Quantum calculus

Quantum calculus, sometimes called calculus without limits, is equivalent to traditional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits. It defines "q-calculus" and "h-calculus", where h ostensibly stands for Planck's constant while ''q'' stands for quantum. The two parameters are related by the formula

:$q = e^ = e^$

where $\hbar = \frac$ is the reduced Planck constant.

Differentiation

In the q-calculus and h-calculus, differentials of functions are defined as

:$d_q(f(x)) = f(qx) - f(x)$

and

:$d_h(f(x)) = f(x + h) - f(x)$

respectively. Derivatives of functions are then defined as fractions by the q-derivative

:$D_q(f(x)) = \frac = \frac$

and by

:$D_h(f(x)) = \frac = \frac$

In the limit, as h goes to 0, or equivalently as q goes to 1, these expressions take on the form of the derivative of classical calculus.

Integration

q-integral

A function ''F''(''x'') is a q-antiderivative of ''f''(''x'') if ''D''_q''F''(''x'') = ''f''(''x''). The q-antiderivative (or q-integral) is denoted by $\int f(x) \, d_qx$ and an expression for ''F''(''x'') can be found from the formula
$\int f(x) \, d_qx = (1-q) \sum_^\infty xq^j f(xq^j)$ which is called the Jackson integral of ''f''(''x''). For , the series converges to a function ''F''(''x'') on an interval (0,''A''] if , ''f''(''x'')''x''^''α'', is bounded on the interval for some .

The q-integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral with respect to a step function having infinitely many points of increase at the points ''q''^''j'', with the jump at the point ''q''^''j'' being ''q''^''j''. If we call this step function ''g''_''q''(''t'') then ''dg''_''q''(''t'') = ''d''_''q''''t''.

h-integral

A function ''F''(''x'') is an h-antiderivative of ''f''(''x'') if ''D''_''h''''F''(''x'') = ''f''(''x''). The h-antiderivative (or h-integral) is denoted by $\int f(x) \, d_hx$. If ''a'' and ''b'' differ by an integer multiple of ''h'' then the definite integral $\int_a^b f(x) \, d_hx$ is given by a Riemann sum of ''f''(''x'') on the interval partitioned into subintervals of width ''h''.

Example

The derivative of the function $x^n$ (for some positive integer $n$) in the classical calculus is $nx^$. The corresponding expressions in q-calculus and h-calculus are

:D_q(x^n) = \frac x^ = q\ x^

with the q-bracket

: q = \frac

and

:$D_h(x^n) = n x^ + \frac h x^ + \cdots + h^$

respectively. The expression q x^ is then the q-calculus analogue of the simple power rule for
positive integral powers. In this sense, the function $x^n$ is still ''nice'' in the q-calculus, but rather ugly in the h-calculus – the h-calculus analog of $x^n$ is instead the falling factorial, $(x)_n := x (x-1) \cdots (x-n+1).$
One may proceed further and develop, for example, equivalent notions of Taylor expansion, et cetera, and even arrive at q-calculus analogues for all of the usual functions one would want to have, such as an analogue for the sine function whose q-derivative is the appropriate analogue for the cosine.

History

The h-calculus is just the calculus of finite differences, which had been studied by George Boole and others, and has proven useful in a number of fields, among them combinatorics and fluid mechanics. The q-calculus, while dating in a sense back to Leonhard Euler and Carl Gustav Jacobi, is only recently beginning to see more usefulness in quantum mechanics, having an intimate connection with commutativity relations and Lie algebra.

See also

* Noncommutative geometry
* Quantum differential calculus
* Time scale calculus
* q-analog
* Basic hypergeometric series
* Quantum dilogarithm

Further reading

* George Gasper, Mizan Rahman, ''Basic Hypergeometric Series'', 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press (2004), ISBN 9780511526251, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511526251

References

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