ramadan before
converting to Islam.[27][not in citation given]
According to historian Philip Jenkins,
Ramadan
Ramadan comes "from the strict
Lenten
Lenten discipline of the Syrian Churches", a postulation corroborated
by other scholars, such as the theologian Paul-Gordon
Chandler.[28][29] This suggestion is based on the Orientalist idea
that the Qur'an itself has Syriac Christian origins, a claim to which
some
Muslim
Muslim academics such as M. Al-Azami, object.[30]
Important dates[edit]
The beginning and end of
Ramadan
Ramadan are determined by the lunar Islamic
calendar.
Beginning[edit]
Ramadan
Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038.
Hilāl (the crescent) is typically a day (or more) after the
astronomical new moon. Since the new moon marks the beginning of the
new month, Muslims can usually safely estimate the beginning of
Ramadan.[31] However, to many Muslims, this is not in accordance with
authenticated Hadiths stating that visual confirmation per region is
recommended. The consistent variations of a day have existed since the
time of Muhammad.[32]
Night of Power[edit]
Main article: Laylat al-Qadr
The
Arabic
Arabic Laylat al-Qadr, translated to English is "the night of
power" or "the night of decree", is considered the holiest night of
the year.[33][34] This is the night in which Muslims believe the first
revelation of the
Quran
Quran was sent down to Muhammad stating that this
night was "better than one thousand months [of proper worship]", as
stated in Chapter 97:3 of the Qu'ran.
Also, generally,
Laylat al-Qadr
Laylat al-Qadr is believed to have occurred on an
odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan, i.e., the
night of the 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th or 29th. The Dawoodi Bohra
Community believe that the 23rd night is laylat al Qadr.[35] [36]
End[edit]
Main articles:
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr and Eid prayers
The holiday of
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr (Arabic:عيد الفطر) marks the end of
Ramadan
Ramadan and the beginning of the next lunar month, Shawwal. This first
day of the following month is declared after another crescent new moon
has been sighted or the completion of 30 days of fasting if no visual
sighting is possible due to weather conditions. This first day of
Shawwal is called Eid al-Fitr.
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr may also be a reference
towards the festive nature of having endured the month of fasting
successfully and returning to the more natural disposition (fitra) of
being able to eat, drink and resume intimacy with spouses during the
day.[37]
Religious practices[edit]
Azim Azimzade.
Ramadan
Ramadan of the poor people. 1938
The common practice during
Ramadan
Ramadan is fasting from dawn to sunset. The
pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the suhur, while the meal at
sunset that breaks the fast is the iftar.
Muslims also engage in increased prayer and charity during Ramadan.
Ramadan
Ramadan is also a month where Muslims try to practice increased
self-discipline. This is motivated by the Hadith, especially in
Al-Bukhari[38] and Muslim,[39] that "When
Ramadan
Ramadan arrives, the gates
of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils
are put in chains."[40]
Fasting[edit]
Main article:
Sawm
Sawm of Ramadan
Ramadan
Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, improvement and increased
devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into
following the teachings of Islam. The fast (sawm) begins at dawn and
ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking,
Muslims also increase restraint, such as abstaining from sexual
relations[2] and generally sinful speech and behavior. The act of
fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities,
its purpose being to cleanse the soul by freeing it from harmful
impurities.
Ramadan
Ramadan also teaches Muslims how to better practice
self-discipline, self-control,[41] sacrifice, and empathy for those
who are less fortunate; thus encouraging actions of generosity and
compulsory charity (zakat).[42]
It becomes compulsory for Muslims to start fasting when they reach
puberty, so long as they are healthy and sane, and have no
disabilities or illnesses. Many children endeavour to complete as many
fasts as possible as practice for later life.
Exemptions to fasting are travel, menstruation, severe illness,
pregnancy, and breastfeeding. However, many Muslims with medical
conditions insist on fasting to satisfy their spiritual needs,
although it is not recommended by the hadith. Professionals should
closely monitor such individuals who decide to persist with
fasting.[43] Those who were unable to fast still must make up the days
missed later.[44]
Suhur[edit]
Main article: Suhur
Iftar
Iftar at
Sultan Ahmed Mosque
Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey
Each day, before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the
suhur. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the
first prayer of the day, Fajr.[45][46]
Iftar[edit]
Main article: Iftar
At sunset, families hasten for the fast-breaking meal known as iftar.
Dates are usually the first food to break the fast; according to
tradition, Muhammad broke fast with three dates. Following that,
Muslims generally adjourn for the Maghrib prayer, the fourth of the
five daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.[47]
Social gatherings, many times in a buffet style, are frequent at
iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional
desserts, and particularly those made only during Ramadan. Water is
usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often
available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.[43]
In the Middle East, the iftar meal consists of water, juices, dates,
salads and appetizers, one or more main dishes, and various kinds of
desserts. Usually, the dessert is the most important part during
iftar. Typical main dishes are lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb
kebabs with grilled vegetables, or roast chicken served with
chickpea-studded rice pilaf. A rich dessert, such as luqaimat, baklava
or kunafeh (a buttery, syrup-sweetened kadaifi noodle pastry filled
with cheese), concludes the meal.[48]
Over time, iftar has grown into banquet festivals. This is a time of
fellowship with families, friends and surrounding communities, but may
also occupy larger spaces at masjid or banquet halls for 100 or more
diners.[49]
Charity[edit]
Main articles:
Zakāt
Zakāt and Sadaqah
Men praying during
Ramadan
Ramadan at the
Shrine of Ali
Shrine of Ali or "Blue Mosque" in
Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
Charity is very important in Islam, and even more so during Ramadan.
Zakāt, often translated as "the poor-rate", is obligatory as one of
the pillars of Islam; a fixed percentage of the person's savings is
required to be given to the poor.
Sadaqah is voluntary charity in
giving above and beyond what is required from the obligation of
zakāt. In Islam, all good deeds are more handsomely rewarded during
Ramadan
Ramadan than in any other month of the year. Consequently, many will
choose this time to give a larger portion, if not all, of the zakāt
that they are obligated to give. In addition, many will also use this
time to give a larger portion of sadaqah in order to maximize the
reward that will await them at the Last Judgment.[citation needed]
Nightly prayers[edit]
Main article: Tarawih
Tarawih
Tarawih (Arabic: تراويح) refers to extra prayers performed by
Muslims at night in the Islamic month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular
belief, they are not compulsory.[50] However, many Muslims pray these
prayers in the evening during Ramadan. Some scholars[who?] maintain
that
Tarawih
Tarawih is neither fard or a Sunnah, but is the preponed Tahajjud
(night prayer) prayer shifted to post-
Isha'
Isha' for the ease of believers.
But a majority of Sunni scholars regard the
Tarawih
Tarawih prayers as Sunnat
al-Mu'akkadah, a salaat that was performed by the Islamic prophet
Muhammad very consistently.
Recitation of the Quran[edit]
In addition to fasting, Muslims are encouraged to read the entire
Quran. Some Muslims perform the recitation of the entire
Quran
Quran by
means of special prayers, called Tarawih. These voluntary prayers are
held in the mosques every night of the month, during which a whole
section of the
Quran
Quran (juz', which is 1/30 of the Quran) is recited.
Therefore, the entire
Quran
Quran would be completed at the end of the
month. Although it is not required to read the whole
Quran
Quran in the
Tarawih
Tarawih prayers, it is common.
Cultural practices[edit]
Striking the bedug in Indonesia
Fanous Ramadan
Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt
Ramadan
Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem
In some
Muslim
Muslim countries today, lights are strung up in public
squares, and across city streets, to add to the festivities of the
month. Lanterns have become symbolic decorations welcoming the month
of Ramadan. In a growing number of countries, they are hung on city
streets.[51][52][53] The tradition of lanterns as a decoration
becoming associated with
Ramadan
Ramadan is believed to have originated during
the
Fatimid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliphate primarily centered in Egypt, where Caliph
al-Mu'izz li-Din
Allah
Allah was greeted by people holding lanterns to
celebrate his ruling. From that time, lanterns were used to light
mosques and houses throughout the capital city of Cairo. Shopping
malls, places of business, and people's homes can be seen with stars
and crescents and various lighting effects, as well.
As the nation with the world's largest
Muslim
Muslim population, Indonesia
has diverse
Ramadan
Ramadan traditions. On the island of Java, many Javanese
Indonesians bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual
known as Padusan. The city of
Semarang
Semarang marks the beginning of Ramadan
with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the Warak ngendog,
a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the Buraq. In the
Chinese-influenced capital city of Jakarta, fire crackers were
traditionally used to wake people up for morning prayer, until the
19th century. Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a
one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya. Certain kinds of food
are especially popular during Ramadan, such as beef in Aceh, and
snails in Central Java. The iftar meal is announced every evening by
striking the bedug, a giant drum, in the mosque.
Common greetings during
Ramadan
Ramadan are "
Ramadan
Ramadan Mubarak" or "Ramadan
Kareem", which wish the recipient a blessed or generous Ramadan.[54]
Observance rates[edit]
According to a 2012
Pew Research Centre
Pew Research Centre study of 39 countries and
territories, there is widespread
Ramadan
Ramadan observance, with a median of
93%.[55] Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims
include Southeast Asia, South Asia,
MENA and most of Sub-Saharan
Africa.[55] Percentages are lower in
Central Asia
.svg/400px-Central_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Central Asia and Southeast
Europe.[55] According to The Economist, relatively few Iranians are
believed to fast during Ramadan.[56]
Penalties for infraction[edit]
In some
Muslim
Muslim countries, failing to fast during
Ramadan
Ramadan is considered
a crime and is prosecuted as such. For instance, in Algeria, in
October 2008 the court of
Biskra
Biskra condemned six people to four years in
prison and heavy fines.[57]
In Kuwait, according to law number 44 of 1968, the penalty is a fine
of no more than 100 Kuwaiti dinars, (about US$330, GB£260 in May
2017) or jail for no more than one month, or both penalties, for those
seen eating, drinking or smoking during
Ramadan
Ramadan daytime.[58][59] In
some places in the U.A.E., eating or drinking in public during the
daytime of
Ramadan
Ramadan is considered a minor offence and would be punished
by up to 150 hours of community service.[60] In neighbouring Saudi
Arabia, described by
The Economist
.png)
The Economist as taking
Ramadan
Ramadan "more seriously
than anywhere else",[61] there are harsher punishments including
flogging, imprisonment and, for foreigners, deportation.[62] In
Malaysia, however, there are no such punishments.
Other legal issues[edit]
Some countries have laws that amend work schedules during Ramadan.
Under
U.A.E.
U.A.E. labor law, the maximum working hours are to be 6 hours
per day and 36 hours per week. Qatar, Oman,
Bahrain
Bahrain and
Kuwait
Kuwait have
similar laws.[63]
In Egypt, alcohol sales are banned during Ramadan.[64]
Education[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the
UK and
Berlin
Berlin and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or
create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2017) (Learn how and when
to remove this template message)
The education departments of
Berlin
Berlin and the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom have
discouraged students from fasting during Ramadan, as not eating or
drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.[65][66]
Health[edit]
Ramadan
Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people, but those with medical
conditions should seek medical advice.[67] The fasting period is
usually associated with modest weight loss, but the weight tends to
return afterwards.[68]
Renal disease[edit]
A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting
during
Ramadan
Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate
(GFR <60 ml/min) or worse kidney disease, but was not injurious to
renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming
patients.[69]
Crime
Crime rates[edit]
The correlation of
Ramadan
Ramadan with crime rates is mixed: some statistics
show that crime rates drop during Ramadan, while others show that it
rises. Decreases in crime rates have been reported by the police in
some cities in
Turkey
Turkey (Istanbul[70] and Konya[71]) and the Eastern
province of Saudi Arabia.[72] A 2012 study showed that crime rates
decreased in
Iran
Iran during Ramadan, and that the decrease was
statistically significant.[73] A 2005 study found that there was a
decrease in assault, robbery and alcohol-related crimes during Ramadan
in Saudi Arabia, but only the decrease in alcohol-related crimes was
statistically significant.[74] Increases in crime rates during Ramadan
have been reported in Turkey,[75] Jakarta,[76][77][78] parts of
Algeria,[79] Yemen[80] and Egypt.[81]
Various mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of
Ramadan
Ramadan on
crime:
An Iranian cleric argues that fasting during
Ramadan
Ramadan makes people less
likely to commit crimes due to spiritual reasons.[82] Gamal al-Banna
argues that fasting can stress people out, which can make them more
likely to commit crimes. He criticized Muslims who commit crimes while
fasting during
Ramadan
Ramadan as "fake and superficial".[81]
Police in
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia attributed a drop in crime rates to the
"spiritual mood prevalent in the country".[72]
In Jakarta, Indonesia, police say that the traffic due to 7 million
people leaving the city to celebrate
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr results in an
increase in street crime. As a result, police deploy an additional
7,500 personnel.[78]
During Ramadan, millions of pilgrims enter
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia to visit
Mecca. According to the Yemen Times, such pilgrims are usually
charitable, and consequently smugglers traffic children in from Yemen
to beg on the streets of Saudi Arabia.[80]
Ramadan
Ramadan in polar regions[edit]
During 2010
Middle East
.svg/440px-Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Middle East negotiations in the United States, Hosni
Mubarak and
Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin Netanyahu check their watches to see if the sun
has set.
The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the
world according to summer or winter solstices of the sun. Most Muslims
fast for 11–16 hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the
period between dawn and sunset may exceed 22 hours in summers. For
example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim,
Norway, fasted almost 22 hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia,
fasted for only about 11 hours. Muslims in areas where continuous
night or day is observed during
Ramadan
Ramadan follow the fasting hours in
the nearest city where fasting is observed at dawn and sunset.
Alternatively, Muslims may follow
Mecca
Mecca time.[12][13][14]
Employment during Ramadan[edit]
Muslims will continue to work during Ramadan. The prophet Muhammad
said that it is important to keep a balance between worship and work.
In some
Muslim
Muslim countries, such as Oman, however, working hours are
shortened during Ramadan.[83][84] It is often recommended that working
Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the
potential for the observance to impact performance at work.[85] The
extent to which
Ramadan
Ramadan observers are protected by religious
accommodation varies by country. Policies putting them at a
disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with
discrimination claims in the UK and the US.[86][87][88]
See also[edit]
Islam
Islam portal
Fasting
Five Pillars of Islam
Notes[edit]
^ In
Arabic
Arabic phonology, it can be [rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramadˤɑːn,
ræmæˈdˤɑːn], depending on the region.
^ The hadith of Jabir ibn Abdullah mentions that the
Gospel
Gospel was sent
down on the 18th of Ramadan. Aliyev, Rafig Y. (June 2013). Loud
Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion.
Useful Lessons for Everybody. Trafford Publishing.
ISBN 9781490705217.
References[edit]
^ a b c "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 7 March
2017.
^ a b "
Ramadan
Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28". Retrieved 27 April
2017.
^
BBC
BBC – Religions Retrieved 25 July 2012
^ "Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan". The Global Times
Online. 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
^ "The
Muslim
Muslim World Observes Ramadan". Power Text Solutions. 2012.
Retrieved 28 July 2012. [permanent dead link]
^ "Schools – Religions". BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031
(The Book of Fasting),
Hadith
Hadith 124". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25
July 2012.
^ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih
Muslim
Muslim – Book 006 (The Book
of Fasting),
Hadith
Hadith 2378". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July
2012.
^ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih
Muslim
Muslim – Book 006 (The Book
of Fasting),
Hadith
Hadith 2391". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25 July
2012.
^
Fasting
Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – Page 18, el Bahay el Kholi,
1998
^ "Saudi Aramco World:
Ramadan
Ramadan in the Farthest North". Retrieved 16
June 2015.
^ a b See article "How Long Muslims Fast For
Ramadan
Ramadan Around The World"
-Huffingtonpost.co /31 July 2014 and article "
Fasting
Fasting Hours of Ramadan
2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of
Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
^ a b See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of
Ramadan
Ramadan is
not meant to punish"
http://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish
^ a b Kassam, Ashifa (2016-07-03). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of
midnight sun comes with a challenge". The Guardian. Retrieved
2016-07-06.
^ Smith, Jane I. (2010).
Islam
Islam in America. Columbia University Press.
p. 15. ISBN 0231147104. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Hotaling, Edward (2003).
Islam
Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its
Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press.
p. 57. ISBN 0815607660. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – page 24
^ Dubai – Page 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031
(The Book of Fasting),
Hadith
Hadith 125". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25
July 2012.
^ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud –
(The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith
1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of
Southern California. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031
(The Book of Fasting),
Hadith
Hadith 199". hadithcollection.com. Retrieved 25
July 2012.
^ Ad-Dausaree, Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh (2006). The Magnificence
of Quran. Darussalam Publishers.
^ a b Aliyev, Rafig Y. (June 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A
Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody.
Trafford Publishing. p. 129.
ISBN 9781490705217. [self-published source]
^ al-Uthaymeen, Shaikh Saalih. Explanation of the Three Fundamental
Principles of
Islam
Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn
Abdul Wahaab. Salafi Books.
^
Quran
Quran Chapter 2,
Revelation
Revelation 183
^ Aliyev, Rafig Y. (February 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A
Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody.
Trafford Publishing. p. 128.
ISBN 9781490705217. [self-published source]
^ See Ibn Qutaybah,op.cit.page 204; Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The
Knowledge of Life, Oxford University, 1994, p. 25, note 403: "Abu
al-Fida, op-cit., p.148; Bar Habraeus, op.cit. p.266, Ibn Hazm claims
that this fast is the fast of
Ramadan
Ramadan (of the Muslims), but this is
completely wrong."
^ Jenkins, Philip (31 July 2006). The New Faces of Christianity:
Believing the Bible in the Global South (p. 182). Oxford University
Press. Kindle Edition.
^ Chandler, Paul-Gordon (1 October 2008). Pilgrims of Christ on the
Muslim
Muslim Road: Exploring a New Path Between Two Faiths. Cowley
Publications. p. 88. ISBN 9780742566033.
^ Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, "The History of The Quranic Text: From
Revelation
Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New
Testaments", 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House
^ Hilal Sighting & Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah
Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Hilal Sighting
Committee of North America (website). Retrieved 19 August 2009.
^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031
(The Book of Fasting),
Hadith
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External links[edit]
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Islamic holidays
Islamic holidays and observances
The two Eids
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Other holidays and observances
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Arba'een1
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Lailat al Miraj
Mid-Sha'ban
Ramadan
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v
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e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria
January
New Year's Day
.jpg/480px-Mexico_City_New_Years_2013!_(8333128248).jpg)
New Year's Day (1)
Yennayer
Yennayer (12)
February
Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day (14)
Tafsut (28)
March
International Women's Day
International Women's Day (8)
Victory Day (19)
World Water Day
.jpg/480px-World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg)
World Water Day (22)
Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)
Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April
April Fools' Day
April Fools' Day (1)
Knowledge Day (16)
Berber Spring (20)
Earth Day
Earth Day (22)
Election Day (Thursday)
May
International Workers' Day
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International Workers' Day (1)
World Press Freedom Day (3)
Mother's Day
Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August
Summer vacation (varies)
June
Children's Day
Children's Day (1)
Father's Day
Father's Day (21)
July
Independence Day (5)
September
International Day of Peace
International Day of Peace (21)
October
International Day of Non-Violence
International Day of Non-Violence (2)
Halloween
Halloween (31)
November
Revolution Day (1)
December
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve (24)
Christmas
Christmas (25)
New Year's Eve
New Year's Eve (31)
Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)
Hijri
New Year's Day
New Year's Day (
Muharram
Muharram 1)
Ashura
Ashura (
Muharram
Muharram 10)
Mawlid
.jpg/480px-Maulidur_Rasul_(8413657269).jpg)
Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)
Ramadan
Ramadan (
Ramadan
Ramadan 1)
Laylat al-Qadr
Laylat al-Qadr (
Ramadan
Ramadan 27)
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr (
Shawwal 1)
Day of Arafah
Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)
Eid al-Adha
Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Holi
Holi (varies)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which
often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
January
New Year's Day
New Year's Day (federal)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Martin Luther King Jr. Day (federal)
Confederate Heroes Day (TX)
Fred Korematsu Day
Fred Korematsu Day (CA, FL, HI, VA)
Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)
Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial, DC area)
Kansas Day (KS)
Lee–Jackson Day
Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA)
Robert E. Lee Day
Robert E. Lee Day (FL)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)
The Eighth (LA, former federal)
January–February
Super Bowl Sunday
February
American Heart Month
Black History Month
Washington's Birthday/Presidents' Day (federal)
Valentine's Day
Georgia Day (GA)
Groundhog Day
Lincoln's Birthday
Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NJ, NY, WV)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
National Freedom Day (36)
Primary Election Day (WI)
Ronald Reagan Day
Ronald Reagan Day (CA)
Rosa Parks Day
Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)
Susan B. Anthony Day
Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)
February–March
Mardi Gras
Ash Wednesday
Ash Wednesday (religious)
Courir de
Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (religious)
Super Tuesday
March
Irish-American Heritage Month
National Colon Cancer Awareness Month
Women's History Month
St. Patrick's Day (religious)
Spring break
Spring break (week)
Casimir Pulaski Day
Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)
Cesar Chavez Day
Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)
Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Harriet Tubman Day
Harriet Tubman Day (NY)
Holi
Holi (NY, religious)
Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)
Maryland Day
Maryland Day (MD)
National Poison Prevention Week
National Poison Prevention Week (week)
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)
Saint Joseph's Day
Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
Seward's Day (AK)
Texas Independence Day
Texas Independence Day (TX)
Town Meeting Day (VT)
March–April
Easter
.jpg)
Easter (religious)
Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday (religious)
Passover
Passover (religious)
Good Friday
Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, religious)
Easter
Easter Monday (religious)
April
Confederate History Month
420 Day
April Fools' Day
Arbor Day
Confederate Memorial Day
Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)
Earth Day
Emancipation Day
Emancipation Day (DC)
Thomas
Jefferson's Birthday
Jefferson's Birthday (AL)
Pascua Florida (FL)
Patriots' Day
Patriots' Day (MA, ME)
San Jacinto Day
San Jacinto Day (TX)
Siblings Day
Walpurgis Night
Walpurgis Night (religious)
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
Jewish American Heritage Month
Memorial Day
Memorial Day (federal)
Mother's Day
Mother's Day (36)
Cinco de Mayo
Harvey Milk Day
Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
May Day
Military Spouse Day
National Day of Prayer
National Day of Prayer (36)
National Defense Transportation Day (36)
National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers
Memorial Day
Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day
Truman Day (MO)
June
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender Pride Month
Father's Day
Father's Day (36)
Bunker Hill Day
Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Carolina Day
Carolina Day (SC)
Emancipation Day
Emancipation Day In Texas /
Juneteenth
Juneteenth (TX)
Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day
Kamehameha Day (HI)
Odunde Festival
Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA)
Senior Week (week)
West Virginia Day
West Virginia Day (WV)
July
Independence Day (federal)
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial)
Parents' Day
Parents' Day (36)
Pioneer Day (UT)
July–August
Summer vacation
August
American Family Day (AZ)
Barack Obama Day
Barack Obama Day (IL)
Bennington Battle Day (VT)
Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)
National Aviation Day
National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory over Japan Day (RI, former federal)
Women's Equality Day
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
Labor Day
Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
Constitution Day (36)
Constitution Week (week)
Defenders Day
Defenders Day (MD)
Gold Star
Mother's Day
Mother's Day (36)
National Grandparents Day
National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day
Patriot Day (36)
September–October
Hispanic Heritage Month
Oktoberfest
Rosh Hashanah
Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur (religious)
October
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Disability Employment Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
LGBT History Month
Columbus Day
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day
.jpg/600px-Day_286-_Indigenous_Peoples_Day_(8084917906).jpg)
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed
federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after
Christmas
Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) =
religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong
holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United
States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the
United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United Stat