RPGA

The RPGA (also called the Role Playing Game Association and the RPGA Network at various times), was initially part of the organized play arm of TSR, Inc and later of Wizards of the Coast. From 1980 to 2014, it organized and sanctioned role-playing games worldwide. In 2014, it was replaced with the D&D Adventurers League''.''

History

In 1979, Mike Carr, the general manager of TSR, Inc., the original publishers of the Dungeons and Dragons game, conceived the idea of a role-playing gamers club. Shortly after Frank Mentzer was hired in 1980 as one of the first full-time employees of TSR, Inc., he was assigned the task making a role-playing gamers club a commercial reality, which was officially called the Role Playing Game Association (RPGA) in order to promote roleplaying of high quality and to allow fans of roleplaying games to meet and play games with each other. Mentzer officially launched the RPGA in November 1980 primarily to run tournaments at gaming conventions using TSR's top sellers: '' AD&D'', ''Gamma World'' and ''Top Secret''. In 1991, the RPGA ran 179 of these events.

At each tournament, a Dungeon Master and four to eight players would play a 4-hour adventure supplied by the RPGA. Each player was given a pre-generated character with a background, equipment, and some limited information about the other characters at the table. At the end of the adventure, the players and Dungeon Master would select one player at the table as the "winner" of the adventure, based on his or her knowledge of the rules and role-playing ability. All players were awarded experience points based on how well they did in competitive events, and could add to that experience point total at the next event, allowing them, over time to advance to higher levels.

Membership was originally paid by a yearly fee, and included a subscription to ''Polyhedron'' magazine (which was originally the official publication of the RPGA). In the early years, membership was largely limited to North America, but in 1989, the RPGA Network branched out into Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the U.K., Israel, and Australia.

Living campaign

In 1987, instead of presenting single adventures that were not linked to any previous or subsequent adventures, RPGA conceived of a long-term endeavor, called a living campaign, where the actions of the players would have an impact on the overall campaign story arc. The first campaign of this type was ''Living City'', a series of adventures set in the city of Raven's Bluff.

The first "Living City" module was "Caravan" released in August of 1987 at Gen Con.

Unlike previous RPGA tournament play, where players were given a pre-generated character, ''Living City'' adventures required each player to provide their own character. Previously, experience points had been accumulated by the player, but now experience points were accumulated by the player's character. Bringing the same character back to subsequent adventures allowed that character to accumulate more experience points and greater powers.

In order to have an effect on the overall storyline, at the end of each adventure, the players would send the result of their play to RPGA headquarters for compilation. Success or failure by a majority of players would result in a change to the campaign storyline. For example, if most players in a particular adventure succeeded in lifting a curse, the curse would not appear in future adventures. "The RPGA set the template for MMORPGs; adventurers existing in the same world in a sort of mega-universe".

''Living City'' proved to be a popular concept and "the number of Living City events actually surpassed the 'classic' RPGA tournaments — possibly as early as late 1993". In the first decade of the twenty-first century, RPGA created a variety of living campaigns. The largest was Living Greyhawk, played by thousands of people around the world from 2000 to 2008. At this point, RPGA had members on all continents of the world except Antarctica. "Creighton Broadhurst, who was in charge of the core modules for the ''Living Greyhawk'' world, explains that if a DM ventures too far off the pre-written adventure, players might get confused in subsequent RPGA adventures .. Writers for RPGA modules often come from within the RPGA community rather than being outside game designers. ..RPGS writers must continually produce modules that will be used by the group. Adventures erereleased on a weekly basis".

In 2002, RPGA membership became free, but the subscription to ''Polyhedron'' was no longer included as a membership benefit because the magazine had been bought by Paizo Publishing, who then published it as a section of ''Dungeon''.

4th Edition

In 2008, Wizards of the Coast launched the Living Forgotten Realms at Gen Con 2008; this living campaign utilized the new 4th Edition rules and replaced the 3.5 Edition Living Greyhawk campaign in organized play. The campaign ran until 2014 with its finale at Winter Fantasy 2014.

In 2010, Wizards of the Coast launched a new organized play initiative called D&D Encounters at stores in the Wizards Play Network as a ''D&D'' equivalent of Friday Night Magic. The company "supplied GMs across the nation with adventures to run on Wednesday nights. ..Each night's adventuring contained just a single encounter. These sessions were billed as running 60-90 minutes in length". Shannon Appelcline, author of ''Designers & Dragons'', wrote, "by running Encounters simultaneously across the nation, Wizards hoped to take advantage of social media; they envisioned people talking about the games on Facebook and Twitter on Wednesday night and Thursday morning, comparing their experiences with those of other players across the nation. ..Overall, the Encounters program would prove extremely successful. Though neither it nor Essentials made D&D Fourth Edition into an unprecedented success story, the Encounters program was well-loved; it got attention on CNN and elsewhere and was successful at drawing players into game stores to play. Eleven Encounters seasons ran through late 2012, before the program took a short break and shifted over to a mixed 4e and D&D Next format in 2013". The transition between editions of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' was called The Sundering and it included multiple structural changes to the D&D Encounters program.

D&D Adventurers League

In 2014, Wizards of the Coast launched an entirely new network for their organized play program—the D&D Adventurers League. The inception of this new body coincided with the launch of 5th Edition. Initially, the in-store organized play program was divided between D&D Encounters and D&D Expeditions. , the D&D Adventurers League organizes play by various campaign formats and campaign settings.

In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Wizards of the Coast suspended in-store events in North America, Europe, and Latin America. In October 2020, Wizards of the Coast announced the ticketed D&D Virtual Play Weekends series organized by Baldman Games. This monthly event uses a convention style format and includes the option of either Adventurers League legal games or non-AL games.

Campaigns

Similar to the 4th Edition program, D&D Encounters continued to be run on Wednesdays. Participating stores had access to a "digital edition of an existing for-sale adventure product for the entirety of the storyline season". D&D Encounters was focused on low-level play with short sessions; once a group finished the adventure, they had the option to migrate their campaign to the corresponding hardback adventure module or to a D&D Expeditions adventure. The D&D Expeditions program was envisioned as the living campaign successor; initially, the program was going to be called Living Moonsea as the story was set in the Moonsea region of the Forgotten Realms. D&D Expeditions were designed to have longer sessions and show the regional impact of the current season's storyline. Additionally, there was a convention program called the D&D Adventurers League Epic; this was a "massive D&D session in which multiple tables work towards the same goals".

In 2016, with the 4th season of organized play, Wizards of the Coast retired the D&D Encounters & D&D Expeditions programs when they opened the D&D Adventurers League up to any organizer, rather than just limiting it to participating stores. Adventures were now available for purchase via the Dungeon Masters Guild and groups could play online or in private non-store groups. Additionally, licensee Baldman Games was authorized to create connected adventures set in the Moonsea region. A non-seasonal "exploratory campaign featuring Eberron", titled ''Embers of the Last War'', was run from September 2018 to December 2018. Then in December 2019, the '' Oracle of War'' – a separate ongoing storyline set in Eberron – began. In January 2020, the ''Dreams of the Red Wizards'' storyline was introduced which included adventures released in 2019; this was a non-seasonal storyline set in the Forgotten Realms which focused on higher-level play opportunities (Tiers 2–4).

Until 2020, the seasons of organized play continued to correspond to the most recent published hardcover adventure module with additional thematic adventures released just for Adventurers League. In September 2020, with the 10th season of organized play, the D&D Adventurers League divided organized play into four new categories: Seasonal Campaign, Historic Campaign, Masters Campaign, Alternate Campaign. The Seasonal Campaign featured the most recent published hardcover adventure module along with adventures published on the Dungeon Masters Guild which correspond to the storyline. The Historic Campaign featured the back catalog of previous seasons. The Masters Campaign was "structured like a lot of 'living' campaigns in the past" with "an ongoing narrative that is broken into story seasons, all set in the Forgotten Realms". The ongoing ''Dreams of the Red Wizards'' storyline became a Masters Campaign. The Alternate Campaign was initially focused on ''Oracle of War'' which ran until 2022. In 2021, a second Alternate Campaign was launched – the '' Ravenloft: Mist Hunters'' storyline which ran until March 2022.

In September 2021, with the 11th season of organized play, the categories were restructured again. Campaigns were divided into Expansion Campaigns, Event Campaigns, and Adapted Campaigns. Expansion Campaigns feature "a set series of adventures in a connected storyline"; the original Seasonal and Alternate Campaigns were moved to this category. Event Campaigns feature "completely independent storylines from official D&D products" and are the analog to the previous living campaigns. The ongoing ''Dreams of the Red Wizards'' is now considered an Event Campaign. Adapted Campaigns are any official D&D product, such as hardcover adventure modules, with the corresponding Adventurers League rules guide. In March 2022, Baldman Games began running a ticketed Adapted Campaign featuring '' Critical Role: Call of the Netherdeep'' (2022) as part of the D&D Virtual Play series.

Rules

The D&D Adventurers League requires both players and Dungeon Masters to keep official logs of their play experience and it includes an additional ruleset for play in order to facilitate the ability to "drop in or out on a session by session basis". This includes unique rules on experience points, magic items and gold. In 2018, "the admins of the Adventurers League announced a sweeping overhaul of the rules, designed to change how players earn XP and treasure". Several magic items were removed from the game, and players now gained "advancement checkpoints" and "treasure points" which they could trade for level advancement and magic items respectively. In 2019, with the 9th season of Adventurers League, these checkpoint rules were replaced with new character advancement and magic item rules and then adjusted in 2020 with the 10th season of Adventurers League.

This unique ruleset also governs character creation. Initially, players were limited to the character creation rules in the ''Player's Handbook'' (2014) along with a single other "officially allowed book of their choice". "This was done to allow DMs to ensure their games were balanced and avoid abuse of multiple rulesets". In 2021, the rules for character creation changed to allow players to use any of the following sourcebooks: ''Player's Handbook'' (2014), ''Volo's Guide to Monsters'' (2016), ''Xanathar's Guide to Everything'' (2017), ''Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes'' (2018), and '' Tasha's Cauldron of Everything'' (2020). Additionally, "setting-specific AL campaigns ..have access to books created for those campaigns like ''Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide'' or '' Eberron: Rising from the Last War''. Each Seasonal campaign will ..allow the use of character options from the campaigns' associated hardcover book". In September 2021, character creation rules for adventures set in the Forgotten Realms were adjusted after community feedback. Changes included the option to start at a higher level and the ability to use any treasure of a monetary value during a session with unused treasure converted to its gold value at the end of a session.

In May 2022, the Adventures League announced that all player characters must be updated to the new ruleset published in '' Mordenkainen Presents: Monsters of the Multiverse'' (2022); this supplement replaces the player options included in ''Volo's Guide to Monsters'' and ''Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes'' supplements. Dungeon masters have the option to use creature stat blocks included in older playable content; however, starting in September 2022, new published content will use the adjusted stat blocks released in ''Monsters of the Multiverse''.

Reception

Conventions

Jennifer Grouling Cover, in the book ''The Creation of Narrative in Tabletop Role-Playing Games'', highlighted the constraints of RPGA weekend conventions. She wrote, "Because members of the RPGA move from one adventure to another, often with different players, there must be some attempts to maintain consistency in the world and the plotlines experienced. Thus, the DM of an RPGA game does not have the same flexibility that other DMs enjoy. In addition, time is often a constraint. ..The constraints of the RPGA convention meant that the DM needed to convey certain information about the world and the story for these players to move on to other games during the course of that weekend that would build on this adventure. Therefore, rather than exploring whatever areas of space and elements of plot interested this particular gaming group, there was a pressure to cover certain storylines".

Shannon Appelcline, author of the book ''Designers & Dragons'', wrote, "the ultimate success of the Living City can probably be attributed to its close attention to characters and continuity. ..However, just before the events really exploded in 1992, it was increasingly obvious that the series of Living City tournaments had become a massive ''campaign''. ..Meanwhile, the Chemcheaux magic shop began to appear alongside Living City tournaments, allowing players to trade their gold and unwanted magic items for stuff they actually liked. By Gen Con '93 Living City characters and their stuff had become important enough that the RPGA started logging what people had earned, to prevent cheating. ..Meanwhile, ''continuity'' was coming into the Living City tournaments too, truly making Ravens Bluff 'alive'. ..By the time that the Living City events surpassed the 'classic' RPGA tournaments, they had become a very different sort of tournament. They were focused on continuity of characters and continuity of setting, with adventures that were widely available and which would be run again and again all over the world. This would be the model that would take the Living City successfully into the 21st century and that would be repeated many times over the years, for Living Death (1997-2007), Living Greyhawk (2000-2008), Xen'drik Expeditions (2006-2008), and others".

In 2019, Christian Hoffer, for ''ComicBook.com'', highlighted the D&D Adventurers League Epic as "the closest you'll get to a MMORPG raid in D&D, and it's a really unique experience that everyone should try". Hoffer wrote, "Besides competing with con-goers for a limited number of slots, another potential pratfall to playing at conventions is that they don't have control over who they play with. ..A bad D&D experience can really sully a person's opinion of the game, and conventions can have a higher risk because you'll likely be playing with people you've never met before. ..You'll also need to keep in mind that many D&D games have 'hard deadlines,' as the DMs need to run multiple games in a single day. As such, expect for your DM to railroad the story a little bit, or at least try to keep you focused on your main tasks. While exploration and discovery are part of every D&D game, you probably won't have time for a leisurely shopping trip during a convention D&D game".

Other organized play

In 2016, Scott Thorne, for ''ICv2'', believed the restructuring of the Dungeons & Dragons organized play could be problematic. Thorne wrote, "From where I sit, WOTC just wiped out five years of ''D&D'' OP development in one day as it eliminates the two things that made the program successful and made it a viable competitor with Paizo's ''Pathfinder Society'' program. ..Without the ''Encounters'' brand, and with WOTC allowing, even encouraging, stores to run events on other days of the week, the ''Encounters'' brand, which many stores have spent much time and money building upon, will vanish within a few months. A major reason for Friday Night ''Magic'''s decades-long success is that it gets scheduled every Friday night. ..Under the ''Encounters'' program, stores ran the same adventure every Wednesday night. ..Now, given that WOTC encourages stores (and other locales) to purchase and run scenarios from the Dungeon Master's Guild, players have no idea what any given store has running. ..The consistency of the program has gone out the window".

In 2018, Christian Hoffer, for ''ComicBook.com'', highlighted the "controversial" rule changes implemented with 8th season of Adventurers League. Hoffer wrote, "instead of players divying up treasure that they can sell in exchange for gold, players instead earn 'treasure points' that can be used to purchase specific items. The concept behind this system is that players can spend treasure points to gain items they want instead of trying to exchange items they find in dungeons or treasure hoards. ..One of the biggest controversies surrounding the new changes was how the game deals with gold. Players no longer earn gold for completing adventurers, and some players (especially casters) felt that this hurts how they add new spells to their arsenal and cast certain spells. However, admins pointed out that players can still convert treasure points into mundane items that can then be sold off, which would give them more gold than the current system".

In 2020, Jacob Bourque, for '' CBR'', highlighted that the seasonal structure the D&D Adventurers League "irks some people, incethe AL organization as a whole generally will dictate the module for the league in a season. This may not be a players first choice of adventure, and it will generally be a recent release from Wizards of the Coast". Bourque wrote that role-playing is minimized which "may also irk people. Part of D&D is the roleplaying experience, the acting and the social element of D&D. Quite a few people who go to AL view it as a more competitive version of D&D, though happy to play with first time players, the emphasis is definitely on the mechanics of the game. If players are willing to play a much more tactical D&D game with a lower emphasis on story and roleplaying this shouldn't be too much of an issue though".

References

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Role-playing game associations